Pika Ndi nyama yaying'ono, yamiyendo yayifupi komanso yopanda mchira yomwe imakhala kumapiri akumadzulo kwa North America komanso ku Asia. Ngakhale kuti ndi yaying'ono, mawonekedwe a thupi ndi makutu ozungulira, ma pikka si makoswe, koma oimira ochepa kwambiri a lagomorphs, apo ayi gululi limayimiriridwa ndi hares ndi akalulu (banja la kalulu).
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Pikukha
Ma piki ali ndi mayina ambiri odziwika, ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu kapena mitundu. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito mayina a mbewa za kalulu, ngakhale pika si mbewa kapena kalulu. Dzina la mtunduwo limachokera ku ochodona aku Mongolia, ndipo mawu oti "pika" - "pika" - amachokera ku "piika" wowerengeka wa a Tungus, fuko lochokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia.
Pike ndi mtundu wokhawo wamoyo wa banja la Leopard womwe ulibe zina mwazosintha zamatenda zomwe zimapezeka mu hares ndi akalulu (banja la akalulu), monga chigaza chokhotakhota, mutu wolunjika, miyendo yakumbuyo yolimba ndi lamba m'chiuno, ndikutalika kwa miyendo.
Kanema: Pikukha
Banja la ma pikas lidasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi ma lagomorphs ena akale a Oligocene. Pike adayamba kupezeka pazakale zakale za Pliocene ku Eastern Europe, Asia ndi kumadzulo kwa North America. Chiyambi chake mwina chinali ku Asia. Ndi Pleistocene, pika adapezeka kum'mawa kwa United States komanso kumadzulo ku Europe ngati Britain.
Kufalikira kumeneku kunatsatiridwa ndi kuchepa kwamtundu wake wapano. Pika wina wakale (genus Prolagus) mwachidziwikire amakhala m'nthawi zakale. Zotsalira zake zapezeka ku Corsica, Sardinia ndi zilumba zazing'ono zoyandikana nazo. M'mbuyomu, zinthu zakale zidapezeka kumtunda kwa Italy. Zikuwoneka kuti zidalipo mpaka zaka 2,000 zapitazo, koma adakakamizidwa kutha, mwina chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi mpikisano komanso kuwonongeka kwa nyama zomwe zidayambitsidwa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe pika amawonekera
Mitundu 29 ya ma pikas ndi yofanana mofananamo mofanana mthupi komanso momwe imakhalira. Ubweya wawo ndi wautali komanso wofewa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala wamtundu wofiirira, ngakhale mitundu ina imakhala yofiira. Mosiyana ndi akalulu ndi hares, miyendo yakumbuyo ya ma pikas siyotalika kwambiri kuposa yakutsogolo. Mapazi, kuphatikiza zidendene, ataphimbidwa kwambiri ndi tsitsi, zala zakuphazi zisanu kutsogolo ndi zinayi kumbuyo. Ma pika ambiri amalemera pakati pa magalamu 125 mpaka 200 ndipo amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 15.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pikas wamba amafa chaka chilichonse kuyambira 37 mpaka 53%, ndipo kufa komwe kumakhudzana ndi zaka ndizapamwamba kwambiri kwa ana azaka 0 mpaka 1 ndi 5 mpaka 7 wazaka. Zaka zapikas zakutchire ndi ukapolo ndizaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndipo zaka za moyo wamtchire ndi zaka zitatu.
M'madera ena amtundu wawo, amuna amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi, koma pang'ono pokha. Thupi lawo limakhala lopindika, lili ndi makutu amfupi, ma vibrissae atali (40-77 mm), miyendo yayifupi komanso opanda mchira wowonekera. Mapazi awo akumbuyo amapangidwa ndi manambala, ali ndi zala zinayi (poyerekeza ndi zisanu kutsogolo) ndipo ndizotalika kuyambira 25 mpaka 35 mm.
Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi mipata ya pseudoclacal yomwe imayenera kutsegulidwa kuti iwulule mbolo kapena nkongo. Akazi ali ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa mammary zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe sizitambasula mkaka wa m'mawere. Pikas amakhala ndi kutentha thupi kwambiri (pafupifupi 40.1 ° C) komanso kutentha pang'ono koopsa (pafupifupi 43.1 ° C). Amakhala ndi kagayidwe kabwino ka kagayidwe kachakudya, ndipo matenthedwe awo ndimakhalidwe m'malo mwamthupi.
Chosangalatsa: Mtundu wa ubweya wa pika umasintha ndi nyengo, koma umasungabe utoto woyera pamimba pake. Pamalo otsekemera, ubweyawu umayambira imvi mpaka sinamoni bulauni nthawi yotentha. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wawo wakumbuyo umakhala wotuwa komanso utali wokwanira utali wa chilimwe.
