Nsomba ya makerele Chili ndi zinthu zofunika kwa anthu: ndichokoma, chimakhala chodzaza ndi kubereka bwino. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muzizigwira chaka chilichonse mochuluka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo sizikuwononga anthu: mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zomwe zimadabwitsanso chifukwa cha kusodza pang'ono, mackerel imagwiranso ntchito kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mackerel
Makolo a nsomba adawoneka kalekale - zaka 500 miliyoni zapitazo. Chokhazikitsidwa chodalirika choyamba ndi pikaya, cholengedwa chotalika masentimita 2-3 kukula, chowoneka ngati nyongolotsi kuposa nsomba. Pikaya analibe zipsepse, ndipo anasambira, akupinda thupi lake. Ndipo kokha pambuyo pa chisinthiko chotalika pomwe mitundu yoyamba yofananira ndi amakono idawoneka.
Izi zidachitika koyambirira kwa nyengo ya Triassic, nthawi yomweyo gulu la ray-finned, lomwe mackerel limakhala, lidayamba. Ngakhale kuti ma rayfins akale kwambiri ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi amakono, zoyambira za biology yawo sizinasinthe. Komabe, nsomba zopangidwa ndi mtengo wa nthawi ya Mesozoic pafupifupi zonse zinafa, ndipo mitundu yomwe ikukhala padziko lapansi pano idayamba kale m'nthawi ya Paleogene.
Kanema: Mackerel
Kutha komwe kunachitika m'malire a Mesozoic ndi Paleozoic, pafupifupi zaka 66 miliyoni zapitazo, kusinthika kwa nsomba kudapita mwachangu kwambiri - monga machitidwe ena ambiri. Mafotokozedwe adayamba kugwira ntchito kwambiri, chifukwa ndi nsomba zomwe zidayamba kulamulira m'matupi amadzi, zitatayika pang'ono ndi ziweto zina zam'madzi. Apa ndiye, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yatsopano, pomwe nthumwi zoyambirira za banja la mackerel zidawonekera: Landanichthys ndi Sphyraenodus omwe sanathenso kupezeka, komanso mtundu wa bonito womwe udakalipo mpaka pano. Zakale kwambiri zomwe zapezeka mu nsombazi ndizoposa zaka 65 miliyoni.
Mbalamezi zimapezeka patapita nthawi, kumayambiriro kwa Eocene, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi zaka 55 miliyoni zapitazo, panthawi imodzimodziyo, magulu ena ambiri a banja la mackerel anapangidwa, ndipo maluwa ake enieni adayamba, omwe akupitirira mpaka lero. Nthawi yodziwika bwino kwambiri idatha nthawi yomweyo, koma mitundu yamtundu uliwonse komanso genera idapitilizabe kuwonekera munthawi yotsatira.
Mtundu wa mackerel udafotokozedwa ndi K. Linnaeus mu 1758, adatchedwa Scomber. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kwa nsomba iyi banja linatchulidwa kuti ndilo (mackerel) komanso ngakhale gulu (mackerel). Kuchokera pakuwona za taxonomy, izi sizowona, chifukwa mackerels anali kutali ndi oyamba ngakhale m'banja, koma mtunduwu ndiwotchuka kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi mackerel amawoneka bwanji
Kutalika kwa nsombayi ndi 30-40 cm, kutalika kwa 58-63 cm. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 1-1.5 kg. Thupi lake lalitali, mu mawonekedwe a spindle. Mphuno imaloza. Amadziwika mosavuta ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kumbuyo, ngakhale kuti m'mimba mulibe - kusintha kuchoka pamtundu wamizeremizere kukhala mtundu wolimba pakati pa thupi la nsomba ndikuthwa kwambiri.
Kumbuyo kwake kwa nsombazi kuli buluu wakuda wokhala ndi chitsulo chosetekera, ndipo mbali ndi mimba ndizopanda utoto wachikaso. Zotsatira zake, mackerel akawonetsedwa pafupi pamtunda, zimakhala zovuta kuti mbalame ziziwone, chifukwa zimaphatikizana ndi madzi; Komano, sizimawonekeratu kuti nsomba zikusambira pansipa, chifukwa kwa iwo zimaphatikizana ndi mtundu wakumwamba, monga zimawonekera pamadzi.
