Bokoplav Nyama ya crustacean yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri (Amphipoda). Zonsezi, pafupifupi mitundu 9,000 ya nkhanu zimadziwika zomwe zimakhala pansi pa nyanja ndi madzi ena padziko lonse lapansi. Ma crustaceans ambiri omwe ali mgululi amakhala m'mbali mwa nyanja pafupi ndi mafunde, amatha kupita pagombe. Ndiponso mwanjira iyi mawonekedwe amtundu wa parasitic amaimiridwa, nsabwe za nangumi ndi zawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bokoplav
Amphipoda ndi nyamakazi ya gulu la nsomba zazinkhanira zapamwamba mwa dongosolo la amphipods. Kwa nthawi yoyamba izi zidafotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazamankhwala waku France a Pierre André Latreuil mu 1817. Dongosololi limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 9000 yama crustaceans. Bokoplavs ndi zolengedwa zakale kwambiri, zimadziwika kuti nkhandwezi zimakhala m'madzi a benthos m'nyanja ndi madzi oyera kumayambiriro kwa Nyengo Yamwala ya nthawi ya Paleozoic, zaka pafupifupi 350 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kanema: Bokoplav
Komabe, chifukwa chakusapezeka kwa carapace, zotsalira za nyama izi sizinapulumuke; ndi mitundu 12 yokha ya ma crustaceans akale amtunduwu omwe amadziwika. Zakale za ma amphipod akale omwe ankakhala munthawi ya Eocene apulumuka. Zakale zimenezi zidakalipobe mpaka lero chifukwa cha amber. Chinyama chakale chinagwera mu dontho la amber ndipo sichimatha kutuluka, ndipo chifukwa cha izi tingadziwe kuti zolengedwa izi zidakhala m'nthawi ya Paleozoic.
Mu 2013, amphipod idafotokozedwa yomwe idakhala m'nthawi ya Triassic ya nthawi ya Mesozoic, ili ndi zaka pafupifupi 200 miliyoni kuposa zoyambirira.
Ndi amphipod yamtundu wa Rosagammarus minichiellus mchaka chomwecho, zakale izi zidafotokozedwa ndi gulu la asayansi motsogozedwa ndi a Mark McMenamin. Pakadali pano, anthu aku crustacean ndiosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Ndiponso zamoyo zina za planktonic zimaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo ili.
Maonekedwe ndi kufotokoza
Chithunzi: Momwe amphipod imawonekera
Bocoplavas ndi ma crustaceans ochepa kwambiri. Kukula kwa munthu wamba kumangokhala pafupifupi 10 mm kutalika, komabe, palinso anthu akuluakulu pafupifupi 25 mm kukula, koma kawirikawiri. Oimira mitundu yaying'ono ya amphipods ndi yaying'ono kwambiri ndipo kukula kwake ndi 1 mm yokha.
Thupi la amphipods limakhala lofewa mbali. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa amphipods ndi ma crustaceans ena ndikosapezeka kwa carapace. Pa chifuwa, gawo lakunja limasakanikirana kwathunthu ndi mutu. Miyendo pachigawo choyamba imayimilidwa ndi nsagwada zamiyendo. Miyendo pachifuwa ili ndi mawonekedwe ena. Pali zikopa zazikulu zabodza kutsogolo kwa miyendo. Zikhadabozi ndizofunikira kuti ugwire chakudya. Magulu awiri otsatirawa amatha ndi zikhadabo. Zikhadabo zakumaso zimangoloza kutsogolo, ndipo zikhadabo zakumbuyo zimayang'ana kumbuyo.
Chifukwa cha zikhadazo, nyama imatha kuyenda mosavuta m'malo mwake. Mitsempha imapezeka pakati pa gawo la 2 ndi 7 la thoracic. Mimba ya amphipod imagawika m'magawo angapo - urosome ndi pleosome. Gawo lililonse limakhala ndi magawo atatu. Pamagulu a pleosome pali ma pleopods, miyendo iwiri yopangira kusambira.
Miyendo ya Uropods ili pa uresome, chifukwa chake crustacean imatha kudumpha kwambiri ndikusunthira mwachangu m'mbali mwa gombe komanso pansi pamadzi. Ma urepods ndi olimba kwambiri. Excretory dongosolo ndi matumbo ndi anus lapansi.
