Bwato - nsomba yachangu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yothamanga 100 km / h. Zolemba zake zidakonzedwa pa 109 km / h. Nsombayo idapeza dzina loti "sitimayo" chifukwa chakumapeto kwake kwakukulu komwe kumawoneka ngati seyala. Nsombazi zimawonedwa ngati nsomba zamasewera zamtengo wapatali, ndipo nyama yawo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sashimi ndi sushi ku Japan. Ngakhale kulibe chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza ubale wapakati pa anthu, mabwato amatha "kuwunikira" mitundu ya matupi awo pogwiritsa ntchito ma chromatophores awo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ena (monga kupindika kwa dorsal fin) pakuswana.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bwato
Bwato (Istiophorus platypterus) ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yolanda nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimamera m'malo otentha komanso ozizira pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi. M'mbuyomu, mitundu iwiri yamabwato idafotokozedwa, koma mitundu yonseyi ndi yofanana kwambiri kotero kuti sayansi imazindikira kwambiri Istiophorus platypterus, ndipo mitundu yodziwika kale ya Istiophorus albicans imadziwika kuti ndiyotengera wakale. Komanso, pamtundu wa chibadwa, palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa DNA yomwe ingapangitse kugawidwa kukhala mitundu iwiri.
Kanema: Bwato loyenda
Bwatolo linali la banja la Istiophoridae, lomwe limaphatikizaponso ma marlins ndi nthungo. Amasiyana ndifishfish, yomwe ili ndi lupanga lophwatalala lokhala ndi m'mbali lakuthwa komanso lopanda zipsepse. Ku Russia, ndizosowa, makamaka pafupi ndi Kumwera Kumwera komanso ku Gulf of Peter the Great. Nthawi zina amalowa mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean kudzera mu Suez Canal, nsomba zimatumizidwa kupitilira ku Bosphorus kupita ku Black Sea.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo zam'madzi amaganiza kuti "chombocho" (zipsepse zakumapazi) mwina chimatha kuziziritsa kapena kuziziritsa. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mitanda yambiri yamitsempha yamagazi yomwe imapezeka mu seyolo, komanso momwe nsomba zimayendera, zomwe "zimayendetsa" m'madzi oyandikira kapena oyandikira kwambiri asanakwere kapena asanasambire kuthamanga kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Boti loyenda limawoneka bwanji
Zitsanzo zazikulu za bwatolo zimakhala kutalika kwa masentimita 340 ndikulemera mpaka 100 kg. Thupi lawo la fusiform ndilotalika, lopanikizika, komanso losalala modabwitsa. Omwe ali ndi buluu wakuda pamwamba, ndi chisakanizo cha bulauni, buluu wonyezimira pambali ndi choyera choyera mbali yamkati. Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi nsomba zina zam'madzi ndi mikwingwirima pafupifupi 20 yamadontho abuluu owala m'mbali zawo. Mutuwo umakhala ndi pakamwa patali komanso nsagwada zodzazidwa ndi mano.
Chimbalangondo chachikulu choyamba chimafanana ndi sitima yapamadzi, yokhala ndi cheza 42 mpaka 49, chokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tachiwiri tating'onoting'ono, tokhala ndi mazira 6-7. Zipsepse za pectoral ndizolimba, zazitali komanso zosasinthasintha, ndi cheza cha 18-20. Zipsepse zam'mimba zimakhala mpaka masentimita 10. Kukula kwa mamba kumachepa ndi zaka. Bwato limakula msanga, mpaka kutalika kwa mita 1-2-1.5 m chaka chimodzi.
Zosangalatsa: Sailfish kale amaganiziridwa kuti amatha kusambira pamtunda wa 35 m / s (130 km / h), koma kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2015 ndi 2016 akuwonetsa kuti nsomba zoyenda sizipitilira liwiro pakati pa 10-15 m / s.
Nthawi yolumikizana ndi nyamazo, bwatolo linafika pamtunda wa 7 m / s (25 km / h) ndipo silinapitirire 10 m / s (36 km / h). Monga lamulo, ma boti oyenda pamadzi samapitilira mamitala atatu mulitali ndipo samalemera makilogalamu opitilira 90. Pakamwa ngati palupanga pakamwa, mosiyana ndifishfish, ndizoyenda mozungulira. Magetsi a Branchial kulibe. Bwatolo limagwiritsa ntchito kamwa lake lamphamvu kuti ligwire nsomba, kumenyera kopingasa kapena kupindika pang'ono ndikusokoneza nsomba imodzi.
