Nsomba zofiirira - nsomba zam'nyanja kapena, nthawi zambiri, nsomba zamadzimadzi za banja la nsomba. Nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi mumapezeka nsomba chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake komanso momwe amakhalira. Mbali yapadera ya mitunduyi ndi kuthekera kwakusinthira kuzikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Maonekedwe a lacustrine amatha kusintha mwachangu kupita kwa anadromous, m'madzi, ngati kuli kofunikira. Kusodza mwachangu kumakulidwanso m'malo osungira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kumzha
Trout imagawidwa m'madzi oyera komanso amoyo wam'nyanja. Mwa njira, mosavuta, madzi oyera nthawi zambiri amangotchedwa kuti trout. Mitundu yonse iwiriyi imagawidwa ngati ma salmonid ndipo imakhala ndi kusiyana kodziwikiratu kwakuti ndizovuta kuzipeza ndi mtundu umodzi.
Asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito DNA ya mitochondrial kuti aphunzire njira yogawa ka trout wofiirira. Ndiyamika kwa iye, zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti kufalitsa kwakukulu kwa trout kukuwonedwa kuchokera ku Norway. Mu Nyanja Yoyera ndi ya Barents, palibe kusiyana kulikonse komwe kunapezeka pakati pa oimira mitundu iyi, zomwe zimatilola kunena kuti mbalameyi imatha kukhala chifukwa cha banja limodzi, mosasamala kanthu komwe amakhala.
Kanema: Kumzha
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'mbuyomu amakhulupirira kuti nyamayi ndi chibale cha nsomba. Koma ndiye akatswiri a zachthyologists, atatha kusanthula bwino momwe nsomba zimapangidwira, adazindikira kuti nsomba ndizosunthika mumtsinje wa anadromous.
Amakhulupirira kuti nsomba yotchedwa anadromous trout imadyetsedwa m'nyanja, pambuyo pake imapita kumtunda kukasambira, komwe imakulira. Koma anthu amadzi amchere, omwe amadyetsa pamenepo asanabadwe, amatchedwa trout. Mwa nsomba zamadzi oyera, ambiri mwa amuna onse, koma mwa anadromous - akazi. Pakati pa nthawi yobereka, onse amalumikizana, ndikupanga gulu lalikulu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti mumapezeka nsomba zina. Nthawi ina, nsomba zam'madzi zinabweretsedwa ku New Zealand, zomwe pang'onopang'ono zimakulowera m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, pang'onopang'ono adasandulika khola lodabwitsa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi mumapezeka nsomba zotani
Thupi la trout wofiirira limakutidwa ndi masikelo olimba kwambiri ndipo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe otambalala. Pakamwa pake ndi kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo kali ndi chiwonetsero chazithunzi. Nsagwada zakumtunda ndizowonekera bwino ndipo zimafikira kupitirira m'mphepete mwa diso. Nsagwada zamphongo zazikulu zimatha kupindika kwambiri. Koma izi sizowonekera kwambiri kuposa nsomba.
Mawanga akuda (aakulu kwambiri) amaphimba thupi lonse la nsomba. Pansi pamzere wotsatira, amakhala ozungulira komanso owoneka ochepa. Achinyamata ali ofanana ndi mtundu wa trout. Nsombazi zikakhala m'madzi abwino, zimakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira. Nsombazo zikafika pokhwima, timadontho tating'onoting'ono ta pinki timawonekera m'mbali. Izi zimawonekera makamaka mwa amuna.
Msuzi wamba wa bulauni amakhala ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 70 komanso wolemera 1 mpaka 5 kg. Koma mu Nyanja ya Baltic, mutha kupezanso mitundu yayikulu kwambiri (yopitilira 1 mita m'litali komanso makilogalamu oposa 12 kulemera). Nthawi zambiri mtundu uwu umafanizidwa ndi nsomba. Zowonadi, ali ndi zofanana zambiri.
Komabe, ndimakonda kusankha magawo angapo omwe angathandize kusiyanitsa mumapezeka nsomba:
- pamchira wa trout, masikelo ndi ochepa kwambiri;
- mumapezeka nsomba zambiri.
