Zinyalala zamankhwala zimaphatikizapo mankhwala omwe atha ntchito, zotsalira kuchokera m'miyambo ndi mapiritsi, zolembera, magolovesi, zinyalala zoyipitsidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira chakudya, mavalidwe Zinyalala zonsezi zimapangidwa chifukwa cha malo opangira kafukufuku, mabungwe azamalamulo, zipatala, ndi zipatala zanyama.
M'mayiko otukuka, zinyalala zamtunduwu zimawonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri; ku Russia, zinyalala zamtunduwu zimaponyedwa m'malo omwe amatayapo zinyalala m'mizinda, izi zimawonjezera chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo komanso kufalikira kwa matenda.
Bungwe lirilonse liri ndi malangizo apadera osonkhanitsira zinyalala ndi malamulo achitetezo. Lamuloli limafuna layisensi kumabungwe omwe amathetsa zinyalala zamankhwala. Maofesi apadera aukhondo ndi matenda ali ndi ufulu wopereka chiphaso.
Kuthetsa vuto la kutaya zinyalala
Zinyalala zamankhwala, ngakhale zitakhala zamtundu wanji, zitha kuvulaza thanzi la anthu, kuvulaza zachilengedwe ndi nzika zake. Salvage imagawidwa m'magulu:
- A - osati owopsa;
- B - zowopsa;
- B - owopsa;
- G - poizoni;
- D - nyukiliya.
Zinyalala zamtundu uliwonse zimakhala ndi malamulo ake. Mitundu yonse kupatula Gulu limalowa m'gulu loyenera kuwonongedwa. Mabungwe ambiri amanyalanyaza malamulo okhudza kutaya zinyalala ndikupita nazo kukataya zinyalala, komwe pakapita nthawi, pansi pazovuta, zimatha kuyambitsa miliri yayikulu yamatenda opatsirana.
Gulu lowopsa limaphatikizapo anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo otayira zinyalala, komanso gulu la anthu omwe amasunga malo otayira zinyama, nyama, mbalame ndi tizilombo titha kukhalanso ngati ma virus a matenda.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zowononga zinyalala zamankhwala ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri, boma limapulumutsa pakuwachotsa.
Kusonkhanitsa ndikukonzekera zinyalala zamankhwala
Kutolera ndi kukonza zinyalala zamankhwala kumachitika ndi mabungwe apadera omwe adachita mayeso aukhondo ndipo adalandira chiphaso cha zochitika zamtunduwu. M'mabungwe ngati awa, magazini yapadera imasungidwa momwe zimasungidwira zosintha zinyalala, gulu lililonse lazinyalala lili ndi mawonekedwe ake owerengera ndalama.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zopangira ili ndi magawo awa:
- bungwe lotaya zinyalala limakonza zonyamula zinyalala;
- zotsalira za zinyalala zimayikidwa m'malo osungira apadera, momwe amadikirira nthawi ya chiwonongeko;
- zonyansa zonse zomwe zimakhala zoopsa zimatetezedwa ndi mankhwala;
- Patapita nthawi, zinyalala amachotsedwa m'dera la bungwe ili;
- Pamapeto pake, zinyalala zimawotchedwa kapena kuikidwa m'malo otayira zinyalala apadera.
Mkhalidwe wa zachilengedwe ndi okhalamo zidzadalira mtundu wa kutaya zinyalala zamankhwala.
Zofunika zosonkhanitsa zinyalala
Malamulo osonkhanitsa zinyalala zamankhwala amakhazikitsidwa ndi SanPiN, ngati satsatiridwa, ndiye pambuyo pofufuza komwe bungweli lipereka chindapusa kapena kuletsa ntchito zamtunduwu. Kusungira zinyalala kwanthawi yayitali, komanso kusungira kwakanthawi kochepa popanda njira zochotsera ndikoletsedwa. Malo ogwirira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Amaloledwa kunyamula zinyalala ndi mankhwala omwe atha ntchito m'thumba lamtundu uliwonse, kupatula zachikaso ndi zofiira.
