Ternetia - nsomba yodziwika kwa okonda ambiri aku aquarium, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imadziwika ndi dzina lina - tetra yakuda. Amadziwika ngati chiweto chifukwa chodzichepetsa, mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, imayenda bwino m'nyanja yamchere ndi mitundu ina yambiri. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino kwa iwo omwe akungoyamba kumene ndi nsomba zaku aquarium.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ternetia
Zolengedwa zoyambirira zonga nsomba zidayamba kalekale: pafupifupi zaka 530 miliyoni zapitazo. Sanali nsomba komabe, koma mwa nyama zopanda taya ngati haikouichtis panali makolo a nsomba.
Nsombazo zinawonekeranso zaka 430 miliyoni zapitazo. Ngakhale mitundu yomwe inali m'nyanja zakale zonse zafa ndipo sizingafanane ndi zamasiku ano, kusintha kwina m'zinthu zoyambira kale kwapezeka kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndipo mitundu imeneyo inali makolo a omwe akukhala padziko lapansi pano.
Kanema: Ternetia
Kukula koyamba kwa nsombazi kunafika pambuyo pa nsagwada, mitundu yosiyanasiyana idakulirakulira kuyambira nthawi ya Silurian, ndipo idakhala pamlingo wapamwamba mpaka kutha kwa Permian. Kenako mitundu yambiri idasowa, ndipo enawo adayambitsa kukula kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana m'nthawi ya Mesozoic.
Zinali ndiye kuti panali gulu la haracinous, womwenso minga. Nsomba zakale kwambiri zomwe zasowa mu Santanichthys ndi zaka 115 miliyoni. Mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous, mitundu ina yambiri yamatsenga idayamba, koma yonseyo idatha.
Ambiri adachita izi pakutha kwa Cretaceous-Paleogene. Koma mitundu ina idatsalira, kuyambira kwa iwo amakono adachokera, kuphatikiza minga. Zakale zakale kwambiri zopezeka kwa omwe amayimira mtundu wa Thornes adachokera ku malemu Miocene, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 9-11 miliyoni, ndipo zidapangidwa ku Central America.
Kufotokozera za mitunduyi kunapangidwa ndi A. Bulenger mu 1895, dzina lachi Latin ndi Gymnocorymbus ternetzi. Monga nsomba zaku aquarium, minga idayamba kusungidwa zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe minga imawonekera
Minga ndizochepa: 3.5-5 cm, koma malinga ndi miyezo ya aquarium ndizoposa zowerengeka. Thupi lawo ndi lophwatalala komanso lotambalala. Minga yachizolowezi imakhala yosalala, yokhala ndi mikwingwirima itatu yakuda m'mbali. Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana pang'ono: amuna amakhala ocheperako komanso owala, malekezero awo amatambasulako pang'ono ndikutalikirapo.
Zipsepsezo ndizosuntha, kupatula zipsepse zazikuluzikulu, ndiye amene amapereka munga, chifukwa cha iye wakhala wamba ngati nsomba ya m'madzi. Phokoso laling'ono la adipose limawoneka patsogolo pa mchira - ndimakhalidwe a nsomba za m'banja la haracin.
Nsombayi ili ndi mtundu woterewu, koma mitundu ina yamtundu wam'madzi yam'madzi imapangidwa, ndipo yosiyana kwambiri: yofiira, yamtambo, yobiriwira, lalanje, lilac - mitundu ndi yowala kwambiri. Akamakula, nsomba pang'onopang'ono zimayamba kuoneka bwino, makamaka zomwe mtundu wawo siwachilengedwe.
Subpecies wamba:
- chophimba - chili ndi zipsepse zazikulu za wavy;
- golide - wojambulidwa ndi utoto wagolide, wopanda mikwingwirima;
- kusinthidwa kwa majini - mtundu wowala kwambiri, makamaka pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale kuti nsombazi zilibe vuto lililonse, ma piranha okhetsa magazi ndi abale awo apamtima, ndi amtundu womwewo wamaumboni, monga zikuwonekera kufanana komwe kulipo pakati pa nsombazi.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungasamalire nsomba zaminga. Tiyeni tiwone komwe amapezeka m'malo awo achilengedwe.
Kodi minga imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Thornsia
Mwachilengedwe, nsomba iyi imapezeka ku South America, Brazil ndi Paraguay.
Amakhala m'mabeseni amitsinje ikuluikulu ya Amazon, monga:
- Rio Negro;
- Guaporé;
- Parana;
- Madeira;
- Paraiba do Sul.
Kwa minga, mitsinje yosanja yosaduka, yodzaza ndi zomera, ndiyofunika. Izi sizitanthauza kuti nsomba zimangokhala m'mitsinje ikuluikulu: zimakhalanso m'mitsinje yaying'ono, komanso mitsinje - chinthu chachikulu ndichakuti sathamanga kwambiri.