- mafupa a maxillary mumtambo wa bulauni ndiwotalika kwambiri;
- mbalame zakutchire za nsomba ndizotalika kwambiri;
- mumtambo wa bulauni wachikulire, maliseche ake ndi akuthwa kwambiri.
Ngati timalankhula zakusiyana ndi nsomba, ndiye kuti chinthu chachikulu ndi mtundu wina. Mitunduyi imasiyananso m'njira ya moyo: nsomba zimalowa m'madzi abwino kuti zibereke ndipo zimamwalira posachedwa, kukana chakudya m'madzi amadzi abwino. Pomwe nsomba yakuda imakhala bwino mumtsinje ndipo imapitilizabe kudyetsa m'madzi abwino kuposa m'madzi am'nyanja. Pafupipafupi, thovu lofiirira limakhala zaka 18-20, ngati pali zinthu zabwino zokwanira pompano.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Yaikulu kwambiri ndi nsomba ya Caspian. Pali chitsimikizo kuti munthu wolemera makilogalamu 51 adagwidwa kamodzi. Baltic trout (muyezo wolemera mpaka 5 kg) idagwidwa kamodzi ikulemera 23.5 kg.
Kodi trout wofiirira amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Msomba wa nsomba
Nsomba zofiirira zimakhala m'malo akulu kwambiri. Amapezeka mosavuta m'nyanja komanso m'mitsinje.
Madera akulu kwambiri okhala ndi bulauni ndi awa:
- Azov, Nyanja Yakuda;
- Volga, Neva, Gulf of Finland;
- mitsinje ya France, Greece, Italy;
- mitsinje ya Ural;
- Pskov, Tver, Kaliningrad, Orenburg madera.
Chiwerengerochi chachikulu kwambiri mumapezeka m'madzi a Baltic. Mitengo, malo osaya - awa ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri. Nsombazi zikagwidwa, chinthu choyamba kuchita ndikuponya ndodo pafupi ndi gombe. Palibe chifukwa choti mupitirire patsogolo - nthawi zambiri, imakhala pano.
Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri nsomba zamtchire ndi madera a mapiri kapena madzi am'chigwa. Kuyeretsa kwamadzi ndikofunikira. Ngakhale pali mphamvu yamphamvu, zilibe kanthu. Nsomba zofiirira zimangobwera pafupi ndi gombe ndikupeza malo okhala okha.
Nsomba iyi sakonda madzi ofunda kwambiri. Kutentha koyenera kwa iye ndi madigiri 15-20. Ngakhale potulutsa nsomba, nsomba sizimapita kumadzi ofunda kwambiri, posankha zoyera, koma pang'ono pang'ono. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, trout wofiirira amatha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana - mumtsinje komanso munyanja.
Nsombazo zimasankha zinthu zomwe zili zovomerezeka kwa iwo pakadali pano zomwe zithandizire kusunga anthu. Trout nthawi zambiri samakhala m'malo amodzi kwa zaka zopitilira 2-3. Amasintha malo ake okhala, koma pakatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri amatha kubwerera kumalo omwe ankakhalako kale.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe amapezeka mumapezeka nsomba zofiirira. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba iyi idya.
Kodi nsomba zamtchire zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kumzha ku Karelia
Nsomba zofiirira za m'gulu la nsomba zolusa. Ana ang'onoang'ono obadwa kumenewa amadya pa plankton ndipo nsomba zikafika pokhwima pogonana - chakudya chawo chimasiyanasiyana. Mwa njira, anthu akulu mumtundu wa bulauni amatha kudyetsa nyama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasambira pamadzi. Koma izi zimangogwira ntchito ngati nsomba zili ndi njala.
Nthawi yonse, chakudya chawo chimakhala:
- achule;
- nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe ndizocheperako;
- ma crustaceans osiyanasiyana;
- molluscs, nyongolotsi ndi zina zopanda mafupa zomwe zimakhala m'munsi mwa dziwe;
- mbozi zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi;
- ziwala, agulugufe ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timagwera mosungiramo.
