Mleme - nyama yokongola komanso yachilendo yomwe ili ndi dzina lowopsa. Awa ndi nthumwi zazing'ono za mileme yokhala ndi ubweya wofiira kapena wabulauni wakuda, womwe umatha kusungidwa kunyumba. Alibe vuto lililonse ndipo amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mleme
Mileme ndi mtundu wonse wa banja losalala losalala (lotchedwanso mileme yachikopa). Mtundu wa mileme umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu.
Amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake morphologically:
- mleme wa nkhalango;
- mileme;
- mleme waung'ono;
- mleme wakummawa;
- Mleme wa Mediterranean.
Kusintha kwazinthu, mileme ndi ya nyama, ngakhale pakuyang'ana koyamba imati ndi mbalame. Ana a mileme ndi mileme ina imadya mkaka wa mayi. Mapiko awo ndi utoto wachikopa wosinthika pakati pa zala zazitali. Chifukwa cha mapiko otere, nyamazi zimatha kuuluka bwino.
Kanema: Mleme
Komanso mileme ndi chikhalidwe cha mileme - luso lomwe nyama zimatha kupeza chakudya mumdima wandiweyani. Kupatula mileme, ndi nyama za cetaceans zokha zomwe zimakonda kuphulika. Mileme ndi amodzi mwa magulu osowa kwambiri pazopezeka m'mabwinja. Titha kungonena motsimikiza kuti adadzuka pasanapite nthawi ya Eocene, adakhala ndi mwayi wolozera, ndipo pafupifupi sanasinthe nthawi zakale.
Mileme ndi mileme ina inayamba kusaka mwaukatswiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizinapezeke ku zinyama zina. Chifukwa chake, mileme inali ndi mpikisano wochepa wopeza chakudya, ndipo chifukwa chokhala moyo wawo usiku sankaopa kuopseza adani.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mleme umawonekera
Mileme imakhala ndi mphuno yakuthwa ndi makutu amfupi. Mapeto a mphuno zawo amafanana ndi chigamba, chomwe chimapindika pang'ono kutsogolo. Mapikowo ndi opapatiza, otambasulidwa, osongoka kumapeto. Mitundu ya mileme imasiyanasiyana pang'ono kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake mu kapangidwe ka mapiko ake.
Mleme wa m'nkhalango uli ndi chovala chachifupi chofiyira chokhala ndi mimba yopepuka. Makutu ake ndi akulu kuposa amitundu ina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosaka bwino m'nkhalango. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafikira 48 cm, ndipo mapiko ake ndi 23-25 cm.
Mleme wachichepere ndiyeyimira yaying'ono kwambiri yamtundu wa mileme. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa zolengedwa zotere ndi 44 mm, zomwe ndizofanana ndi zolembera. Nthawi yomweyo, mileme yaying'ono imakhala ndi mapiko mpaka 22 cm, yomwe imalola kuti nyamazi ziziyenda modabwitsa, zolimba komanso mwachangu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mleme wachichepere wachikulire umalowa mu bokosi lamachesi, ndipo mwana wamphongo amalowa mumtengo.
Mleme wawung'ono ndi wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa mileme ya pygmy - mpaka 45 mm. Imasiyananso ndi mtundu wamsaya, womwe ndi wopepuka kapena pafupifupi woyera, mosiyana ndi mtundu wofiira wa mileme ya pygmy. Mleme wakummawa ndi woimira wopepuka kwambiri wamtunduwu.
Lilibe kukula kwakukulu - mpaka mamilimita 49., M'litali, ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 23. Mleme wa ku Mediterranean uli ndi mtundu wofiyira wowala, mapiko akuda okhala ndi khungu lolimba komanso mzere woyera womwe umayambira kumchira mpaka kuphako.
Mwambiri, mileme ndiimodzi mwazoyimira zazing'ono kwambiri za mileme. Ngakhale ali ndi dzina "lowopsa", lomwe anthu ambiri amalumikizana ndi china chake chododometsa, mileme siimachita chidwi. Ali ndi maso ang'onoang'ono, ozungulira, makutu ozungulira bwino, ndi mphuno zazing'ono, zosatulutsidwa. Mileme yonse ili ndi matupi ozungulira okhala ndi ubweya.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbewa ya mileme imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi mleme umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bat bat
Malo okhala mileme imwazikana kuchokera kumadera otentha a Eurasia kupita ku Australia ndi South Africa.
Mitundu yambiri ya mileme imapezeka m'malo otsatirawa:
- Urals;
- Dera Trans-Volga;
- Caucasus;
- Pafupi ndi East.
Mileme yambiri imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi anthu, posankha malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, mileme yaing'ono imakonda kukonza malo okhala pansi pa denga la nyumba, m'misasa, kapena m'mapanga kapena m'mitengo pafupi ndi midzi ndi mizinda.
