Mvula yamadzi Ndi mbewa yonyamula amphibious. Amawonetsa zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudzana ndikudyetsa m'madzi komanso kukumba mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Imodzi mwa mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ndi mbewa zodyera nsomba ku South America zokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 10 mpaka 12 ndi mchira wofanana. Mtsinje wamadzi wokhala ndi miyala yagolide wochokera ku Australia ndi New Guinea ndiye waukulu kwambiri, wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 20 mpaka 39 cm ndi mchira wawufupi (20 mpaka 33 cm).
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Vole yamadzi
Ngakhale ma voles amadzi onse ndi am'banja la Muridae, ali m'mabanja awiri osiyana. Mitundu ya Hydromys, Crossomys ndi Colomys imagawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a Murinae (mbewa zakale ndi makoswe), pomwe mitundu yaku America ndi mamembala a banja la Sigmodontinae (mbewa ndi makoswe a New World).
M'madera otentha a ku Asia kapena m'malo otentha, ma voles samapezeka. Mpweya wamadzi wokhala ndi zachilengedwe umakhala ndi zikopa zam'madzi ndi timadontho tambiri. Vole yamadzi aku Europe (Genus Arvicola) nthawi zina amatchedwanso makoswe amadzi. Mvula yam'madzi imakhulupirira kuti idachokera ku New Guinea. Wosinthidwa kukhala moyo wam'madzi chifukwa cha miyendo yake yakumbuyo yoluka ndi chovala chake chopanda madzi, vole yamadzi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi mchira wautali wokhala ndi nsonga yoyera.
Kanema: Vole Wamadzi
Makhalidwe abwino omwe amathandiza kusiyanitsa gawo lamadzi ndi makoswe ena ndi awa:
- mano apambuyo: peyala imodzi yazinthu zonga chisel zokhala ndi enamel wolimba wachikaso pamalo akunja;
- mutu: mutu wokutidwa, mphuno yayitali, ndi masharubu ambiri, maso ang'ono;
- makutu: makutu ang'onoang'ono;
- mapazi: mapazi akumbuyo akumbuyo;
- mchira: wandiweyani, ndi nsonga yoyera;
- mitundu: variable. Pafupifupi wakuda, imvi ndi bulauni kapena yoyera mpaka lalanje. Ubweya wonenepa, wofewa, wopanda madzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mawonekedwe amadzi amawonekera
Ambiri aife takumanapo ndi zovuta kumva makoswe akunyumba akuluma usiku: nyama yakutchire yosafunikira yomwe imafalitsa matenda. Mosiyana ndi izi, gawo lamadzi ku Australia, ngakhale lili la banja limodzi, ndi nyama yokongola yakomweko.
Vole yamadzi ndi mbewa yapadera yodziwika bwino zamoyo zam'madzi. Ndi mbewa yolemera kwambiri (thupi lake ndi lalitali masentimita 30, mchira wake ndi 40 cm kutalika, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 700 g) wokhala ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yaying'ono yopingasa pang'ono, ubweya wokhala ndi madzi otalikirapo komanso wonenepa komanso ndevu zambiri.
Zingwe zazitali zazitali zazitali zam'madzi zimakhala ndi tsitsi lolimba ndipo zimakhala ndi dazi lokhala ndi zoluka pakati pa zala zakumapazi. Amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, ikuluikulu italiitali yoluka ngati matabwa, pamene mchira wawo wakudawo umakhala ngati chiwongolero. Thupi limakhazikika, kuyambira utoto mpaka imvi mpaka kumbuyo lakuda komanso loyera mpaka lalanje pamimba. Nyama zikamakalamba, ubweya wakumbuyo (kumbuyo kapena pamwamba) umasinthiratu kukhala wofiirira ndipo utakutidwa ndi mawanga oyera.
