Njoka zakhala zikuopseza anthu ambiri padziko lapansi. Imfa yosapeweka idalumikizidwa ndi njoka, njoka zinali zoyambitsa mavuto. Titanoboa - njoka yayikulu, yomwe, mwatsoka kapena mwamwayi, sinagwidwe ndi umunthu. Iye anali mmodzi wa adani oopsa kwambiri a nthawi yake - Paleocene.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Titanoboa
Titanoboa ndi mtundu wa njoka yomwe yatha, yomwe ili m'gulu lokhalo la Titanoboa. Kutengera mawonekedwe am'mafupa, asayansi akuganiza kuti njokayo inali pafupi ndi boa constrictor. Dzinalo likuwonetsanso izi, popeza Boa ndi Chilatini cha "boa constrictor".
Zotsalira zoyambirira za titanoboa zidapezeka ku Colombia. Ofufuza apeza kuti njokayo idakhalako zaka pafupifupi 60 miliyoni zapitazo. Njoka iyi idawonekera ma dinosaurs atamwalira - ndiye kuti moyo wapadziko lapansi udabwezeretsedwanso ndikupeza mphamvu kwa zaka mamiliyoni angapo.
Kanema: Titanoboa
Zotsalirazi zinali zenizeni kupeza kwa asayansi - panali anthu pafupifupi 28. Izi zisanachitike, ma vertebrae okha ndi omwe amapezeka ku South America, motero cholengedwa ichi sichinali chinsinsi kwa ofufuza. Mu 2008 mokha, Jason Head, wamkulu wa gulu lake, adafotokoza za mtundu wotchedwa titanoboa.
Titanoboa ankakhala munthawi ya Paleocene - nthawi yomwe zamoyo zambiri padziko lapansi zinali zazikulu chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka komanso kusintha kwamlengalenga. Titanoboa molimba mtima adachita nawo gawo lazakudya, kukhala m'modzi wowopsa kwambiri m'nthawi yake.
Osati kale kwambiri, gigantofis, yomwe idafikira kutalika kwa 10 mita, imadziwika kuti njoka yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idalipo. Titanoboa adamuposa kutalika ndipo adalumphira kulemera. Amadziwikanso kuti njoka yowopsa kuposa yomwe idalipo kale, chifukwa imasaka nyama yayikulu kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe titanoboa imawonekera
Sikuti pachabe Titanoboa amatchedwa njoka yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwake kumatha kupitilira mamita 15, ndipo kulemera kwake kumafika tani. Gawo lokulirapo la titanoboa linali mita imodzi m'mimba mwake. M'mimbamo yake yamkamwa inali ndi mawonekedwe omwe amaloleza kumeza nyama yopyola mulifupi - pakamwa padatseguka pafupifupi mpaka kopingasa, chifukwa chakomwe womwalirayo adagwera molunjika mumtsinje.
Chosangalatsa: Njoka yayitali kwambiri mpaka pano ndi nsato yojambulidwa, yotalika mita zisanu ndi ziwiri. Chaching'ono kwambiri ndi leptotyplios, chomwe chimangofika masentimita 10.
Titanoboa inali ndi masikelo akulu omwe amasungidwa m'magawo pafupi ndi zotsalira mu mawonekedwe osindikiza. Anaphimbidwa ndi mamba awa, kuphatikiza mutu waukuluwo. Titanoboa anali atatchula mayini, nsagwada yayikulu kwambiri, ndi nsagwada zosunthika. Maso a njokayo anali ang'ono, komanso njira zammphuno zinkawonekeranso.
Mutu udalidi waukulu kwambiri pokhudzana ndi thupi lonse. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukula kwa nyama yomwe titanoboa idadya. Thupi linali ndi makulidwe osagwirizana: pambuyo pamutu, kunayamba kupendekera kwapadera kwamtundu wa khomo lachiberekero, pambuyo pake njokayo idakhuthala mpaka pakati, kenako idachepetsa kumchira.
Chosangalatsa: Poyerekeza ndi njoka yayikulu yapano - anaconda, titanoboa inali yayitali kuposa kawiri ndipo imalemera kanayi kuposa iyo. Anaconda amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu mazana awiri.
Inde, zitsanzozo sizinasungidwe m'njira yoti mtundu wa njoka udziwe. Koma asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wowalawo sunali mtundu wa nyama zomwe amakhala. Titanoboa anali moyo wachinsinsi ndipo anali ndi mawonekedwe obisala. Koposa zonse, mtundu wake umafanana ndi nsato yamakono - mamba wobiriwira wobiriwira ndi mawanga akuda ozungulira thupi lonse.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe titanoboa imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene chinjoka chachikulu chinakhala.
Kodi titanoboa amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njoka ya Titanoboa
Njoka zonse zimakhala zopanda magazi, ndipo titanoboa sizinali choncho. Chifukwa chake, malo okhala njoka iyi ayenera kukhala ofunda kapena otentha, ndi nyengo yotentha kapena yotentha. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka kwa njoka yotere kuyenera kukhala osachepera 33 degrees Celsius. Nyengo yotentha inalola kuti njokazi zifike kukula kwakukulu.
