Nkhosi - Iyi ndi nyani, nthumwi yokhayo yoyimira mtundu wamasokosi. Chilengedwe chapatsa amuna amtundu uwu "zokongoletsa" zapadera - mphuno yayikulu, yolendewera, ngati nkhaka, yomwe imawapangitsa kuwoneka oseketsa. Pafupifupi paliponse, imodzi mwazinyama zodabwitsa pachilumba cha Borneo, ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wosowa kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nosach
Dzina lonse la nyani ndi nthazi wamba, kapena m'Chilatini - Nasalis larvatus. Nyaniyu ndi wa anyani anyani anyani ochokera kubanja la nyani. Dzina lachilatini la mtundu "Nasalis" limamveka popanda kumasulira, ndipo epithet "larvatus" amatanthauza "wokutidwa ndi chigoba, wobisika" ngakhale nyani uyu alibe chigoba. Amadziwikanso ku Runet pansi pa dzina "kakhau". Kachau - onomatopoeia, china chake ngati kufuula kwamwano, kuchenjeza za ngozi.
Kanema: Nosach
Palibe zotsalira zakale zomwe zidapezeka, mwina chifukwa chokhala m'malo okhala onyowa, komwe mafupa sanasungidwe bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti adalipo kale kumapeto kwa Pliocene (zaka 3.6 - 2.5 miliyoni zapitazo). Ku Yunnan (China) kunapezeka nyongolotsi ya mtundu wina wa Mesopithecus, yomwe imakhulupirira kuti ndi kholo la okomawo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti apa panali pakatikati pa anyani okhala ndi mphuno zachilendo komanso abale awo. Ma morphological am'magulu amtunduwu amachokera pakusintha kwa moyo wamitengo.
Achibale apafupi kwambiri amphuno ndi anyani ena amphongo zoonda (rhinopithecus, pygatrix) ndi simias. Onsewa ndi anyani ochokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, komanso amasinthidwa kuti azidyetsa zakudya zamasamba ndikukhala m'mitengo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Masokosi amawoneka bwanji
Kutalika kwa thupi mphuno ndi 66 - 75 cm mwa amuna ndi 50 - 60 cm mwa akazi, kuphatikiza mchira wa 56 - 76 cm, womwe umakhala wofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kulemera kwamwamuna wamkulu kumasiyana makilogalamu 16 mpaka 22, chachikazi, monga momwe zimapezekera nyani, chimakhala chocheperako kawiri. Pafupifupi, pafupifupi 10 kg. Chithunzithunzi cha nyani ndi choyipa, ngati kuti nyama ndi yonenepa: kutsetsereka mapewa, kuwerama kumbuyo ndi mimba yopanda thanzi. Komabe, nyani amayenda modabwitsa komanso mwachangu, chifukwa chamiyendo yayitali yokhala ndi zala zolimba.
Mwamuna wamkulu amawoneka wowoneka bwino komanso wowala. Mutu wake wophwatalala ukuwoneka kuti waphimbidwa ndi beret waubweya wofiirira, momwe pansi pake maso amdima amdima amayang'ana panja, ndipo masaya ake otetemera amakwiriridwa ndi ndevu komanso m'makola a kolala ubweya. Nkhope yopapatiza kwambiri, yopanda tsitsi imawoneka ngati yamunthu, ngakhale mphuno ya mphuno yolendewera, mpaka kutalika kwa 17.5 masentimita ndikutseka kamwa kakang'ono, imapatsa caricature.