Madzi m'madzi othamanga pang'onopang'ono ndi ofewa, kuwonjezera apo, ndi acidic - ndipo minga imakonda kwambiri izi. Amakondanso malo amdima, ndipo nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwapeza mosungira m'malo omwe ali pafupi ndi mitengo, mumthunzi wawo. Amakonda mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi akuda m'malo momveka bwino.
Nthawi zambiri amasambira m'madzi, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kupeza chakudya chomwe amakonda. Amatha kusambira m'mbali iliyonse yam'madzi, ndipo akasungidwa, kuti atsimikizire kuti nsomba zili bwino, chofunikira ndichakuti pali zomera zambiri pamenepo, ndipo pakati pali malo osambira mwaulere.
Nsombazo zidafika ku Europe mzaka zam'ma 1930 ndipo mwachangu zidafalikira pakati pa omwe amakhala ndi aquarium. Izi zidathandizidwa ndikuti minga idalekerera mosavuta ukapolo ndikuchulukirachulukira m'madzi.
Kodi minga imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Minga yachikazi
M'chilengedwe, maziko a chakudya cha nsomba iyi:
- tizilombo;
- mphutsi zawo.
- nyongolotsi;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono.
Kawirikawiri malo osungira minga amakhala ochuluka mumtundu uwu wa chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, nsombayi ndiyodzichepetsa ndipo sinasankhe kwenikweni chakudya: imatha kudya nyama iliyonse yaying'ono yomwe imatha kugwira. Ndi chakudya chamtundu wazinyama chomwe chimakhala pamndandanda wake, ndipo chimayenera kudyetsedwa moyenera mu aquarium.
Amatha kupatsidwa chakudya chamoyo komanso chachisanu, nsomba zimadya daphnia mosangalala, zimadumphira nkhanu, ziphuphu zamagazi. Imakonda kutenga chakudya m'mphepete mwa madzi kapena pakati, chifukwa chakupezeka kwa pakamwa sikutsitsa. Ngati mupereka chakudya chochuluka mwakamodzi, nsomba zimatha kudya mopitirira muyeso, ndipo kupitirira muyeso kwanthawi zonse kudzapangitsa kuti akhale onenepa kwambiri.
Poganizira izi, ndibwino kuti muwapatse chakudya chotere chomwe chingamira pansi pang'onopang'ono, ndikuchiletsa mosamalitsa. Kenako nsombazo zidzadya chilichonse ndipo pansi pake sipadzatsekedwa. Munga womwewo sukufuna, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti muyenera kudyetsa moyenera, simungapereke tsiku lomwelo tsiku ndi tsiku.
Chakudya chouma chiyenera kulowetsedwa ndi chamoyo, zigawo zingapo zazomera zimayenera kuphunzitsidwa. Ngati munga udya mopambanitsa, umayamba kupweteka nthawi zambiri, umaberekanso moyipa, ndipo zovuta zam'madzi za nsombazo ndizotheka.
Zosakanikirana zambiri zam'malo ogulitsira mitundu yamalo otentha ndizoyenera. Zakudya zomwe zili ndi utoto wachilengedwe zitha kukhala zothandiza - kuzidya, minga imabwerera ku kuwala kwake kakale. Mwachangu ndipo okhawo omwe amasamutsidwa ku aquarium yatsopano amafunikira mavitamini owonjezera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Minga yamphongo
Nyama zakutchire, minga zimakonda mitsinje yaying'ono kapena mitsinje, amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 10-20, pomwe amachita zinthu mwakhama, mosaka nthawi zonse, akuwombera nsomba zazing'ono ndipo amatha kuwomberana.
Nthawi zambiri, ziwopsezo zotere sizimatha ndi kuvulala koopsa, onse otsutsana amakhalabe pakatundu ndikusiya mikangano; komabe, nthawi zina kwa kanthawi kochepa. Minga imasunthira kutali ndi nyama zolusa mosiyanasiyana, pambuyo pake imakumananso ikadzaza ndikusiya kusaka.
M'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, momwe nsomba zimakhalira zimadalira kuchuluka kwake. Ngati ndi yayikulu, ndiye kuti minga nthawi zambiri imayandama pakati ndipo nthawi yayitali imakhala m'madzi aulere. Ngati aquarium ndiyothina, amachita mosiyana: amabisala kumbuyo kwa chomeracho, ndipo amangopita kukadya.