Makutu awo ndi ozungulira, okutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda mkati ndi kunja, ndipo akuthwa ndi zoyera. Mapazi awo ndi okutidwa ndi tsitsi, kuphatikiza zidendene, kupatula timapepala tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tomwe kumapeto kwa zala zakuphazi. Chigoba chawo chimakhala chazunguliro pang'ono, chokhala ndi dera lathyathyathya, lotalikirana kwambiri.
Kodi pika amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pikukha ku Russia
Pike nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mapiri ataliatali. Mitundu iwiri imakhala ku North America, enawo amapezeka makamaka ku Central Asia. 23 mwa iwo amakhala athunthu kapena mbali ina ku China, makamaka kumapiri a Tibetan.
Pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana yazachilengedwe yomwe imakhala ndi ma pikas. Ena amangokhala m'miyala yamiyala yosweka (talus), pomwe ena amakhala kumapiri kapena kumapiri komwe amamangira maenje. Mitundu yaku North America ndi theka la mitundu yaku Asia amakhala m'malo okhala miyala ndipo samabowola. M'malo mwake, zisa zawo zimakokololedwa pakati pa mapiri kapena zomera zina zabwino.
Pike adapezeka ku Alaska ndi kumpoto kwa Canada pamanunataks akutali (mapiri kapena mapiri ozunguliridwa ndi madzi oundana) ku Kluane National Park. Anawonanso pamtunda wa 6,130 mita kutsetsereka kwa mapiri a Himalaya. Kugawa kwakukulu, kumpoto kwa pika, kumayambira ku Urals mpaka kugombe lakum'mawa kwa Russia ndi Hokkaido Island kumpoto kwa Japan. Ngakhale kuti pika wakumpoto amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wamtundu womwe umakhala pa talus, umakhalanso m'malo amiyala m'nkhalango za coniferous, momwe umakumba pansi pa mitengo ndi zitsa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe pika imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mbewa zimadya.
Kodi pika amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Rodent pika
Pike ndi nyama yodyetsa ndipo motero amakhala ndi zakudya zozikidwa pazomera.
Pika ndi nyama yosinthika ndipo amadya zakudya izi masana:
- udzu;
- mbewu;
- namsongole;
- nthula;
- zipatso.
Pika amadya zina mwazomera zomwe adakolola, koma zambiri zimakhala gawo lazomwe amapereka. Nthawi yayitali yachilimwe amakhala atatola mbewu kuti apange maudzu. Udzu ukangomaliza, amayambanso.
Ma Pikas samabisala ndipo amakhala odyetsa ziweto. Komwe chipale chofewa chimazungulira malo awo (monga zimakhalira nthawi zambiri), amamanga mizere yazomera, yotchedwa minda yaudzu, kuti izipatsa chakudya nthawi yachisanu. Khalidwe la ma pikas amiyala mchilimwe ndi maulendo awo obwerezabwereza kumadambo oyandikana ndi talus kukatenga udzu.
Zosangalatsa: Imodzi mwa nkhani zomwe zimangobwerezedwa koma zosokeretsa ndikuti ma pika amaika udzu wawo pamiyala kuti aume asanausunge. Ma pika amatha kutenga chakudya chawo kupita nawo ku udzu ngati sanasokonezedwe.
Monga ma lagomorphs ena, ma pikas amayesa kuchita zinthu mopitilira muyeso kuti apeze mavitamini ndi michere kuchokera pazakudya zawo zopanda thanzi. Pikas amapanga mitundu iwiri yazinyalala: cholimba chofiirira cholimba ndi ulusi wonyezimira wofewa (khungu losawona). Pika imagwiritsa ntchito matope a caecal (omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso mapuloteni) kapena amawasungira kuti adzawagwiritsenso ntchito mtsogolo. Pafupifupi 68% ya chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa chimayamwa, ndikupangitsa ma pellets kukhala gawo lofunikira pakudya kwa pika.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Pika nyama
Mkhalidwe wamakhalidwe amasiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya ma pikas. Ma pikas amwala amakhala ochezeka ndipo amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, onunkhira. Amadziwitsana za kupezeka kwawo, nthawi zambiri amayimba mafoni pafupipafupi (nthawi zambiri "enk" kapena "eh-ehh"). Chifukwa chake, ma pikas okhala pamiyala amatha kutsata oyandikana nawo ndikukumana nawo kamodzi kokha kapena kawiri patsiku. Kukumana koteroko nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa chizunzo choopsa.