Kodi amphipod amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bokoplav mumtsinje
Bocoplavs ndizolengedwa wamba. Amakhala pafupifupi m'madzi onse amadzi, m'nyanja, pansi pa nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, ma amphipod ambiri amakhalanso m'madzi apansi panthaka. Amapezeka akasupe ndi zitsime za Caucasus, Ukraine kumadzulo kwa Europe.
Suborder Ingol-fiellidea amakhala m'madzi apansi panthaka a Africa, kumwera kwa Europe ndi America. Ndiponso mitundu ingapo ya nkhonozi zimakhala m'misewu ya mchenga m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Peru, Channel komanso ku Gulf of Thailand. Mitundu Gammarus pulex, G. kischinef-fensis, G. balcanicus. Amakhala m'madamu a England, Moldova, Germany ndi Romania. M'dziko lathu, ma crustaceans awa amakhala pafupifupi m'madzi onse.
Amphipods am'madzi amakhala m'madzi a Azov, Black ndi Caspian. Mumitsinje ya Volga, Oka ndi Kama amakhala amphipods amitundu ingapo: Niphargoides sarsi, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Niphargoides sarsi. Mu dziwe la Yenisei ndi Angarsk muli mitundu yoposa 20 yamitundu iyi. Zinyama zosiyanasiyana kwambiri mu Nyanja ya Baikal. Pansi pa Nyanja ya Baikal, pali mitundu 240 ya nkhanu zokhala ndi zamoyo. Ma crustaceans onse amakhala pansi pamadzi ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wamapulaneti.
Chosangalatsa: Kumunsi kwa Mtsinje wa Oka, kokha kumunsi kwake, kuli pafupifupi anthu 170 zikwi za mtundu wa Corophium pa mita imodzi pansi.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe amphip imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kodi amphipods amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Crustacean amphipod
Pafupifupi ma amphipods onse ndi omnivores.
Chakudya chachikulu cha amphipods chimaphatikizapo:
- zomera zapansi pamadzi (zonse zamoyo ndi zakufa);
- zotsalira za nsomba ndi nyama zina;
- priming;
- udzu wam'madzi;
- nyama zazing'ono.
Momwe mumadyera zimasiyana. Mbalamezi zimadya chakudya chachikulu ndi zotafuna ndipo zimaphwanya zidutswa tating'ono ting'ono. Nsagwada zamphamvu zimagwira zidutswa za chakudya ndikuziletsa kuti zisagwe mkamwa. Mitundu ina ya amphipods imadyetsa mwa kusefa kuyimitsidwa komwe mafunde amabweretsa. Nthawi zambiri nkhanuzi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Akawona kuti funde likuyenda kuchokera kunyanja, nsomba zazinkhanira zimabisala pansi zimangotsamira pang'ono, nthaka ikawululidwa, ma crustaceans amalowereramo, motero mitundu ya Niphargoides maeoticus nthawi zambiri imadyetsa.
Ma crustaceans amtundu wa Corophiidae, Leptocheirus ndi Ampeliscidae amadya osasiya nyumba zawo. Kumeneko nyama izi zimayamba kumatitsa nthaka ndi tinyanga tawo takumbuyo. Algae ndi mabakiteriya amalowa m'madzi, ndipo khansara imasefa madziwo kudzera pamaneti omwe ali patsogolo. Zowononga pakati pa amphipods ndi mbuzi zam'nyanja.
Tinthu ting'onoting'ono timeneti timapha achibale ang'onoang'ono, nyongolotsi, nsomba zam'madzi. Planktonic amphipods amtundu wa Lysianassidae amakhala pa jellyfish ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wofanana ndi parasitic. Mtundu wa tizirombo ta amphipods Cyamidae whale nsabwe. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala pa anamgumi pafupi ndi anus ndipo timadya khungu la namgumi, kutuluka zilonda zakuya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bokoplav
Amphipods ambiri amakhala moyo wamadzi otsika pang'ono. Masana amakhala kumapeto kwa dziwe, usiku, tizinyama tating'onoting'ono timeneti timatuluka pamtunda ndipo timatha kukwawa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kufunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri amadya ndere zowola, zomwe zimatsukidwa ndikufika kumtunda. Masana, nyama zakutchire zimabwerera kumalo osungira kapena kubisala m'nthaka, kuteteza mitsinjeyo kuti iume.