Paminga, mumafunika madzi osachepera 60 malita, muyenera kukhala ndi nthaka ndi zomera. Bukuli lidzakwanira anthu khumi. Zimafunika kuti aquarium ikhale yoyatsa bwino ndipo kutentha kwamadzi mkati mwake kumakhala pang'ono kuposa 20 ° C. Kusintha kwamadzi kuyenera kuchitika masiku awiri aliwonse, 30-40% ya voliyumu yake iyenera kupangidwanso sabata.
Ndi nsomba zina, minga imayenda bwino, ngakhale zimadalira mtundu wawo. Ndikofunika kuti muzisunga limodzi ndi ma haracin ena, ma platies, ma guppies. Osakondera nsomba zazing'ono kapena zophimba. Minga zimayenera kukhala zosachepera 3-4, ndipo makamaka 7-10, mukaika nsomba imodzi yokha yamtunduwu mu aquarium, iwonetsa nkhanza kwa oyandikana nawo.
Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kwa ziweto zazing'ono kwambiri. Ndi nambala yodziwika bwino, chidwi cha nsombazi chimakhala ndi anthu amtundu anzawo, amakhala nthawi yayitali wina ndi mnzake, ndipo ngakhale atakhala kuti akumenyana, samavulaza. Mugulu loterolo, nsomba zidzasungulumwa ndikusangalatsa diso.
Nthaka yomwe ili m'nyanjayi iyenera kukhala ndi mchenga kapena miyala yoyera - monga chilengedwe chake. Mitengoyi ingathe kuyikidwa pansi. Njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera kuwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zomera zomwe zikuyandama pamwamba - izi zipanganso malo ofanana ndi omwe nsomba zimakhala m'chilengedwe.
Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti madzi azipuma ndi mpweya, zimathandizanso kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa "madzi akuda". Mukachita zonsezi pamwambapa, minga imamveka ngati panyanja, ngakhale nsombazo ndizodzichepetsa, chifukwa chake njira zosinthira ndizotheka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Madzi okhala ndi minga ayenera kutsekedwa chifukwa amatha kulumpha kwambiri kuti atulukemo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Minga yachikuda
Ngakhale gulu la minga ndilocheperako, maudindo apamwamba amapangidwa mkati mwawo, ndewu sizachilendo, momwe amuna amapeza yemwe ali wamphamvu ndipo azimvera chidwi chachikazi. Nsombazo sizilandira zilonda zazikulu munkhondo zoterezi, chifukwa chake zimatha kunyalanyazidwa. M'madzi amchere, ndibwino kuti aberekane awiriawiri, ngakhale nthawi zina kubereka kusukulu kumatheka. Pogwiritsa ntchito aquarium yapadera ya malita 30-35. Iyenera kukhala ndi madzi ofunda kwambiri: 25-26 ° C, kuuma kuyenera kukhala 4 dH, ndipo acidity iyenera kukhala 7.0 pH.
Asanabadwe, kukonzekera kumafunika: wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amakhala pansi ndikusungidwa padera kwa sabata limodzi, ndikuwapatsa chakudya chama protein ambiri. Poyamba, wamwamuna yekha ndiye amayikidwa m'malo oberekera, ndipo patangotha maola awiri kapena atatu wamkazi amawonjezeredwa pamenepo. Aquarium iyenera kukhala mumthunzi, ndipo koyambirira kwa tsiku lotsatira, imayenera kuwunikira. Pansi pa bokosi loberekera, mauna a nayiloni okhala ndi maselo okwanira mokwanira amaikidwa kuti mazira adutsemo, koma ochepera kwambiri kuti nsombayo ifike pomwepo. Kusamba sikumachitika tsiku lomwelo, nthawi zina kumatha masiku angapo. Kuti lifulumizitse kuyambika kwamilandu yotere, nsombazo zimadyetsedwa ndi ma virus a magazi.
Mzimayi mmodzi amatulutsa mazira 500 mpaka 2,000 pamasitepe angapo, zimatha maola ambiri. Mpaka itatha, nsomba sizikhudza nthomba, koma ikatha amatha kuyidya. Chifukwa chake, ukangotha kumaliza, umabzalidwanso nthawi yomweyo. Kumalo oberekera, madzi ayenera kutsitsidwa mpaka masentimita 10-12. Kuchokera pakubala mpaka mawonekedwe a mphutsi, kudutsa tsiku limodzi ndi theka, poyamba mphutsi zimangopachika pazomera kapena galasi. Amakula mofulumira kwambiri, masiku 4-5 ndi okwanira kuti asanduke mwachangu, ndiye kuti, ayambe kusambira momasuka.