Mosiyana ndi izi, ma pika obowola amakhala m'magulu am'banja, ndipo maguluwa amakhala ndikuteteza gawo limodzi. Pakati pa gululi, macheza amakhala ambiri ndipo amakhala ochezeka. Pikas azaka zonse komanso amuna ndi akazi amatha kukonzekeretsana, kupukuta mphuno zawo, kapena kukhala moyandikana. Kukumana mwamakani, nthawi zambiri kumakhala ngati zinthu zazitali zomwe zimachitika, zimachitika kokha ngati munthu wochokera pagulu limodzi aphwanya gawo la wina.
Ma pikas othira amakhalanso ndi mawu akulu kwambiri kuposa ma pikas amwala. Zambiri mwanjira izi zimayimira mgwirizano m'magulu am'banja, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata ochokera pakutha motsatizana kapena pakati pa abambo ndi ana. Ma pikas onse amatulutsa ma alarm pang'ono akawona zolusa. Amuna amayimba nyimbo yayitali nthawi yayitali.
Mosiyana ndi akalulu ndi hares, ma pika amagwira ntchito masana, kupatula ma pikas apakati pausiku. Makamaka mitundu yamapiri kapena yoboola, ma piki ambiri amasinthidwa kukhala amoyo m'malo ozizira ndipo satha kupirira kutentha. Kutentha kukakhala kwakukulu, amachepetsa zochita zawo m'mawa ndi madzulo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Steppe pika
Pali kusiyana pakati pa ma pikas amiyala ndi obowola, omwe amagwiranso ntchito pakupanga kwawo. Ma pikas amiyala nthawi zambiri amatulutsa ma litter awiri pachaka, ndipo, monga lamulo, m'modzi yekha ndi amene amasiyidwa bwino. Zinyalala yachiwiri imawerengedwa kuti ndiyopambana pokhapokha ana oyamba atamwalira koyambirira kwa nyengo yobereka. Kukula kwa zinyalala za anthu ambiri okhala m'mapiri ndikotsika, koma kubowola ma pikas kumatha kutulutsa zinyalala zingapo zazikulu nyengo iliyonse. The steppe pika akuti amakhala ndi zinyalala zazing'ono mpaka ana 13 ndipo zimaberekana kasanu pachaka.
Nthawi yokhathamira ya ma pikas imatenga kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Amatha kuswana kawiri pachaka kutengera komwe amakhala. Nthawi ya bere imakhala masiku makumi atatu (mwezi umodzi). Nthawi yodzikongoletsera, amuna ndi akazi a ma pika omwe amakhala mdera lina amayimbirana ndikupanga maubale awiri.
Pikas amagwiritsa ntchito mkodzo ndi ndowe polemba ma fungo. Zolemba pamasaya zomwe zimapezeka m'matope a thukuta la apocrine zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa omwe angakhale othandizana nawo ndikupanga magawo. Amapezeka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe amapaka masaya awo pamiyala. Nthawi yoswana kapena ikakhazikika mdera latsopano, ma pikas amapaka masaya awo pafupipafupi. Mkodzo ndi ndowe nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa muudzu ngati chizindikiro cha umwini.
Pika yachikazi imatha kupanga malita awiri pachaka, koma nthawi zambiri imodzi imabweretsa ana opambana. Mkazi amabereka mwana 1 mpaka 5 atatenga bere kwa mwezi umodzi. Ana akafika msinkhu wodziyimira pawokha, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi makolo awo.
Zosangalatsa: Achinyamata amadalira kwathunthu amayi awo kwa masiku osachepera 18. Amakula msanga ndikukula msinkhu ali ndi miyezi itatu yokha. Mkazi amaletsa anawo masabata 3-4 atabadwa.
Adani achilengedwe a ma pikas
Chithunzi: Pikukha
Ngakhale pika amakhala kumadera komwe kulibe nyama zina zochepa, ili ndi zilombo zambiri, makamaka chifukwa chochepa. Weasel ndiye nyama yayikulu yodya ma pikas, limodzi ndi mbalame zodya nyama, agalu, nkhandwe ndi amphaka. Ma pikas amabisalidwa pang'ono ndipo, akafuna kulanda chilombo, amatulutsa alamu yodziwitsa anthu onse zakupezeka kwake. Mabelu a alamu amatulutsidwa mobwerezabwereza kwa nyama zazing'ono, chifukwa nyama zazing'ono zimatha kuzithamangitsa pakatikati pa talus.