Mofanana ndi nsomba zazinkhanira zambiri, ma- amphipod amapuma ndi mavuvu. Ma Crustaceans ali ndi luso lodabwitsa loyenda mlengalenga, amatha ngakhale kusunthira kutali ndi madzi amatha kudziwa komwe ayenera kubwerera.
Mitundu ina ya amphipods imayang'ana nkhuni ndi nthambi, zodyetsa utuchi wamitengo ndi fumbi. Amphipods oberekera, mbuzi zam'nyanja zimabisala pakati paudzu nthawi zonse. Amasaka nyama kwa nthawi yayitali atakhala malo amodzi ndikukweza pang'ono zipilala zawo zakutsogolo, ikangoona nyamayo ndikuyiwombera.
Nsabwe za Whale zimakhala ndi moyo wokhala ndi majeremusi, ndipo zimakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse pa nyulu zikudya khungu lawo. Ma crustacean ang'ono omwe amakhala m'nyanja amakhala moyo wodekha. Ena samatuluka m'mayenje awo, amadyetsa njira yosefera nthawi zonse kukumba pansi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cancer amphipod
Bokoplavs ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Nthawi zambiri kugonana kumadziwika kwambiri. Kutengera mitundu, amuna amatha kukhala akulu kuposa akazi, kapena mosemphanitsa. M'banja la Gammaridae, amuna amakhala okulirapo kangapo kuposa akazi. Mosiyana ndi izi, banja la Leptocheirus lili ndi akazi ambiri kuposa amuna. Akazi okhwima ogonana amitundu yonse amphipods ali ndi thumba la ana.
Chosangalatsa: Kukula kwamakhalidwe azamuna amphipods kumachitika chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mahomoni apadera omwe amabisika ndimatenda a androgenic endocrine. Kukhazika kwa tiziwalo timeneti kwa mkazi kunapangitsa kuti thumba losunga mazira achikazi likhale losalala.
Mu amphipods Gammarus duebeni, kugonana kwa ana kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutentha komwe mazira amakula. M'nyengo yozizira, amuna amaswa; nthawi yotentha, akazi amabadwa. Njira yolumikizira ma amphipods imatenga masiku angapo. Amuna amapondereza kumbuyo kwa mkazi, atagwira kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo m'mbali mwa gawo lachisanu lachiwerewere lachikazi ndi zikhadabo zake zamphamvu poyembekezera kusungunuka.
Pambuyo pa kusungunuka, champhongo chimasunthira pamimba chachikazi ndikupinda miyendo yamimba palimodzi, ndikuikankhira kangapo pakati pa mbale zakumbuyo za ana a bursa. Pakadali pano, umuna umabisika kutsegulira maliseche. Umuna umanyamulidwa mkati mwa ana bursa mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yam'mimba. Pakadutsa maola 4, mazira amaikidwa mchikwama ndi chachikazi ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapatsidwa umuna. Mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amphipods, kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amayikira ndiosiyana. Amayi ambiri amaikira mazira 5 mpaka 100 nthawi imodzi.
Koma mitundu ina ndi yachonde kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, Gammara-canthus loricatus amaikira mazira okwana 336, Amathillina spinosa mpaka 240. Nyanja yoyera yachonde kwambiri Amphipods Apopuchus nugax atangophatikizika kamodzi, wamkazi amabereka mazira mpaka chikwi. Ma crustacean asanasiye thumba la ana la amayi, zimatenga masiku 14 mpaka 30.
Ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono amakula mwachangu kwambiri, akupulumuka pafupifupi ma molts 13. Mitundu yambiri ya amphipods imaswana m'nyengo yotentha, komabe, amphipods amtundu wa Anisogammarus amaswa mazira awo nthawi yonse yozizira, ndipo pofika masika azing'ono zazing'ono zimabadwa. Nthawi yayitali ya ma amphipods ndi zaka ziwiri. Oimira mitundu ya Niphargus orcinus virei amakhala kwambiri; amatha kukhala zaka 30, koma pafupifupi amakhala zaka 6.