Pokhapokha atha kudyetsedwa. Amapatsidwa ma ciliates, brine shrimp nauplii ndi zakudya zapadera. Poyamba, chakudyacho chizikhala chochepa kwambiri, ndipo chiziperekedwa pang'ono. Popita nthawi, magawo amayenera kuwonjezeka, ndipo chakudya chokha chimayenera kukhala chokulirapo. Mwachangu amatha kudya wina ndi mnzake. Pofuna kupewa izi kuti zichitike, ndibwino kuti muziwasankha ndi kukula ndikuwayika m'madzi osiyanasiyana. Nsomba zimakhwima pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, nthawi zina ndi miyezi 9-10 yokha. Amatha kubereka mpaka atakwanitsa zaka 2-2.5, amakhala zaka 3.5-5.
Adani achilengedwe aminga
Chithunzi: Momwe minga imawonekera
Adani achilengedwe paminga ndi wamba ku nsomba zazing'ono: iyi ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri komanso mbalame. Ngakhale kwakukulu, minga imakhala m'madzi ang'onoang'ono, pomwe nsomba zazikulu sizofala kwenikweni, komabe nthawi zina zimatha kukaona nyama. Zikatero, minga imatha kuthawa.
Koma nthawi yotsala yomwe iwowo nthawi zambiri amakhala olusa, chifukwa anthu ena okhala mumitsinje yaying'ono komwe amakhala amakhala ocheperako. Zikatero, mbalame zimakhala mdani wawo wamkulu, chifukwa sizovuta kwa iwo kuti atenge nsomba yaying'ono mumtsinje wosaya, ndipo sizingagwire ntchito kuti azibisalira adani omwe ali ndi nthenga.
Makoswe akuluakulu ndi ntchentche amathanso kuopsa, yomwe nthawi zina imatha kuyesa kugwira nsomba, chifukwa minga nthawi zambiri imakhala m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe.
Anthu samawavutitsa kwambiri: minga imabzalidwa bwino m'madzi am'madzi, chifukwa chake zatsopano sizigwidwa konse, makamaka popeza nsombazi ndizotsika mtengo. Amakhala m'malo osakhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira za Amazon, kotero kuti zochita za anthu sizikhala ndi zotsatirapo zake.
Amatengeka ndi matenda ochepa, ndipo ichi ndi china chowaphatikizira momwe amasungidwira mu aquarium. Komabe, zovuta ndizotheka: atha kutenga kachilomboka, kamene kadzanena za chikwangwani choyera pathupi. Ngati pali matenda, nsomba yodwalayo iyenera kuchotsedwa ndikuchiritsidwa, ndipo aquarium iyenera kuthiridwa mankhwala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi cha Green Thornsia
Malo okhala minga amakhalabe osasinthika kuyambira pomwe adatulukira; idakulanso pang'ono chifukwa chobweretsa nsomba iyi m'manja mwa anthu m'malo osungira pafupi ndi malo ake. Palibe zododometsa zomwe zidapezeka, chilengedwe m'mitsinje komwe kumakhala mtundu uwu, mpaka pano, sichinawonongeke chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, chifukwa chake palibe chomwe chingaopseze minga.
Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni pa nambala yawo yonse, palibe kuwerengera komwe kumapangidwa. Komabe, zikuwoneka ngati zikukhala pamlingo womwewo, kapena kukula. Ngakhale kuti dera laminga silikhala lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo amakhala kokha ku kontinenti imodzi, madera omwe amapezeka amakhala ndi anthu ambiri.
M'misamba yopezeka mumtsinje waukulu wa Amazon ndi Mtsinje wa Paraguay, nsombayi ndi imodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri, ndipo mutha kuipeza kulikonse. Pakati pa nsomba zazing'ono, mtundu uwu umatha kukhala wamphamvu ndikuchotsa ena m'malo abwino kwambiri. Amachulukana mofulumira, motero nthawi zina nkhosa zimayenera kugawana, zina zimapita kukasaka madzi ena akumbuyo.
Chosangalatsa: Ndibwino kuti muzisunga mumdima, chifukwa apo ayi zimatha msanga kuposa masiku onse. Izi zimagwira minga yonse yamtundu wachilengedwe - kuchokera kumidima pang'onopang'ono imayamba kukhala imvi powala, ndipo zowala - zimafota msanga. Mtundu wawo umatha komanso chifukwa cha kupsinjika, mwachitsanzo, mayendedwe kapena kuziika, pakadali pano, kuwala kwake kumatha kukhalanso bwino pakapita nthawi.
Ternetia - kusankha kosankhidwa pafupipafupi m'madzi, chifukwa nsombayi imaphatikiza kukongola ndi kulimba, kotero kuyisunga ndikosavuta, ndipo kumatha kuyambitsidwa mosamala ngakhale ndi eni mabwinja a aquarium. Kuphatikiza apo, amagwirizana bwino ndi mitundu ina yambiri, kotero mutha kumusunga mumtsinje wamba - koma muyenera kuyambitsa gulu lonse ndikupatsanso malo ambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09/04/2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:13