Pali malangizo osonkhanitsira zinyalala:
- Kutolera zinyalala za m'kalasi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito matumba omwe amatha kuyikidwa m'mizonse yonyamulanso;
- Zinyalala za m'kalasi B zimaperekedweratu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, njirayi imasankhidwa ndi chipatala pawokha, koma ndichofunikira, chomwe chimatsalira pambuyo poti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tayikidwa m'makontena okhala ndi chinyezi chowonjezeka, chivindikirocho chiyenera kutsimikizira kusindikiza kwathunthu;
- Zinyalala za m'kalasi B zimakhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo; kutaya kumachitika kunja kwa chipatala. Pofuna kusonkhanitsa, matumba apadera kapena akasinja amagwiritsidwa ntchito; ali ndi chodetsa chapadera. Kubaya kapena kudula, kuswa zinyalala kumayikidwa m'matanki apadera osindikizidwa;
- Zipangizo zopangira radioactive za Class G zimasonkhanitsidwa m'maphukusi; zimatha kusungidwa m'chipinda chayokha, momwe sipayenera kukhala zida zotenthetsera.
Kutsatira malangizowa moyenera kumapewa kuipitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito omwe amatola zinyalala.
Matanki osungira zinyalala
Zofunikira zazikulu pakusankha zida zolondola ndi zinthu zosungira zinyalala ndi izi:
- akasinja ayenera kukhala ndi zinthu zosagwira bwino chinyezi, ndi chivindikiro cholimba, zimalola kusindikiza kwathunthu kwa zinyalala;
- Malo olandirira zinyalala ayenera kulembedwa: A - woyera, B - wachikaso, B - wofiira;
- pansi pa thankiyo muyenera kukhala ndi zolumikizira zapadera kuti zitheke mukamanyamula katundu.
Kuchuluka kwa akasinja kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 0,5 malita mpaka 6 malita. Pali mitundu ingapo yamatangi:
- akasinja achilengedwe apangidwa kuti atolere zinthu za m'kalasi B, zitha kukhala: zida zamankhwala, zinyalala zachilengedwe;
- matanki wamba ophatikizira zonyansa zamankhwala ndi chivindikiro cholimba, kuwonetsetsa kuti zinyalala ndizolimba.
Zambiri zimatengera mtundu wazida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula zinyalala, kuphatikiza chitetezo cha anthu omwe amakumana ndi zitini kapena matumba.
Kuteteza khungu kwa zopangira ndi njira zothetsera
Zomwe zimafunikira pokonza zinyalala zoopsa zamankhwala zimaphatikizapo kusaloledwa kwa zida zogwiritsiranso ntchito, magolovesi, mankhwala owonongeka, komanso kuperewera kwa mankhwala mwapamwamba kumafunikanso, mothandizidwa nawo, mwayi wofalitsa matenda umachotsedwa.
Kubwezeretsanso zinyalala zamankhwala kumaphatikizapo:
- kukonza kwamakina, kumakhala kuwononga mawonekedwe a chinthu chomwe chatha, izi zimalepheretsa kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Njira zopangira izi zitha kukhala izi: kukanikiza, kupera, kugaya kapena kuphwanya;
- Mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzinyalala zomwe sizitentha kwambiri ndipo zimalimbana ndi chinyezi bwino, zinyalala zotere sizingatenthedwe ndi nthunzi. Zinyalala zamtunduwu zimakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wapadera kapena zimathiridwa m'mayankho. The zinyalala ndi chisanadze wosweka, yonyowa makutidwe ndi okosijeni angagwiritsidwe ntchito;
- chithandizo chamankhwala, chimakhala ndi kudzimasulira kwaokha, kutentha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolera yotulutsa poizoniyu, samathandizira mankhwala amagetsi.
Kutaya zinyalala kumatha kuchitika ndi chipatala chomwecho kapena bungwe lomwe limafunikira zida zamankhwala, kapena mabungwe ena achitetezo atha kutenga nawo mbali kuti athetse zopangira.
Pamalo abungwe, zinyalala zokhazokha zomwe sizikuvulaza ena zitha kutayidwa. Zinyalala zomwe ndizowopsa zimafunikira njira yapadera ndi zida, chifukwa chake zimatayidwa ndi mabungwe apadera.
Kutaya zida zamankhwala
Malamulo a SanPiN akuti mabungwe achitatu omwe ali ndi ziphaso zantchito yamtunduwu akugwiritsa ntchito zida zachipatala. Zida zamankhwala ndi zinyalala zomwe sizowopsa zimatayidwa kuchipatala motsatira malamulo okhazikika achitetezo.
SanPiN yakhazikitsa njira yowonongera zinyalala zamankhwala pazifukwa, mukawatsata, mutha kupewa chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka anthu ndi nyama, kuteteza chilengedwe ku kuipitsidwa.