Adani achilengedwe amphipods
Chithunzi: Momwe amphipod imawonekera
Adani akulu amphipods ndi awa:
- nsomba;
- nyulu ndi wakupha anamgumi;
- akamba;
- mink;
- amphaka;
- agalu;
- kusokoneza
- achule ndi zamoyo zina;
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo;
- ziphuphu;
- mbalame (makamaka sandpipers).
Bokoplavs ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso pafupifupi zolengedwa zopanda chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, m'malo awo achilengedwe, ma crustaceanswa ali ndi adani ambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, ma crustaceans amayesetsa kukhala moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri. M'mitsinje, amphipods amasakidwa ndi eels, burbot, perch, roach, bream ndi nsomba zina zambiri. Eels amadziwika kuti ndi adani owopsa a nkhanuzi, chifukwa nsomba izi zimakumba pansi ndikungokwera mosavuta m'mabowo a nsomba zazinkhanira.
Pagombe la nsomba zazinkhanira ndi nyama zodya nyama zikubisalira. Koma ma amphipods ambiri samwalira chifukwa chogwera m'manja mwa adani awo, koma chifukwa cha matenda. Ndipo choopsa kwambiri mwa iwo ndi mliri wa nsomba zazinkhanira. Ndi mliri womwe umapha zikwizikwi chaka chilichonse. Matenda a Crustaceans ndi parasitic amavutika, ngakhale zolengedwa zazing'onozi ndi tiziromboti. Ma crustaceans omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri omwe avulala, mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana amachulukitsa pamabala.
Kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi ndi zina mwazinthu zosavomerezeka. Ma Bocoplavas amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikulowetsedwa kwa zinthu zowopsa m'madzi; milandu yakufa kwamtundu wa crustaceans m'malo owononga mphamvu zamadzi amadziwika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bokoplav
Bocoplavas ndi gulu lochuluka kwambiri la nkhanu. Kalasi iyi safuna chitetezo chapadera. Ndizosatheka kutsata kuchuluka kwa anthu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu yayikulu yazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala m'madzi onse. Zinyama zazing'ono izi zimamva bwino kutchire, zimasinthasintha bwino mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe ndikuchulukitsa msanga.
Kusodza amphipods ndikololedwa. Ma crustacean ang'ono mdziko lathu agwidwa m'njira yosasamalira zachilengedwe. Krill nyama ndi chakudya chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi chopatsa mavitamini ndi michere. Mitundu yambiri ya amphipods imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo posodza. Asodzi amagwiritsa ntchito jig posodza nsomba zam'madzi, bream, crucian carp ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba.
Bokoplavs ndimadongosolo enieni amadziwe. Zakudya zazing'onozi zimadya zotsalira za mitembo ya nyama, zomera zowola, plankton. Ndiye kuti, chilichonse chomwe mabakiteriya owopsa ndi opatsirana amatha kuchulukitsa. Akamadyetsa, nkhonozi zimayeretsa madzi, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyera komanso owonekera. Zinyama zakutchire zimayang'anira nkhono ndi zamoyo zina zomwe amasaka.
Zomwe zitha kupangidwira ma amphipods ndikuwunika ukhondo wa malo osungira, kuyika malo azithandizo m'mabizinesi ndikuonetsetsa kuti palibe zoopsa ndi poizoni zomwe zimalowa m'madzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Bokoplavov amatchedwanso utitiri wanyanja, koma mosiyana ndi nthata zapadziko lapansi, zolengedwa sizimavulaza anthu komanso nyama zapadziko lapansi.
Bokoplav cholengedwa chodabwitsa chomwe chimakhala m'madzi ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zikwizikwi zazing'ono zazing'onozi zimakhala m'madzi aliwonse. Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, izi ndi zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimatsogolera moyo wokangalika. Amadziwa kusambira bwino, ndipo amayenda mwachangu m'mbali mwa mchenga pogwiritsa ntchito kulumpha. Nthawi zina nyama zazing'onozi zimafaniziridwa ndi miimba, chifukwa chazomwe zimadya zovunda. Ma Crustaceans amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe, chifukwa ndimayendedwe amadzi ndipo ndi chakudya chambiri cha nyama zapansi pamadzi, zinyama ndi mbalame.
Tsiku lofalitsa: September 15, 2019
Tsiku losintha: 11.11.2019 nthawi 12:00