Mchira wake ndi wandiweyani, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ubweya wakuda, ndipo mumitundu ina tsitsi limapanga keel pansi pake. Chigoba cha chipolopolo chamadzi ndichachikulu komanso chachitali. Maso ndi ochepa, mphuno zimatha kutseka kuti madzi asatuluke, ndipo mbali yakunja yamakutu ndi yaying'ono komanso yothira kapena yosowa. Kuphatikiza pa kufunikira kwawo kwamadzi, ndi malo okhala mosiyanasiyana, okhoza kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana am'madzi, achilengedwe komanso opangira, atsopano, amchere komanso amchere. Amakonda kupewa mafunde amphamvu, amakonda kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kapena madzi abata.
Kodi malo amadzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Madzi amadzi m'madzi
Mtsinje wamadzi nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'madzi opanda madzi kapena amchere, kuphatikiza nyanja zamadzi, mitsinje, madambo, madamu, ndi mitsinje yamatauni. Kukhala pafupi ndi nyanja zamchere, mitsinje ndi mitsinje, komanso madambo a mangrove a m'mbali mwa nyanja, imalolera malo okhala m'madzi owonongeka kwambiri.
Mitunduyi imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana amchere, kuyambira mitsinje ya subalpine ndi mitsinje ina yakunyanja mpaka kunyanja, madambo ndi madamu. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikhoza kupezeka m'matope osungira ngalande, ngakhale gawo lamadzi limawoneka kuti silodziwika kwenikweni pamitsinje yeniyeni. Nyama zimatha kusintha kukhala m'matawuni ndikukhala imodzi mwazinthu zochepa zomwe zapindula, m'malo ena, ndi zochita za anthu.
Ma voles amadzi amtundu wa Hydromys amakhala kumapiri ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Australia, New Guinea ndi zilumba zina zapafupi. Khoswe wopanda madzi (Crossomys moncktoni) amakhala kumapiri akum'mawa kwa New Guinea, komwe amakonda mitsinje yozizira, yofulumira, yozunguliridwa ndi nkhalango yamvula kapena udzu.
Mtsinje wamadzi waku Africa umapezekanso m'mitsinje yomwe ili m'malire a nkhalango. Maulendo khumi ndi anayi am'madzi a Western Hemisphere amapezeka kumwera kwa Mexico ndi South America, komwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje m'nkhalango zamvula kuyambira kunyanja mpaka kumapiri atalire pamwamba pa mzere wamitengo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mapoti amadzi amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi chovala chamadzi chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mouse madzi vole
Ma voles amadzimadzi ndi nyama zodya nyama, ndipo ngakhale amagwira nyama zawo zambiri m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe, amakhalanso ndi luso posaka pamtunda. Amakonda kudya nyama, ndipo zakudya zawo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo.
Chiwombankhanga chimatha kukhala ndi nsomba zazinkhanira, nyama zam'madzi zopanda nsomba, nsomba, mamazelo, mbalame (kuphatikizapo nkhuku), nyama zazing'ono, achule ndi zokwawa (kuphatikiza akamba ang'onoang'ono). Amawonekeranso pafupi ndi misewu yam'mizinda posaka makoswe akuda. Komanso, ma voles amadzi amatha kudya zowola, zinyalala za chakudya, chomera chosasinthika, ndipo awonedwa akuba chakudya m'mbale zazinyama.
Ma voles amadzi ndi nyama zanzeru. Amatulutsa mamina m'madzi ndikuwasiya padzuwa kuti atsegule asanadye. Ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti amasamala kwambiri ndi misampha, ndipo akagwidwa, samalakwitsanso kawiri. Ngati mwangozi agwidwa mumisampha ya nayiloni, amayamba kutafuna. Komabe, monga akamba ndi ma platypus, ma voles amadzi amatha kumira akagwidwa mumsampha wa nsomba.
Ma voles amadzi amakhala amanyazi ndipo samawoneka akudya nthawi zambiri, komabe, pali chikwangwani chimodzi chosonyeza kupezeka kwawo ndichizolowezi chawo kudya patebulo. Nyamayo ikagwidwa, imapita nayo kumalo abwino odyetsera, monga muzu wopanda mtengo, mwala, kapena chipika. Zigoba zama crayfish ndi mamazelo pa "tebulo" ngati izi, kapena nsomba zodyedwa zomwazikana pamadzi zimatha kukhala chizindikiro chabwino kuti nkhokwe yamadzi imakhala pafupi.