Zotsalira za njokazi zapezeka m'malo otsatirawa:
- Kumwera cha Kum'mawa kwa Asia;
- Colombia;
- Australia.
Zotsalira zoyambirira zidapezeka pansi pa mgodi waku Colombian ku Carreggion. Komabe, ndikofunikira kupanga cholakwika pakusintha kwamayiko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kukhazikitsa malo enieni a titanoboa.
Katswiri Mark Denny akuti titanoboa inali yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti imatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu kuchokera munjira zamagetsi. Chifukwa cha ichi, kutentha kwa chilengedwe chozungulira cholengedwa ichi kuyenera kukhala kutsika madigiri anayi kapena asanu kuposa momwe asayansi ena amanenera. Kupanda kutero, titanoboa ikadatha.
Zinadziwika kuti titanoboa amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zotentha kwambiri. Amakonda kubisala m'mitsinje yamatope ndi nyanja, komwe adatsogolera kusaka kwake. Njoka zazikulu ngati izi zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, sizimatuluka m'malo obisalamo, komanso, sizimayenda mumitengo, monga ma boa ambiri ndi mimbulu. Pochirikiza izi, asayansi ajambulitsa zofanana ndi anaconda wamakono, yemwe amakhala ndi moyo wotere.
Kodi titanoboa idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Titanoboa wakale
Kutengera kapangidwe ka mano ake, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti njokayo idadya makamaka nsomba. Palibe zotsalira zakale zomwe zidapezeka mkati mwa mafupa a njoka zazikuluzikulu, komabe, chifukwa chokhala mokhazikika ndikukhala ndi thupi, zikuwoneka kuti njokayo siyinatenge nyama yayikulu.
Osati asayansi onse amavomereza kuti titanoboa imangodya nsomba zokha. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti thupi lalikulu la njokayo limafunikiranso mphamvu zambiri, zomwe sakanatha kuzipeza ndi nsomba. Chifukwa chake, pali malingaliro kuti zolengedwa zotsatirazi za nthawi ya Paleocene zitha kuzunzidwa ndi titanoboa.
Baby karodny - nyama zazikulu zomwe zimakhala mdera lomwelo la titanoboa;
- Mongolotheria;
- plesiadapis;
- phenacoduses mu Paleocene Wakale.
Palinso malingaliro akuti njokayo sinasake monga momwe zimakhalira masiku onse. Poyamba, amakhulupirira kuti titanoboa idakulunga mphete mozungulira nyama yake ndikufinya, kuthyola mafupa ndikusokoneza kupuma. M'malo mwake, titanoboa imagwiritsa ntchito kubisala, ikulowerera m'madzi amatope ndikubisala pansi.
Wovutitsidwayo atayandikira m'mphepete mwa madzi, njokayo idaponya mwachangu, ndikugwira nyama ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, ndikuphwanya mafupa ake pomwepo. Njira zosakira izi sizofala kwa njoka zopanda poizoni, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ng'ona.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kutha kwa titanoboa
Anthu otchedwa Titanoboas ankakhala mobisa komanso mosungika. Kukula kwawo kwakukulu ndi mphamvu zawo zakuthupi zidalipidwa ndikuti njokayo sinali yogwira ntchito kumtunda, chifukwa chake imakonda kubisala m'madzi. Njokayo idakhala nthawi yayitali ikubisalira m'ng'anjo ndikudikirira nyama yomwe ingathere - nsomba yayikulu yomwe singawone nyama yobisalira.
Monga anacondas ndi boas, titanoboa cholinga chake chinali kusunga mphamvu. Amangosunthira pokhapokha ali ndi njala atatha kugaya chakudya chakale. Amasaka makamaka m'madzi, koma amatha kusambira pafupi ndi nthaka, kubisala m'mphepete. Nyama zilizonse zazing'ono zikamabwera pachitsimecho, titanoboa nthawi yomweyo idazichita ndikuzipha. Njokayo pafupifupi sinatulukire kumtunda, imachita izi kangapo.
Nthawi yomweyo, titanoboa sinasiyane mwamakani kwambiri. Njokayo ikadzaza, sinamve ngati ikuukira nsomba kapena nyama, ngakhale zitakhala pafupi. Komanso, titanoboa amatha kudya anzawo, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti amakhala yekha. Pali kuthekera kwakuti njoka izi zinali zachilengedwe zokha. Amatha kuteteza gawo lawo pamaso pa anthu ena a titanoboa, popeza nkhokwe za njokazi zinali zochepa chifukwa cha kukula kwake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Giant titanoboa
Ndizovuta kwambiri kukhazikitsa nthawi yomwe masewera okwatirana a titanoboa adayamba. Ndizotheka kulingalira momwe kuswana kwa njokazi kunkachitikira, kudalira zomwe zadziwika kale za kuswana kwa anacondas ndi boas. Titanoboas anali njoka za oviparous. Nthawi yobereketsa idagwera nthawi yomwe kutentha kwamlengalenga kumayamba kukwera nyengo ikachepa - pafupifupi, nthawi yachilimwe-nthawi yachilimwe, pomwe nyengo yamvula idayamba.