Nyama zazing'ono zimapangidwa ndi ma weasel amtali wautali (Mustela frenata) ndi ermine (Mustela erminea). Ziweto zazikulu monga ma coyotes (Canis latrans) ndi American martens (Martes Americana) ali ndi luso lotenga anyamata omwe sanachedwe kupewa. Ziwombankhanga zagolide (Aquila chrysaetos) zimadyanso ma pikas, koma zimakhudza kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, odyetsa odziwika a pikas ndi awa:
- nkhandwe (Canis Latrans);
- nsomba zazitali (Mustela frenata);
- kusokoneza (Mustela erminea);
- Ma martens aku America (Martes Americana);
- ziwombankhanga zagolide (Aquila chrysaetos);
- nkhandwe (Vulpes Vulpes);
- akalulu akumpoto (Accipiter gentilis);
- Ziwombankhanga zofiira (Buteo jamaicensis);
- steppe falcons (Falco mexicanus);
- Khwangwala wamba (Corvus corax).
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe pika amawonekera
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma piki omwe amakhala m'malo athanthwe ndi omwe amakhala m'malo otseguka. Anthu okhala m'matanthwe amakhala kwanthawi yayitali (mpaka zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri) ndipo amapezeka m'malo ochepa, ndipo anthu awo amakhala osasunthika pakapita nthawi. Mosiyana ndi izi, ma pikas obowola samakhala kopitilira chaka chimodzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kosintha nthawi zambiri kumatha kukhala kocheperako 30 kapena kupitilira apo. Anthu ochepawa amasiyana mosiyanasiyana.
Ma pika ambiri amakhala m'malo akutali ndi anthu, komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma pikas obowoleza, amawerengedwa ngati tizirombo m'dera lamapiri la Tibetan, komwe amakhulupirira kuti amachepetsa kudyetsa ziweto ndikuwononga msipu. Poyankha, mabungwe aboma la China adawapatsa poizoni m'malo ambiri. Kafukufuku waposachedwa, wawonetsa kuti zoyesayesa zoterezi zitha kukhala zolakwika, popeza pika ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'derali.
Ma pikas anayi aku Asia - atatu ku China, amodzi ku Russia ndi Kazakhstan - adatchulidwa ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Mmodzi wa iwo, Kozlova pika (O. koslowi) wochokera ku China, adasonkhanitsidwa koyamba ndi wofufuza waku Russia a Nikolai Przhevalsky mu 1884, ndipo zidatenga pafupifupi zaka 100 asanawonekenso. Sikuti mitundu iyi imangokhala yosowa, koma itha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha poyizoni ngati gawo limodzi loyeserera ma pikas.
Kusintha kwanyengo kumawopseza tsogolo la mitunduyi chifukwa siyolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso chifukwa malo ake akukhala osayenera. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama zamtchire, zomwe zimasunthira malire awo kumpoto kapena kupitirira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ma pikas alibe kwina koti apite. M'malo ena, anthu onse a pika asowa kale.
Kuteteza ma pikas
Chithunzi: Pikukha wochokera ku Red Book
Mwa ma subsika a pika makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi limodzi, asanu ndi awiri adatchulidwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndipo m'modzi ndi O. p. schisticeps adatchulidwa kuti ali pangozi. Ma subspecies asanu ndi awiri omwe ali pachiwopsezo (O. Goldmani, O. Lasalensis, O. Nevadensis, O. Nigrescens, O. Obscura, O. Sheltoni, ndi O. Tutelata) amapezeka ku Great Basin ndipo pano akukumana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu zomwe zadzetsa chiwonongeko chapafupi.
Vuto lalikulu kwa ma pikas, makamaka ku Great Basin, mwina ndikusintha kwanyengo, chifukwa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Pikas amatha kufa pasanathe ola limodzi ngati kutentha kozungulira kukwera kupitirira 23 ° C. Anthu ambiri akuyembekezeka kusamukira kumpoto kapena kusamukira kumalo okwera. Tsoka ilo, ma pika sangasinthe malo awo okhala.
Mabungwe osiyanasiyana aganiza zoyika ma pikka motsogozedwa ndi Lamulo la Mitundu Yowopsa. Njira zothanirana ndi kuchepetsa anthu akumaloko zitha kuphatikiza kusintha kwamalamulo kuti muchepetse zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha kwanyengo, kudziwitsa, kuzindikira madera atsopano otetezedwa ndikuwabwezeretsanso m'malo omwe awonongedwa.
Pika Ndi nyama yaying'ono yomwe imapezeka ku Northern Hemisphere. Masiku ano padziko lapansi pali mitundu pafupifupi 30 ya ma piki. Ngakhale amaoneka ngati mbewa, pika imagwirizana kwambiri ndi akalulu ndi hares. Amadziwika nthawi zambiri ndi thupi lawo laling'ono, lokwanira komanso kusowa mchira.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: Seputembara 28, 2019
Tsiku losintha: 27.08.2019 nthawi ya 22:57