Zosangalatsa: Ma voles amadzi amakonda kusonkhanitsa chakudya kenako nkumadya pa "gome lodyera".
Madzulo ndiye nthawi yabwino kwambiri kuwona ma voles amadzi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri dzuwa litalowa, koma nyama izi ndizapadera pakati pa makoswe chifukwa chodyetsa nthawi yomweyo masana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mvula yamadzi ku Russia
Mbewa yamadzi ndi mbewa yozizira usiku. Zipilala zopangidwa ndi zisa ndi zomangirira zachilengedwe kapena zopangira zomwe zili pafupi kapena pamwamba pa mafunde zikuluzikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogona masana komanso pakati pamafunde. Nyumba zopangira zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pogona ngati palibe malo ena abwino.
Vole yamadzi imakhala nthawi yayitali m'mabowo m'mbali mwa mtsinje, koma imagwira ntchito mozungulira dzuwa likamalowa ikamadyetsa, ngakhale imadziwikanso kuti imadya masana. Amamanga chisa chokhala ndi udzu pakhomo lolowera kubwalo lake, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chobisika pakati pa zomera ndipo chimamangidwa kumapeto kwa ngalandezi m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja.
Chosangalatsa: Minks zamadzi nthawi zambiri zimabisidwa pakati pazomera ndipo zimamangidwa m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Khomo lozungulira lili ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 15 cm.
Ma voles ambiri amadzi osambira odziwa kusambira komanso odyera ankhanza am'madzi, koma madzi amu Africa (Colomys goslingi) amayenda m'madzi osaya kapena amakhala pamphepete mwa madzi ndi mphuno yomizidwa. Vole yamadzi yasintha bwino kuti ikhale ndi moyo ndi anthu. Poyamba ankasakidwa ubweya, koma tsopano ndi mtundu wotetezedwa ku Australia ndipo anthu akuwoneka kuti akuchira chifukwa chakusaka.
Komabe, zomwe zikuwopseza mitunduyo ndi izi:
- Kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa chothana ndi kusefukira kwamadzi, kuthawirako kwamizinda ndi ngalande zamadambo;
- nyama yoyambitsidwa monga amphaka, nkhandwe ndi mbalame zina zachilengedwe;
- Tinyama tating'onoting'ono timakhalanso pachiwopsezo cha njoka ndi nsomba zazikulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Vole yamadzi
Amuna amadzi amayenda modzipereka amateteza gawo lawo. Amasiya kafungo kabwino kosonyeza malo awo. Sikuti amangokhala onunkhira, mafunde amphongo amphongo amakhala owopsa ndipo amateteza mwamphamvu gawo lawo, zomwe zitha kubweretsa nkhondo zowopsa ndi adani, nthawi zina zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kapena kuvulala michira yawo. Vole yamadzi ndi mlenje wowopsa, amakonda mizu ya mitengo m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kuti azidyetsa pafupipafupi.
Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika za biology yobereka yamtunduwu. Amakhulupirira kuti imaswana chaka chonse, komabe kuswana kwambiri kumachitika kuyambira kasupe mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti chikhalidwe, msinkhu komanso nyengo zimathandizanso pakuswana. Nyama za msinkhu wosakanikirana komanso zogonana zimatha kugawana limodzi, ngakhale nthawi zambiri pamakhala m'modzi yekha wogonana. Burrow itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa zaka zingapo ndi mibadwo yotsatira.
Amayi amakonda kubereka ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi itatu ndipo amatha kukhala ndi malita asanu, iliyonse imakhala ndi ana atatu kapena anayi pachaka. Patatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi akuyamwa, anawo amayamwa ndipo amayenera kudzisamalira okha. Amalandira ufulu patadutsa milungu eyiti atabadwa.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zambiri, ma voles amadzi amakhala kuthengo kwa zaka zoposa 3-4 ndipo amakhala okha.