Mileme yambiri imasankha nkhalango kapena mapiri kuti azikhalako kosatha. Amakhala m'makona amitengo kapena mumikondo yonyezimira, pomwe amapachikika mozondoka pamitengo. Mileme imangokhala ndipo nthawi zonse imasankha malo omwewo ngati pothawirapo, ngati sangathamangitsidweko.
Mleme wa ku Mediterranean amakonda kukhala pamalo okwera kwambiri - mpaka makilomita awiri ndi theka kupitirira nyanja. Ngakhale mileme ikuluikulu imakhazikika m'nyumba za anthu, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zina imasokoneza anthu.
Nthawi zambiri, mileme imapezeka kuseli kwa zomata m'nyumba, m'makoma odontha, m'nyumba zomangidwa ndi matabwa, m'mapanga a nyumba zamiyala, potseguka pa njerwa. Mileme imapewa madera ozizira, ngakhale mitundu yayikulu imapezeka ku Eastern Siberia. Mitundu ina ya mileme imakonda kusamuka kwakanthawi kanthawi kozizira.
Kodi mileme imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mleme ku Russia
Mileme ndi zolengedwa zolusa, ngakhale sizikhala pachiwopsezo chilichonse kwa anthu. Nyama zimenezi zimadya tizilombo, timene timagwira ndi kudya ntchentche yomweyo. Pofuna kusaka, mileme imasankha madera pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe pali tizilombo tambiri, komanso m'mphepete mwa nkhalango kapena minda yaulimi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mileme imadziwa kuti pali tizirombo tambiri pafupi ndi nyali zomwe zimakhazikika madzulo, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona mileme ikusaka pafupi ndi malo opepuka.
Mileme imasaka usiku wokha. Kuuluka mwamphamvu, zimatulutsa mawu pafupipafupi 40-50 kHz, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azindikire mwachangu komwe kuli kusakanikirana kwa tizilombo. Gulu la mileme nthawi yomweyo imawulukira kwa nyamayo ndipo imagwira mwachangu anthu omwe ali nawo pa ntchentcheyo, isanakhale ndi nthawi yobalalika. Mileme imakhala yolimba kwambiri. Munthu wolemera magalamu 40 amatha kudya mpaka magalamu 30 a chakudya.
Zakudya zawo zachizolowezi zimaphatikizapo:
- udzudzu ndi ntchentche;
- njoka;
- agulugufe, njenjete;
- agulugufe;
- mphutsi za tizilombo ta m'madzi.
Mileme imasungidwa kunyumba, pomwe chakudya cha abuluzi ndi zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana za tizilombo ndizoyenera. Mileme imatha kudya kwambiri, popeza nyamazi sizidziwa kuchuluka kwa zakudya, ndiye kuti pali chiopsezo chachikulu chopitilira nyama.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mleme m'chilengedwe
Mileme imakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amangogwirizana nthawi yokaswana. Mwambiri, mileme imatsatira abale apafupi - nyamazi ndizochezera ndipo zimafunikira anthu ozungulira nthawi zonse. Komanso mileme imasaka limodzi. Amakonza malo okhala m'mitengo, m'matanthwe, m'mapanga ndi m'nyumba za anthu. Gulu laling'ono la mileme silimakonzekeretsa zisa, koma limangogwirana ndi mawoko ake kuzingwe zilizonse ndi malo olimba, atapachikika mozondoka.
Mileme imatha kuyenda molunjika, ndipo pamtunda yopingasa imakwawa chifukwa chakusowa kwa miyendo yakutsogolo - imasanduka mapiko. Mwambiri, nyamazo zimakhala zamanyazi. Zimauluka mlengalenga ngakhale munthu atafikako pang'ono, osakhoza kuwukiranso poyankha. Njira yawo yokha ndiyo kuthawa, pomwe mileme imangodalira mapiko olimba okha.
Masana, mileme imakhala m'malo awo amdima ndikugona - maso awo amamva kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndipo chifukwa cha utoto wawo komanso makina awo oyendetsa ndege, amawonekera kwambiri kwa adani awo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yantchito imagwa usiku - ndiye mileme imabalalika kufunafuna chakudya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mileme imatha kugwera mu mtundu wa hibernation - torpor, momwe nyama imakhalabe yozindikira, koma kagayidwe kamthupi kake kamachepa.
Amayang'ana chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito echolocation. Mileme imamveka pang'onopang'ono kwambiri yomwe imatuluka ndikubwerera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake mumdima, mileme imatha kupeza mosavuta gulu la tizilombo, komanso imazindikira nyama zolusa komanso zinthu zowopsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bat mbewa
Nthawi yobereketsa imayamba, nthawi zambiri, nthawi yachisanu. Ngati mitundu ya mileme siimabisala nthawi yozizira, koma imakhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka, koma kukwerana kumachitika panthawiyi. Akazi amakhala m'magulu akulu - mpaka anthu chikwi chimodzi. Zimamamatirana m'matanthwe ndi m'mapanga, ndipo nthawi zonse zimakopa anyani.