Khungu lokhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi limakhala lofiirira kumbuyo ndi mbali, kuwala kokhala ndi utoto wofiyira mbali yamkati, ndi malo oyera pachifupa. Miyendo ndi mchira ndi zotuwa, khungu la zikhatho ndi zidendene lakuda. Akazi ndi ocheperako komanso owonda, okhala ndi nsana ofiira ofiira, opanda kolala yotchulidwa, ndipo koposa zonse, ndi mphuno ina. Sitinganene kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri. Mphuno ya akazi ili ngati ya Baba Yaga: kutuluka, ndi nsonga yakuthwa pang'ono. Ana amakhala opanda mphuno ndipo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi achikulire. Ali ndi mutu ndi mapewa ofiira akuda, pomwe thunthu ndi miyendo yawo imvi. Khungu la ana osakwana chaka chimodzi ndi theka ndi lakuda buluu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuthandiza mphuno yayikulu, mphuno ili ndi khungwa lapadera lomwe anyani ena onse alibe.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe sokisi imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe nyaniyu amakhala.
Kodi zitsiru zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sock m'chilengedwe
Mitundu ya nosha imangokhala pachilumba cha Borneo (cha Brunei, Malaysia ndi Indonesia) ndi zilumba zazing'ono zoyandikana nazo. Nyengo yamalo amenewa ndi kotentha kwambiri, osasintha kwenikweni nyengo: kutentha kwapakati mu Januware ndi + 25 ° C, mu Julayi - + 30 ° C, masika ndi nthawi yophukira amadziwika ndi mvula wamba. M'mlengalenga momwe mumakhala chinyezi nthawi zonse, zomera zimakula bwino, ndikupatsa malo okhala komanso chakudya cha mphuno. Anyani amakhala m'nkhalango m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yosalala, m'matangadza ndi nkhalango zamitengo ya mangrove. Kuchokera kugombe lamtunda, amachotsedwa osapitilira 2 km, m'malo opitilira 200 m pamwamba pamadzi sanapezeke.
M'nkhalango za kumtunda za mitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse, mphuno zimadzimva kuti ndi zotetezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagona kumeneko pamitengo yayitali kwambiri, pomwe zimakonda kutalika kwa 10 mpaka 20 mita. madzi m'nyengo yamvula. Mphuno zimasinthidwa bwino kukhala malo otere ndipo zimatha kukakamiza mitsinje mpaka 150 mita mulifupi. Samachita manyazi ndi anthu, ngati kupezeka kwawo sikungasokoneze kwambiri, ndipo amakhala m'minda ya hevea ndi mitengo ya kanjedza.
Kukula kwa dera lomwe amasamukira kumadalira chakudya. Gulu limodzi limatha kuyenda pamtunda wa mahekitala 130 mpaka 900, kutengera mtundu wa nkhalango, osasokoneza ena kuti azidyetsa pano. M'mapaki amtundu womwe nyama zimadyetsedwa, malowa amachepetsedwa mpaka mahekitala 20. Gululo limatha kuyenda mpaka 1 km patsiku, koma nthawi zambiri mtundawu amakhala wamfupi kwambiri.
Kodi nosy amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Monkey Nosy
Woyamwa amakhala pafupifupi zamasamba. Zakudya zake zimakhala ndi maluwa, zipatso, mbewu ndi masamba a zomera za mitundu 188, zomwe pafupifupi 50 ndizo zikuluzikulu.Masamba amapanga 60-80% ya zakudya zonse, zipatso 8-35%, maluwa 3-7%. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, amadya tizilombo ndi nkhanu. Nthawi zina zimaluma ndi khungwa la mitengo ina ndipo zimadya zisa za chiswe cha mitengo, zomwe zimayambitsa mchere kuposa mapuloteni.
Kwenikweni, mphuno imakopeka ndi:
- oimira mtundu waukulu wa Eugene, womwe umafala kwambiri kumadera otentha;
- taola, omwe mbewu zake zili ndi mafuta ambiri;
- Lofopetalum ndi chomera chamtundu wa Javanese komanso mitundu yopanga nkhalango.
- ficuses;
- durian ndi mango;
- maluwa a chikasu limnocharis ndi agapanthus.