Ngakhale trout wofiirira kwenikweni ndi nsomba zodya nyama, koma ngati kuli kofunikira (pakalibe chakudya chokwanira), imathanso kudya zakudya zamasamba. Ngati timalankhula za kusodza nsomba zam'madzi mumtunda, ndiye kuti ndizotheka kuzigwira ndi chimanga kapena mkate.
Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, nsomba zamtchire zimakonda chakudya cha nyama, kudya masamba pokhapokha. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zamtchire zitha kuwukira masukulu ang'onoang'ono a nsomba omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Komanso, thovu lofiirira limasaka nkhalango kufupi ndi gombe la nkhanu (amatha kuwukira anthu akuluakulu). Amatha kusaka mwachangu nthawi iliyonse pachaka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa Brown munyanjayi
Trout iyenera kugawidwa ngati nsomba za anadromous kapena zamadzi amadzi. M'nyanja, kansalu kofiirira kamakonda kukhala pafupi ndi gombe, osasambira m'malo akuya kwambiri. Amayesetsa kupewa kusamukira kulikonse. Ngakhale titakambirana zakubala ana, ndiye amayesetsa kusankha malo omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi komwe amakhala.
Ngati timalankhula za moyo wam'mitsinje, mumapezeka nsomba zamtundu wina, koma nthawi zina zimatha kupita kutali kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda. Kwa moyo wabwinobwino, trout wofiirira amafuna mpweya wambiri m'madzi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amakonda mitsinje yothamanga komanso mafunde othamanga. Nthawi zina nsomba zofiirira sizibwerera kunyanja konse, koma pitirizani kukhala mumtsinjewu ngati zinthu zili bwino. Tikulankhula za malo okwanira okwanira, omwe ali pafupi ndi madzi osaya. Izi ndizofunikira kuti nsomba zizisaka bwino. M'mawa ndi madzulo, nsombazo zimakonda kusaka mumtsinje ndi madzi omveka bwino - iyi ndi malo okondedwa a nsomba zofiirira.
M'malo ena (malo a Luga ndi Narvskaya) nsomba zazing'ono zimapezeka chaka chonse. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimayamba kulowa mumtsinjewu pafupi ndi nthawi yapakatikati komanso kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Kusuntha kwakukulu kwambiri kwa nsomba kumakhala mu Seputembala ndipo kumatha mpaka Novembala. Zimatenga zaka 2-4 zisanalowe munyanja, pambuyo pake zibwerera kumtsinje zitatha zaka 1-2.
Trout si nsomba yophunzirira. Amakonda kukhala yekha. Zomwezo zimasunthira kusamuka ndi kusaka. Mwa njira, mumapezeka nsomba wina wolimba mtima kwambiri pakusaka. Ngakhale iyenso amakonda kukhala yekha, amatha kutsutsa ndikuwukira oimira nsomba zamasukulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba zofiirira m'madzi
Trout si nsomba zopita kusukulu. Amakonda moyo komanso kusaka yekha. Ngakhale amakonda kubala m'magulu akulu. Koma izi zili choncho chifukwa nsombazo zimasankha nthawi yomweyo. Mosiyana ndi ma salmonid ena ambiri, nsomba zamtambo zofiirira zimatha kubala kangapo m'moyo wawo.
Pafupifupi ma salmonid onse amabala kamodzi kokha m'moyo. Pambuyo pake, amayesa kudya pang'ono momwe angathere ndikufa atangobereka. Koma thonje lofiirira limachita mosiyana kotheratu. Zakudya zake sizikugwirizana ndi kubereka: amapitilizabe kudya nthawi zonse, ndipo atangobereka kumene amabwerera kumachitidwe ake amoyo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngati mumapezeka nsomba, simungathe kubwerera kunyanja pazifukwa zilizonse, mutha kusintha moyo wamadzi abwino.