Mkazi amasankha imodzi yamphongo yomwe yauluka, pambuyo pake kukwatira kumachitika nthawi yomweyo, pambuyo pake wamkazi ndi wamwamuna samadutsana. Amphongo a nyengo yoswana amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena amauluka mosiyana ndi ena onse.
Mimba imakhala pafupifupi masiku 60. Nthawi zambiri, yaikazi imabereka ana awiri, koma pali m'modzi kapena atatu. Kwa mwezi wathunthu ndi theka, amawadyetsa mkaka - nthawi yonseyi, anawo amamatira kuzipinda zaphanga kapena khungwa lamitengo ndi zikoko zolimba, kudikira moleza mtima kuti mayi abwere kuchokera kukasaka.
Mwana akagwa, amatha kugwera pansi. Ana omwe anapulumuka kugwa nawonso amafa, chifukwa sangathe kuwuluka. Mwambiri, mileme nthawi zambiri imachoka pansi - imayenera kuchoka pa phiri. Chifukwa chake, mileme yomwe imathera panthaka imatha kufa.
Mileme imatha kukhala zaka 16, koma kuthengo samakhala ndi zaka zisanu. Amatha kubereka, mpaka kufika miyezi khumi ndi iwiri. Pambuyo pa zinyalala zoyamba, zazikazi zimatha kuberekana nthawi zonse, zimangomaliza mkaka umodzi ndikukhalanso ndi pakati.
Adani achilengedwe a mileme
Chithunzi: Momwe mleme umawonekera
Chifukwa cha moyo wawo wamadzulo, mileme ili ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe. Choyambirira, awa ndi akadzidzi, akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga ndi akadzidzi, omwe ali ndi msinkhu wofanana wosaka komanso nthawi yomweyo. Ziwombankhanga zilinso ndi njira yofananira yosakira - zimagwira nyama.
Mileme imatha kudziwa komwe kuli adani awo pogwiritsa ntchito echolocation, kenako nkuzungulira. Koma kadzidzi nthawi zambiri amaukira ataliatali, ndipo mileme imawulukira pafupi ndi dziko lapansi, kugwira tizilombo. Mileme samangotumiza echolocation m'mwamba, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo cha akadzidzi.
Kadzidzi amatumphukira pamwamba ndikugwira milemeyo, nthawi yomweyo kuphwanya msana wake. Izi sizomwe amakonda kwambiri kadzidzi, chifukwa chake amalimbana ndi mileme pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero. Mafupa ndi khungu la mileme sizimapangitsa kukhala nyama yodya nyama.
Ferrets, martens, weasels ndi nyama zina zing'onozing'ono zowononga nthaka zingathenso kusaka mileme. Choyambirira, amatola modzipereka ana ndi mileme yomwe yagwera pamtunda. Komanso, zolusa izi zimatha kudumpha kuchokera kubisala - udzu, zotchinga, kumbuyo kwa miyala, mileme ikasaka pansi.
Mileme alibe njira zodzitetezera. Mimbulu yawo ndiyabwino kungoluma ndi chitin chokhuthala cha tizilombo, ndipo mileme sathamanga mokwanira ndipo sitingathe kuyendetsa owukira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mleme
Ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri ya mileme ili mgulu la nyama zosowa, mileme sikukumana ndi zotere. Mileme imathandizira anthu ochulukirapo omwe angotsika pang'ono chifukwa cha mphamvu ya anthropogenic.
Zaka khumi zapitazi, njira zodzitetezera mbalame zakhazikitsidwanso, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuchepetsa kuipitsa kwa nkhalango zamankhwala, chifukwa chomwe mileme idakulirakulira pang'ono. Komabe, mileme ya m'nkhalangoyi yatchulidwa mu Red Book ku Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg ndi madera ena a Ukraine.
Izi ndichifukwa cha izi:
- Kuwononga mankhwala azachilengedwe m'zigawozi. Zimakhudzana ndi chitukuko chamakampani kapena zaulimi;
- kuwononga malo achilengedwe a mileme chifukwa chodula mitengo;
- Kuwonongeka kwa mileme limodzi ndi tizirombo tanyama ndi tizilombo (mwachitsanzo, makoswe, omwe, monga mileme, amatha kukhala m'nyumba ndi m'malo ena okhalamo).
Mleme - nyama wamba yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono kwambiri. Okonda nyama zosowa ngakhale amazisunga kunyumba, koma mileme ikufuna pazomwe azisungidwazo, ndipo amafunikiranso njira yapadera kuti nyamazo zisachite mantha komanso zisalume mwiniwake. Koma mwazonse, izi ndi nyama zaubwenzi komanso zamanyazi zomwe zakhala nthawi yayitali limodzi ndi anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: September 16, 2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 13:50