Ndi mtundu wolimba komanso wolimba womwe umalolera kuwukira kwa anthu ndikusintha kwa malo okhala.
Adani achilengedwe amadzi amadzi
Chithunzi: Momwe mawonekedwe amadzi amawonekera
Pakukhumudwa mzaka za m'ma 1930, lamulo loletsa kugula kunja kwa zikopa zaubweya (makamaka American muskrat). Vole yamadzi idawonedwa ngati cholowa m'malo choyenera, ndipo mtengo wa khungu lake udakwera kuchoka pa ma shelengi anayi mu 1931 kufika pa 10 shilingi mu 1941. Munthawi imeneyi, ma vole amadzi amasakidwa ndipo anthu amderali adatsika ndikusoweka. Pambuyo pake, malamulo oteteza adayambitsidwa ndipo popita nthawi anthu adachira.
Ngakhale kusaka kwamtchire m'ma 1930, kugawa ma voles amadzi sikuwoneka kuti kwasintha kwambiri kuyambira pomwe Europe idakhazikitsa. Pomwe njira zoyendetsera malo akumizinda ndi akumidzi zikupitabe patsogolo, pali chiyembekezo kuti malo okhala nyamayi odziwika bwino aku Australia adzasintha.
Zomwe zimawopseza ma voles am'madzi masiku ano ndikusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa chochepetsa kusefukira kwamadzi ndi ma dambo, komanso nyama zomwe zimayambitsidwa monga amphaka ndi nkhandwe. Nyama zazing'ono zimaopsezedwanso ndi njoka ndi nsomba zazikulu, ndipo mafunde akuluakulu amadzi amatha kusakidwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mouse madzi vole
Monga mtundu, gawo lamadzi likuyimira vuto lochepa kwambiri pakusamalira, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito madzi mosakayikira kwasintha malo ake okhala ndipo komwe akukhala mwina ndikofanana ndi komwe kudali anthu aku Europe asanafike.
Vole yamadzi imawerengedwa kuti ndi tizilombo mumadera othirira (monga m'mphepete mwa Murray) komwe imabisala m'mitsinje ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi ndi malo othirira, zomwe zimayambitsa kutayika ndipo nthawi zina kugwa kwa nyumba. Zina mwazinthu, komabe, zimawona kuti kuwonongeka sikofunikira kwenikweni kuposa kuwonongeka kwa nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi, zomwe anthu ake amayang'aniridwa ndi mvula. Komabe, gawo lamadzi lidatchulidwa kuti Lili Pangozi ku Queensland (Conservation Act 1992) komanso mdziko lonse (Conservation and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) imadziwika kuti ndiyofunika kwambiri pakusamalira pansi pa Ntchito Zoyambirira. Kubwerera Kumbuyo ku Australia.
Vole yamadzi makamaka ili pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kugawanika ndi kuwonongeka. Izi zinali zotsatira za kutukuka kwa m'matawuni, migodi yamchenga, kukonzanso nthaka, kutsetsereka kwa ma dambo, nyama zamtchire, magalimoto osangalatsa, kutulutsa madzi owonongeka ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala (kuthamangitsidwa kuchokera kumayiko olima ndi akumatauni, kuwonetseredwa ndi dothi la acidic sulphate komanso zochitika za kuipitsa malo m'mphepete mwa nyanja). Njira zowonongekazi zimachepetsa zopezera chakudya komanso mwayi wopezera mazira, zimalimbikitsa kulowa kwa udzu ndikuwonjezera nyama zamtchire (nkhandwe, nkhumba ndi amphaka).
Mvula yamadzi - mbewa yozizira usiku. Amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana am'madzi, nthawi zambiri mumadambo amchere am'mphepete mwa nyanja, mangroves, ndi madambo oyandikana ndi madzi oyera ku Australia. Ndi colonizer yabwino ndipo titha kuyembekeza kukhala chisonyezo chokwanira cha nyama zake zam'madzi komanso mtundu wonse wamadzi omwe amakhala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.12.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/08/2019 ku 22:11