Tsopano mukudziwa kuthamanga kwa boti. Tiyeni tiwone komwe nsomba yodabwitsa iyi imapezeka.
Kodi boti loyenda limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Boti loyenda panyanja
Bwato limapezeka munyanja zotentha komanso zotentha. Nsombazi nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'malo otentha ndipo ndizochulukirapo makamaka kufupi ndi madera a equator a Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian Ocean kuyambira 45 ° mpaka 50 ° N. kumadzulo kwa North Pacific Ocean komanso kuyambira 35 ° mpaka 40 ° N lat. kum'mawa kwa North Pacific Ocean.
M'nyanja yakumadzulo komanso chakum'mawa kwa Indian Ocean, zombo zoyenda m'chigawo cha Indo-Pacific zimayenda pakati pa 45 ° ndi 35 ° S. motsatira. Mitunduyi imapezeka makamaka m'mbali mwa nyanja zam'madera amenewa, koma imapezekanso m'chigawo chapakati cha nyanja.
Zosangalatsa: Ma boti oyendetsa sitima nawonso amakhala mu Nyanja Yofiira ndikusuntha kudzera mu Suez Canal kupita ku Mediterranean. Anthu aku Atlantic ndi Pacific amalumikizana kokha pagombe la South Africa, komwe amatha kusakanikirana.
Boti loyenda ndi nsomba zam'madzi zotchedwa epipelagic zomwe zimakhala moyo wawo wonse wachikulire kuyambira pamwamba mpaka kuzama kwa mita 200. Ngakhale amakhala nthawi yayitali pafupi ndi nyanja, nthawi zina amalowera m'madzi akuya momwe kutentha kumatha kutsika mpaka 8 ° C, ngakhale kutentha kwamadzi komwe nsomba imamva pakati pa 25 ° mpaka 30 ° C. Bwato limayenda chaka chilichonse kumalo okwezeka, ndipo nthawi yophukira kupita ku equator. Anthu okalamba nthawi zambiri amakhala mdera lakum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific.
Kodi bwato limadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsomba zapanyanja
Bwato limayamba kuthamanga kwambiri, zipsepse zake zakumbuyo zimapinda pakati kuti apeze nyama. Maboti oyenda panyanja akaukira nsomba pasukulu, amapindiratu mapiko awo, mpaka kufika liwiro la 110 km / h. Akangoyandikira nyama yawo, amatembenuza msangamsanga ndi kumenya nyama, modabwitsa kapena kupha. Bwatolo limasaka lokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mitundu ya nsomba zomwe zimadyedwa ndi bwato limadalira kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe nyama zimadya. Zotsalira za ma cephalopods ndi nsagwada za nsomba zomwe zimapezeka m'mimba mwawo zimapereka kutulutsa msanga minofu yofewa.
Zida zamabwato ndi awa:
- nsomba ya makerele;
- sadini;
- nsomba zazing'ono za pelagic;
- anangula;
- sikwidi;
- tambala nsomba;
- nkhanu;
- nsomba ya makerele;
- theka-nsomba;
- kuphulika kwa nyanja;
- nsomba za saber;
- chimphona chachikulu;
- cephalopodi.
Kafukufuku wapansi pamadzi akuwonetsa kuti ma boti oyenda panyanja amathamanga liwiro lonse kupita m'masukulu a nsomba, kenako nanyema ndi kupindika ndikupha nsomba zomwe zingafikiridwe ndi malupanga othamanga, kenako kumeza. Anthu angapo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa machitidwe am'magulu ndipo amagwira ntchito limodzi posaka. Amapangitsanso madera odyetserako nyama zina zam'madzi monga dolphins, shark, tuna ndi mackerel.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta fanfish timadyetsa makamaka ma copopods, koma kukula kwake kumakulirakulira, chakudyacho chimasinthiratu mphutsi ndi nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri mamilimita ochepa.