Trout imatha kubala nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Chokhacho ndichisanu. Mkazi amaikira mazira 4-5,000 nthawi imodzi. Zonse ndi zazikulu - pafupifupi 5 ml m'mimba mwake. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimayikira mazira m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamadzi, ndikuzikwirira mumchenga. Amathanso kubala, kusankha malo obisika pansi pa miyala.
Imasankha mitsinje kuti itulutse nsomba zofiirira, zolowera komwe zimachokera - kuchokera kunyanja. Ikayika mazira, imabwerera kunyanja nthawi yomweyo. Yamphongo imadzaza mazira omwe abala, koma satenganso gawo pamoyo wamwanayo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mwa mitundu ina ya nsomba yamphongo imasunga mazira mpaka mwachangu awonekere, ndiye kuti mumapezeka nsomba.
Msuzi wa trout ndi ochepa - pafupifupi 6 ml atangoyamba kumene. Kuyambira zaka 2 mpaka 7, mwachangu akupitilizabe kukhala mumtsinje momwe adaswa. Pomwe mwachangu ukukula, imadyetsa mphutsi. Koma akafika pokhwima (pafupifupi masentimita 20 nthawi imeneyo), amapita kunyanja ndikuyamba kudyetsa mwachangu nsomba zina kapena nyama zopanda mafupa kumeneko. Ali kunyanja kufikira atakhwima kwathunthu, nsomba imakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka zina zinayi. Ponseponse, katemera wachikazi amabala pafupifupi nthawi 8-10 m'moyo wake wonse. Nthawi yomwe nsomba imakhala ndi moyo zaka 18-20.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Msomba ukayamba kuswana, amayenera kugwirizana ngati gulu la ziweto. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa pali amuna ochepa kwambiri pakati pa nsomba zowopsa, pomwe kuli amuna ochulukirapo mumtsinje wamadzi. Chifukwa chake amayenera kulumikizana munthawi yobereka.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba zofiirira
Chithunzi: Msomba wa nsomba
Anthu opha nyama mozemba nthawi zonse akhala mdani wamkulu wa nsomba zofiirira. Amatha kuwononga akulu ndi mazira omwe. Nthawi zambiri, amasaka nyama mwachindunji panthawi yobereka, potero zimawononga mbalame zazikuluzikulu zokha komanso ana osabadwa. Koma ngati chitetezo chazisaka ndizotheka pamaboma pang'ono pang'ono, ndiye kuti ndizosatheka kuteteza nsomba ku adani achilengedwe.
Adani achilengedwe aku trout wofiirira ndi awa:
- burbots, imvi, ndipo ngakhale oimira achinyamata ena a m'banja la saumoni (osakhwima pakadali pano ndikupitilizabe kukhala m'malo oberekera) amasaka mwachangu mazira ndi mazira;
- nsomba mwakhama kusaka m'madzi. Amatha kuwedza nsomba zam'madzi ngakhale m'nyanja ngati atayandikira pamwamba pamadzi. Zowopsa makamaka ndi mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zimatha kuthawira pansi;
- beavers. Ngakhale kuti nyama zomwezi ndizochepa, zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri posaka nsomba zosowa;
- Zisindikizo ndi zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimakonda kudya nsomba zoterezi, chifukwa chake, zimadalanso ndi nsomba zamtambo zofiirira. Amatha kugwira nsomba m'madzi momwemo. Popeza ndiwopunduka kwambiri, amasambira mwachangu, kuphatikiza pansi pamadzi, ndipo amatha kuvulaza anthu amtundu wa trout.
Pafupifupi, m'modzi mwa anthu 10 amapulumuka chaka choyamba atabadwa. Kupitilira apo, kufa kwawo kumachepa pang'onopang'ono ndipo pambuyo pa chaka choyamba chamoyo, pafupifupi nsomba imodzi mwa ziwiri imatsala. Koma ngati tikulankhula za anthu wamba, ndiye kuti palibe nsomba zopitilira 2-3 mwa 100 zomwe zimapulumuka mpaka kukhwima ndikugonana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi mumapezeka nsomba zofiirira bwanji
Ndizosatheka kulingalira ndendende kuchuluka kwa anthu akuda akuda. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti nsomba zimakhala m'malo akulu. Chiwerengerochi chimaphatikizapo ma subspecies osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kunena motsimikiza kuti ndi ma trout angati omwe akukhala padziko lapansi pano. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zimakhalanso m'minda yabwinobwino, m'mafamu.