Kutsogola kwa chakudya chimodzi kapena china kumadalira nyengo, kuyambira Januware mpaka Meyi, nthiti zimadya zipatso, kuyambira Juni mpaka Disembala - masamba. Kuphatikiza apo, masamba amakondedwa ndi ana, otambasulidwa, komanso okhwima samadya. Amadyetsa makamaka atagona m'mawa komanso usiku asanagone. Masana, amasokoneza ndi zokhwasula-khwasula, malamba komanso kutafuna chingamu kuti chimbudzi chikhale bwino.
Mphuno ili ndi m'mimba kakang'ono kwambiri komanso kamatumbo kakang'ono kwambiri mwa matupi onse owonda. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti amamwa chakudya bwino. Nyani amatha kudya mwina mwa kudzibwanyula ndi kukokera nthambi kwa iyemwini, kapena popachika manja ake, nthawi zambiri pamodzi, popeza inayo imatenga chakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zodziwika bwino
Monga momwe zimakhalira nyani wamakhalidwe abwino, anyaniwa amakhala otakataka masana ndikugona usiku. Gulu limagona usiku wonse, atakhala m'mitengo yoyandikana, ndikusankha malo pafupi ndi mtsinje. Atadya m'mawa, amapita kuthengo kukayenda, nthawi ndi nthawi amapuma kapena kudya. Pofika madzulo, amabwerera ku mtsinjewo, kumene amadya asanagone. Zikuwerengedwanso kuti nthawi 42% imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupuma, 25% poyenda, 23% pachakudya. Nthawi yotsala imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pamasewera (8%) ndikuthira malaya (2%).
Mphuno zimayenda m'njira zonse zomwe zilipo:
- kuthamanga pa liwiro;
- kudumpha kutali, kukankhira kutali ndi mapazi awo;
- pogwedeza nthambi, amaponyera thupi lawo lolemera pamtengo wina;
- amatha kupachika ndikusunthira nthambi m'manja popanda kuthandizidwa ndi miyendo yawo, ngati ziphuphu;
- amatha kukwera mitengo ikuluikulu pamiyendo yonse inayi;
- yendani mowongoka mutakweza manja awo m'madzi ndi matope pakati pa zomera zowirira za mangroves, zomwe zimangodziwika mwa anthu ndi ma giboni okha;
- kusambira kwakukulu - awa ndi osambira abwino kwambiri pakati pa anyani.
Chinsinsi cha mphuno ndi chiwalo chawo chodabwitsa. Amakhulupirira kuti mphuno imathandizira kulira kwamphongo nthawi yakumasirana ndipo imakopa anzawo ambiri. Mtundu wina - umathandizira kupambana pankhondo yolimbana ndi utsogoleri, yomwe ikuphatikizira kupikisana ndi mdani. Mulimonsemo, momwe zimakhalira zimadalira kukula kwa mphuno ndipo zazimuna zazikulu pagulu la nkhosa ndizomwe zili pamphuno kwambiri. Kulira kwakulira kwa mphuno, komwe kumatulutsa ngati kuli koopsa kapena munthawi yovuta, kumatengedwa kutali - mita 200. Chifukwa chodandaula kapena kusangalala, amatuluka ngati gulu la atsekwe ndikulira. Mphuno zimakhala zaka 25, akazi amabweretsa ana awo oyamba ali ndi zaka 3 - 5, amuna amakhala abambo azaka 5 - 7.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi ina wamisala, yemwe anali kuthawa mlenje, adasambira pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 28 osawonekera pamwamba. Mwina izi ndizokokomeza, koma amasambira mita 20 pansi pamadzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana Mphuno
Mphuno zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndiimuna ndi akazi ake, kapena amuna okha. Maguluwa amakhala ndi anyani atatu kapena 30, osakhazikika, koma osadzipatula kwambiri ndipo anthu, amuna ndi akazi, amatha kusinthana. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi oyandikana nawo kapena ngakhale kuphatikiza kwamagulu osiyana kuti agone usiku wonse. Mphuno ndizosadabwitsa kuti sizoyipa, ngakhale kumagulu ena. Nthawi zambiri samenya nkhondo, amakonda kukalipira mdani. Yaimuna yayikulu, kuphatikiza pakuteteza kwa adani akunja, imasamalira kuyang'anira ubale pagulu ndikubalalitsa kukangana.