Kuwonongeka koyambitsidwa ndi nsomba zoyenda kumachedwetsa liwiro lawo losambira, pomwe nsomba zovulala zimapezeka kumbuyo kwa sukulu kuposa nsomba zokhazikika. Bwato loyendetsa boti likayandikira sukulu yamasamba, sardines nthawi zambiri imazungulira ndikuyandama mbali inayo. Zotsatira zake, nsombayo ikuukira sukulu ya sardine kumbuyo, ndikuwopseza omwe ali kumbuyo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Boti loyendetsa nsomba mwachangu
Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo yayitali kumtunda kwa mamitala 10 am'madzi, ma boti oyenda panyanja nthawi zambiri samangoyenda mozama mamita 350 pofunafuna chakudya. Amadya mwawi ndipo amadya ngati kuli kotheka. Monga nyama zosamukasamuka, nsomba zimakonda kutsatira mafunde am'nyanja ndi madzi apanyanja, omwe kutentha kwawo kumafikira pamwamba pa 28 ° C.
Chosangalatsa: Ma boti apanyanja ochokera kudera la Indo-Pacific, okhala ndi ma tag osungidwa a satellite, adatsatiridwa akuyenda kupitirira ma 3,600 km kuti apange kapena kusaka chakudya. Anthu amasambira m'masukulu akuluakulu, owoneka ngati ana, ndikupanga timagulu tating'ono. Nthawi zina mabwato amayenda okha. Izi zikusonyeza kuti mabwato a Indo-Pacific amadyetsa m'magulu kutengera kukula kwawo.
Nsombazi zimasambira maulendo ataliatali ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi gombe kapena pafupi ndi zilumbazi. Amasaka m'magulu a nyama 70. Kuukira kulikonse kwachisanu kokha kumabweretsa migodi yopambana. Popita nthawi, nsomba zochulukirachulukira zimavulala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzigwira.
Chinsinsicho nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopindidwa ndikusambira ndipo chimangokwera m'madzi nsomba zikagunda nyama yake. Sitimayo itakweza mutu, imachepetsa kugwedezeka kwamutu, zomwe mwina zimapangitsa kuti pakamwa papakapo pasawonekere nsomba. Njirayi imalola nsomba zoyenda panyanja kuti ziike pakamwa pawo pafupi ndi masukulu a nsomba, kapena ngakhale kuziwombera, osazindikiridwa ndi nyama, asanamenye.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bwato loyenda m'madzi
Maboti oyenda panyanja amaswana chaka chonse. Amayi amatambasula mkodzo wawo kuti akope omwe angakwatirane nawo. Amuna amachita mipikisano yampikisano yolimbana ndi akazi, yomwe imatha kubala amuna opambana. Pakubala kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, bwato lapamadzi loposa masentimita 162 limasamuka kuchokera ku East China Sea kulowera kumwera kwa Australia kukasamba. Zikuwoneka kuti ngalawa zoyenda pagombe la Mexico zikutsatira 28 ° C isotherm kumwera.
M'nyanja ya Indian, pali kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi kagawidwe ka nsombazi ndi miyezi yakumpoto chakum'mawa pomwe madzi amakhala otentha bwino kuposa 27 ° C. Bwato limayenda chaka chonse kumadera otentha ndi ozizira m'nyanja, pomwe nyengo yawo yaikulu yobala nthawi yachilimwe. kumtunda wapamwamba. Munthawi imeneyi, nsombazi zimatha kubala kangapo. Kuchuluka kwa akazi kumayerekezeredwa kuchokera ku mazira 0.8 miliyoni mpaka 1.6 miliyoni.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kutalika kwanthawi yayitali kwa bwato ndi zaka 13 mpaka 15, koma zaka zapakati pazakudya ndizaka 4 mpaka 5.
Mazira okhwima amakhala osalala ndipo amakhala ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 0.85 mm. Mazira amakhala ndi botolo laling'ono la mafuta lomwe limapatsa thanzi mwana wosabadwa. Ngakhale kukula kwa mphutsi kumakhudzidwa ndi nyengo, momwe madzi aliri komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya, kukula kwa mphutsi zomwe zatulukiridwa kumene nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 1.96 mm m'litali, kukulira mpaka 2.8 mm pakatha masiku atatu mpaka 15.2 mm pambuyo pa 18 masiku. Achinyamata amakula modabwitsa mchaka choyamba, azimayi amakonda kukula msanga kuposa amuna ndikutha msinkhu msanga. Pambuyo pa chaka choyamba, mitengo yakukula ikuchepa.
Adani achilengedwe amabwato
Chithunzi: Boti loyenda limawoneka bwanji
Bwato loyenda panyanja ndiye chimake chakudya cham'mbuyomu, chifukwa chake, kudalirako kwa anthu osambira mwaufulu amtunduwu ndikosowa kwambiri. Zimakhudza kwambiri nyama zomwe zimapezeka m'nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zimasunga tizilomboto tambiri.