Nsomba zofiirira, malinga ndi magawano omwe amavomerezedwa, ndi am'gulu la nsomba, kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ndi chinthu cha nsomba yogwira ntchito. Ichi ndichifukwa chake njira zomwe zikugwiridwa zikubedwa m'boma kuti ateteze mitunduyo.
Njira yothetsera mavuto ndi minda yomwe idapangidwa mwapadera, pomwe nsomba zimakwezedwa mwadala kuti agwire ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya. Komanso, pofuna kuteteza mitunduyi, nthawi zambiri imakonda kumasula nsombazo mwachilengedwe kuti zizitha kusintha ndikuswana. Tsoka ilo, mpaka pano izi sizimapereka zotsatira zomwe mukufuna.
Trout, monga ena oimira banja la nsomba, ali ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri, chifukwa chake imagwidwa mwachangu, kuphatikiza ndi opha nyama mosavomerezeka. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamtundu wofiirira kumatsikiranso makamaka chifukwa choti nsomba zimakodwa kwambiri panthawi yomwe zimaswana, makamaka zomwe zimatha kukhala pachiwopsezo komanso pachiwopsezo. Chifukwa cha ichi, chiwerengerochi chikuchepa makamaka chifukwa chosowa ana oyenera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'zaka za m'ma 30 za mzaka zapitazi, nsomba zapamtunda zapachaka zidaposa matani 600, pomwe pano sizingafikire matani 5.
Chitetezo cha Trout
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa Brown wochokera ku Red Book
Kwa zaka zambiri, trout, monga oimira ena a salmonids, adatchulidwa mu Red Book. Chifukwa cha izi ndikuchepa kwambiri kwa anthu. Chiwerengero cha nsomba chimachepa chifukwa chakulawa kwa nsomba zonse komanso caviar. Kwa nthawi yayitali Trout amadziwika kuti ndi chakudya chokoma, choyamikiridwa kwambiri pakati pa asodzi. Koma makamaka kuchuluka kwa ma trout abulauni akuchepa chifukwa cha kuwononga nyama moperewera.
Nsomba zimasakidwa panthawi yobereka. Ndiye sizovuta kugwira nsomba, komanso kuzigwira zambirimbiri ndi maukonde ngakhale mophweka ndi dzanja. Sikovuta kuchita izi, chifukwa mumapezeka nsomba zambiri pafupi ndi mtsinje. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, kuti ma salmonid sakuwonongedweratu, nsomba zawo ndizochepa. Makamaka, nsomba zimatha kugwidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo yopota. Kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde pogwira sikuloledwa.
Zimaletsedwanso kutchera nsomba nthawi yopuma. Pakadali pano, kugwira nsomba ndi kowopsa komanso kodzaza ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu, ndichifukwa chake nthawi yopuma sikuletsedwa kugwira nsomba mwachindunji, komanso kutolera mazira. Koma nthawi yomweyo, kuchepa kwa anthu kukupitilizabe, chifukwa ndizosatheka kuteteza mitunduyo kwa adani achilengedwe.
Mwa njira, zoperewera zoterezi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa onse m'banja la salimoni. Koma, mosiyana ndi ena onse, mumapezeka nsomba zotetezedwa kwambiri chifukwa zimatha kubala kangapo m'moyo.
Mwa njira iyi, nsombazi imagwiranso ntchito kwakukulu kuzinthu zosodza. Iyi si nsomba yokongola.Ichi ndichifukwa chake ziwerengero zake zimachepa kwambiri. Nsombazi nthawi zambiri zimachita zinthu mwankhanza ndipo chifukwa chake adani ambiri amaukira. Masiku ano, amayesetsa kuteteza nsomba zamtchire m'njira zonse m'boma kuchokera ku ngozi zomwe zingachitike komanso kuchepa kwa anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:07