M'magulu pali utsogoleri wolowezana, wolamulidwa ndi wamwamuna wamkulu. Akafuna kukopa wamkazi, amalira mwamphamvu ndikuwonetsa maliseche. Khungu lakuda ndi mbolo yofiira kwambiri imafotokozera momveka bwino zofuna zake. Kapena udindo wapamwamba. Mmodzi samatula mnzake. Koma mawu okhazikika ndi a mkazi, yemwe amapukusa mutu wake, amatulutsa milomo yake ndikupanga miyambo ina, kuwonetsa kuti sakutsutsana ndi kugonana. Mamembala ena a paketi atha kusokoneza pochita izi, makamaka, azitsiru samatsatira amakhalidwe abwino pankhaniyi.
Kubereka sikudalira nyengo ndipo kumachitika nthawi iliyonse pamene mkazi wakonzekera. Mkazi amabereka m'modzi, makamaka ana awiri omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yopuma pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Kulemera kwa ana akhanda pafupifupi 0.5 kg. Kwa miyezi 7 - 8, mwana wamwamuna amamwa mkaka ndikukwera mayi, atagwira ubweya wake. Koma maubwenzi apabanja amapitilira kwakanthawi atalandira ufulu. Ana, makamaka akhanda, amasangalala ndi chidwi ndi chisamaliro cha akazi ena onse, omwe amatha kuwavala, kuwapweteka ndi kuwapesa.
Chosangalatsa: Mphuno ndizochezeka kwa anyani ena, omwe amakhala nawo moyandikana nawo pamitu ya mitengo - ma macaque atali yayitali, ma langur siliva, ma giboni ndi ma orangutan, omwe amakhala nawo usiku wonse.
Adani achilengedwe a mphuno
Chithunzi: Amayi achikazi
Adani akale achilengedwe a mphuno nthawi zina amakhala ocheperako komanso osowa kuposa iye mwini. Kuwona malo osaka m'chilengedwe, kungakhale kovuta kusankha yemwe angamuthandize: nasch kapena womutsutsa.
Chifukwa chake, mumitengo ndi pamadzi, ma nosy amawopsezedwa ndi adani monga:
- ng'ona ya gavial imakonda kusaka m'mitengo;
- kambuku wamtundu wa Bornean, yemwe ali pangozi;
- ziwombankhanga (kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga, zodya wakuda wakuda, wakudya njoka) omwe amatha kupha nyani pang'ono, ngakhale izi ndizotheka kuposa chochitika chenicheni;
- Nsato ya Breitenstein, yomwe imapezeka kuderali, ndi yayikulu kwambiri, imabisalira ndi kupotera omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito;
- Mfumu Cobra;
- buluzi wowonera wopanda pake wa Kalimantan, mtundu wina wosazolowereka kuposa mbewa yomwe. Nyama yaying'ono, koma imatha kugwira kamwana kamwana ikakamira m'madzi.
Komabe, choyipitsitsa kwambiri ndichamphuno chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Kukula kwa ulimi, kuwononga nkhalango zakale m'minda yampunga, hevea ndi migwalangwa kumawachotsera komwe amakhala.
Chosangalatsa: Amakhulupirira kuti zisawo zimagona usiku wonse m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kuti adziteteze kwa adani. Pakakhala kuukira, nthawi yomweyo amathamangira m'madzi ndikusambira kutsidya lina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Masokosi amawoneka bwanji
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa, pali anthu ochepera 300 ku Brunei, pafupifupi chikwi ku Sarawak (Malaysia), komanso oposa 9,000 mdera la Indonesia. Zonsezi, pali masokosi pafupifupi 10-16 zikwi, koma kugawanika kwa chilumbachi pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa nyama. Amangokhala m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja; magulu ochepa amapezeka mkati mwa chilumbacho.
Amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusaka kosamwa, komwe kukupitilira ngakhale kuletsedwa. Koma zinthu zikuluzikulu zomwe zimachepetsa chiwerengerochi ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikuyiotcha kuti ipange ulimi. Pafupifupi, malo oyenera kukhazikika masokosi amachepetsedwa ndi 2% pachaka. Koma zochitika payekha zitha kukhala zowopsa. Chifukwa chake, mu 1997 - 1998 ku Kalimantan (Indonesia), ntchito idakhazikitsidwa yosintha nkhalango zam'madzi kukhala minda yampunga.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, pafupifupi mahekitala 400 a nkhalango adawotchedwa, ndipo malo okhalamo amphuno ndi anyani ena anali pafupifupi atawonongedwa. M'madera ena okaona malo (Sabah), masokosiwo adasowa, osatha kupirira oyandikana nawo omwe amapezeka kulikonse. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala pakati pa 8 mpaka 60 anthu / km2, kutengera kusokonezeka kwa malo. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo omwe mulimi watukuka makamaka, pafupifupi anthu 9 / km2 amapezeka, m'malo okhala ndi chilengedwe - 60 anthu / km2. IUCN imayerekezera zam'madzi ngati mtundu wowopsezedwa.
Kuteteza mphuno
Chithunzi: Nosach wochokera ku Red Book
Nipple adatchulidwa pa IUCN Red List of Thredened Species ndi CITES chowonjezera chomwe chimaletsa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi nyama izi. Zina mwa malo okhala anyani zimagwera m'malo osungira nyama otetezedwa. Koma izi sizithandiza nthawi zonse chifukwa chakusiyana kwamalamulo ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pamaiko poteteza chilengedwe. Ngati ku Sabah njirayi idaloleza kukhalabe ndi gulu lokhazikika, ndiye kuti ku Kalimantan ku Indonesia, anthu okhala m'malo otetezedwa achepetsa ndi theka.
Njira yotchuka monga kuswana kumalo osungira nyama ndi kutulutsirako chilengedwe sikugwira ntchito pamenepa, popeza mphuno sizimakhala mu ukapolo. Osachepera kutali ndi kwawo. Vuto ndi mphuno ndikuti samalekerera ukapolo bwino, ali ndi nkhawa komanso amakonda kudya. Amafuna chakudya chawo mwachilengedwe ndipo samalandira chilichonse. Lamulo loletsa kugulitsa nyama zosawerengeka lisanayambe kugwira ntchito, masokosi ambiri adatengedwa kupita kumalo osungira nyama, komwe onse adamwalira mpaka 1997.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chitsanzo cha kusasamala kuteteza nyama ndi nkhani yotsatirayi. Paki ya pachilumba cha Kaget, anyani, omwe anali pafupifupi 300, adazimiririka chifukwa cha ntchito zosavomerezeka zaulimi za anthu wamba. Ena mwa iwo adamwalira ndi njala, anthu 84 adasamukira kumadera osayang'aniridwa ndipo 13 mwa iwo adamwalira ndi nkhawa. Nyama zina 61 zidatengedwa kupita kumalo osungira nyama, komwe 60% adamwalira pasanathe miyezi 4 atagwidwa. Cholinga chake ndikuti asanakhazikitsidweko, palibe mapulogalamu owunikira omwe sanapangidwe, palibe kafukufuku wamalo omwe adachitika. Kugwira ndi kunyamula masokosi sikunapatsidwe chithandizo ndi chakudya chokoma chofunikira kuthana ndi mitunduyi.
Nkhosi imangofunika kukonzanso malingaliro oteteza chilengedwe ku boma ndikulimbikitsa udindo wophwanya boma lotetezedwa m'malo otetezedwa. Ndizolimbikitsanso kuti nyama zomwezo zikuyamba kuzolowera moyo m'minda ndipo zimatha kudya masamba a mitengo ya coconut ndi hevea.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12/15/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 12/15/2019 pa 21:17