Makamaka mabwato amayendetsedwa ndi:
- nsombazi (Selachii);
- anamgumi akupha (Orcinus orca);
- nsombazi zoyera (C. charcharias);
- anthu (Homo Sapiens).
Ndi nsomba yamalonda yomwe imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati nsomba zapamadzi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Nsomba zimagwidwa mwangozi ndi asodzi ogulitsa ndi maukonde olowerera, kupondaponda, harpoon ndi ukonde. Bwato loyenda ndilofunika ngati nsomba zamasewera. Thupi lake ndi lofiira kwambiri ndipo silofanana ndi marlin wabuluu. Kusodza pamasewera kumatha kukhala chiwopsezo chakomweko, makamaka popeza kumachitika pafupi ndi gombe komanso kuzilumba.
Mitengo yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yodyera nsomba imapezeka kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean kuchokera ku Central America, komwe mitunduyo imathandizira kuwedza pamasewera mamiliyoni ambiri (kugwira ndikuwamasula). Pamsodzi wamtundu wautali ku Costa Rica, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba imatayidwa chifukwa usodzi umaloledwa kubweretsa 15% yokha mwa nsomba ngati boti, ndiye kuti nsombazo sizikhala zochepa. Zambiri zaposachedwa kwambiri za catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) zochokera ku nsomba ku Central America zadzetsa nkhawa.
M'nyanja ya Atlantic, mtundu uwu umagwidwa makamaka m'malo ophera nsomba zazitali, komanso zida zina zaluso, zomwe ndi nsomba zokhazokha zoperekedwa ku marlin, ndi nsomba zingapo zamasewera zomwe zili mbali zonse za Nyanja ya Atlantic. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomangirira (FADs) zamafakitale osiyanasiyana amasewera kumakulitsa chiwopsezo m'matangadzawa. Mitundu yambiri yowunikira imawonetsa kuwedza kwambiri, makamaka kum'mawa osati kumadzulo kwa Atlantic Ocean.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bwato
Ngakhale kuti usodzi wapamadzi sunatchulidwepo ngati womwe uli pachiwopsezo, Indian Commission Tuna Fisheries Commission imawona kuti usodziwo ndiwosazindikira chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa mitundu ya nsomba kumeneko. Mitundu yosamukirayi ikupezeka mu Zowonjezera I ku Msonkhano wa 1982 wa Lamulo la Nyanja.
Chiwerengero cha bwatolo chimagawidwa panyanja. Nyanja ya Atlantic ili ndi zombo ziwiri zapamadzi: imodzi kumadzulo kwa Atlantic ndi ina kum'mawa kwa Atlantic. Pali kusatsimikizika kwakukulu pamtundu wa nsomba za Atlantic, koma mitundu yambiri imapereka umboni wosodza mopitilira muyeso, makamaka kum'mawa kuposa kumadzulo.
Nyanja ya Pacific Pacific. Ziweto zakhala zosakhazikika pazaka 10-25 zapitazo. Pali zizindikiro zina zakuchepa kwamderali. Chiwerengero cha mabwato ndi 80% pansi pa mulingo wa 1964 ku Costa Rica, Guatemala ndi Panama. Kukula kwa nsomba za trophy ndi 35% yaying'ono kuposa kale. Western Central Pacific. Zambiri pa nsomba zoyenda sizilembedwa, komabe, mwina sipangakhale kuchepa kwakukulu.
Nyanja ya Indian. Kukwera mabwato nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Zambiri pazambiri za marvin ndi seaffish za Pacific yonse sizipezeka, kupatula ziwerengero za FAO, zomwe sizothandiza chifukwa mitunduyo imaperekedwa ngati gulu losakanikirana. Panali malipoti akuchepa kwa sitima zapamadzi ku India ndi Iran.
Bwato nsomba yokongola kwambiri yomwe ndi chikho chosangalatsa cha ophera mafunde akuya Nyama yake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga sashimi ndi sushi. Kuchokera kugombe la USA, Cuba, Hawaii, Tahiti, Australia, Peru, New Zealand, bwato nthawi zambiri limagwidwa pa ndodo yopota. Ernest Hemingway anali wokonda zosangalatsa zoterezi. Ku Havana, mpikisano wapachaka wosodza umachitika pokumbukira Hemingway. Ku Seychelles, kukwera mabwato ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri kwa alendo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 14.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 08/30/2019 pa 21:14