Popeza titanoboa amakhala kwayekha, amuna amayenera kufunafuna akazi okha. Mwachidziwikire, panali wamwamuna mmodzi ndi wamkazi m'madera ena, omwe amatha kukwatirana nawo.
Ndizovuta kuganiza ngati amuna a titanoboa anali akumenyera okha ufulu wokwatirana. Njoka zamakono zopanda poizoni sizimasiyana pakutsutsana, ndipo akazi amasankha okha amuna omwe amawakonda kwambiri, ngati angathe, popanda ziwonetsero zilizonse. Monga lamulo, mwamuna wamkulu kwambiri amakhala ndi ufulu wokwatirana - zomwezo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku titanoboa.
Akazi adayala pafupi ndi malo awo achilengedwe - nyanja, mitsinje kapena madambo. Anacondas ndi ma boas amasilira mwadyera mazirawo, chifukwa chake, titha kuganiza kuti akazi a titanoboa nthawi zonse amakhala atagwirana ndikuziteteza kuzolowera nyama zolusa. Munthawi imeneyi, njoka zazikulu zimasiya kudya ndikutopa, popeza amuna samachita nawo mazira oyamwitsa.
Poyamba, njoka zobadwa kumene zinali pafupi ndi amayi awo, ngakhale zinali zazikulu mokwanira kusaka kwaokha. Pambuyo pake, anthu omwe adatsalawo adapezeka kuti ali mdera lokhalo, komwe amapitilizabe kukhalako.
Adani achilengedwe a titanoboa
Chithunzi: Momwe titanoboa imawonekera
Ngakhale titanoboa inali njoka yayikulu, sinali cholengedwa chachikulu kwambiri m'nthawi yake. Munthawi imeneyi, panali nyama zina zazikulu zambiri zomwe zidampikisana. Mwachitsanzo, awa ndi akamba a Carbonemis, omwe mafupa awo amapezeka m'madambo ndi m'madzi pafupi ndi zotsalira za titanoboa.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti akamba awa anali ndi chakudya chofanana ndi titanoboa - nsomba. Amanenanso za njira yofananira yosaka - kubisa. Chifukwa cha izi, titanoboa nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi kamba wamkulu, ndipo izi zimatha kukhala zowopsa kwa njokayo. Nsagwada za kamba zinali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuluma pamutu wa titanoboa kapena thupi lowonda. Komanso, titanoboa imangovulaza mutu wa kamba, chifukwa kuluma sikungakhale kokwanira kuphwanya chipolopolocho.
Komanso, ng'ona zazikulu, zomwe zimakondabe kukhala m'mitsinje yaying'ono kapena m'madzi othamanga, zitha kupikisana kwambiri ndi titanoboa. Amatha kuzindikira ma titanoboas ngati onse omwe amatsutsana nawo pazakudya komanso ngati nyama. Ng'ona zimabwera mosiyanasiyana, koma zazikulu kwambiri zimatha kupha titanoboa.
Palibe nyama kapena mbalame zilizonse zomwe zimaopseza njokayo. Chifukwa chokhala moyo wachinsinsi komanso wokulirapo, palibe nyama yomwe imatha kumuzindikira kapena kumutulutsa m'madzi. Chifukwa chake, zokwawa zina zokha zomwe zimakhala nawo malo omwewo zitha kuwopseza titanoboa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka ya Titanoboa
Chifukwa chakutha kwa titanoboa ndichosavuta: chagona pakusintha kwanyengo, komwe kwakhudza kwambiri nyama zokwawa zamagazi. Titanoboas imasinthasintha bwino kutentha, koma silingalekerere kutentha kotsika. Chifukwa chake, mayendedwe amakontinenti ndikuzizira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono zidapangitsa kuti njoka izi zitheke pang'onopang'ono.
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti titanoboa ikhoza kubwerera chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo. Zaka mamiliyoni mamiliyoni azolowera kutentha kwambiri zimabweretsa kuti nyama zimakula kukula, ndikupanga carbon dioxide yambiri. Anacondas amakono ndi ma boas amatha kusintha kukhala mtundu wofanana ndi titanoboa, koma izi zitenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Ma Titanoboas akhalabe achikhalidwe chofala. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2011, makina khumi njoka chimphona analengedwa, ndi gulu laAmene akufuna kupanga njoka kukula - mamita 15.
Chosangalatsa: Kukhazikitsanso mafupa a titanoboa kudawonetsedwa ku Grand Central Station mu 2012. Anthu akumaloko amatha kuwona kukula kwakukulu kwa cholengedwa chakale ichi.
Titanoboa adawonekeranso m'mafilimu ndi m'mabuku. Njoka iyi imasiya chidwi - kungoyang'ana kamodzi kukula kwa mafupa ake ndikwanira. Titanoboa Anakhala pamalo apamwamba pamndandanda wazakudya za Paleocene, komanso anali chimphona chenicheni m'nthawi yake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 20.09.2019
Idasinthidwa: 26.08.2019 pa 22:02