Mbalame ya mackerel ili ndi zipsepse zopangidwa bwino, komanso, ili ndi zipsepse zowonjezerapo zomwe zimalola kuti zizisambira mwachangu komanso moyenera. Mitundu yonse kupatula Atlantic ili ndi swimbladder: kuphatikiza ndi thupi lokhazikika komanso minofu yotukuka, izi zimaloleza kusambira mwachangu kwambiri kuposa zamoyo zina, mpaka 80 km / h.
Imafika pa liwiro lotere ndikuponya mwamphamvu m'masekondi awiri okha, zomwe zikufanana ndi kuthamangitsa kwa magalimoto othamanga kwambiri, koma imatha kuigwira kwa masekondi ochepa. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yonse ya mackerel imasambira pamtunda wa 20-30 km / h, munjira imeneyi amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali osatopa - koma chifukwa cha izi amafunika kudya kwambiri.
Mano a Mackerel ndi ochepa, samalola kusaka nyama yayikulu: ndizovuta kung'amba minofu nawo, amatha kungoluma pamiyeso yofooka kwambiri ndi minyewa yofewa ya nsomba zazing'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Sukulu yayikulu ya mackerels ikakwera pamwamba pamadzi, ndiye chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa nsombazi, phokoso limabuka lomwe limamveka ngakhale patali kuposa kilomita imodzi.
Kodi nsomba ya mackerel imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mackerel Fish
Mitundu iliyonse yamasamba iyi imakhala ndi mitundu yake, ngakhale imagwirana pang'ono:
- Mackerel ya Atlantic imapezeka kumpoto kwa Atlantic ndipo imapezekanso kunyanja ya Mediterranean. Nthawi yotentha imatha kufikira Nyanja Yoyera, ndipo koposa zonse Kumpoto;
- Mackerel waku Africa amakhalanso kunyanja ya Atlantic, koma kumwera chakumwera, misewu yake imadutsana, kuyambira ku Bay of Biscay. Ikupezekanso mdera la Canary Islands ndi theka lakumwera kwa Black Sea. Omwe amapezeka kwambiri kunyanja ya Mediterranean, makamaka kumwera kwake. Achinyamata amapezeka mpaka ku Congo, koma achikulire amasambira kumpoto;
- Mackerel waku Japan amakhala kufupi ndi gombe lakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi Japan, kuzilumba za Indonesia, kum'mawa kumatha kupezeka ku Hawaii;
- Mackerel waku Australia amapezeka pagombe la Australia, komanso New Guinea, Philippines, Hainan ndi Taiwan, Japan, ndikufalikira kumpoto mpaka kuzilumba za Kuril. Itha kupezekanso kutali ndi malo okhala: Nyanja Yofiira, Gulf of Aden ndi Persian Gulf. Ngakhale kuti mitundu iyi imasambanso, ndiyofunika mtengo wotsika poyerekeza ndi waku Japan.
Monga mukuwonera, mbalameyi imakhala makamaka m'madzi otentha pang'ono: sikokwanira komanso kutali kwambiri kumpoto, m'nyanja za Arctic Ocean, komanso m'malo otentha kwambiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, komabe, kutentha kwa madzi a m'nyanja komwe akukhala ndikosiyana kwambiri. Mfundo apa ndikusuntha kwakanthawi: imasunthira kumalo komwe madzi amakhala otentha kwambiri (10-18 ° C).
Ndi nsomba zokha zomwe zili m'nyanja ya Indian zomwe sizimasuntha: kutentha kwamadzi komweko sikusintha kwenikweni mchaka, chifukwa chake sipafunikira kusamuka. Anthu ena amasamukira kumtunda wamtunda wautali, mwachitsanzo, Black Sea mackerel amasambira kupita ku North Atlantic m'nyengo yozizira - chifukwa cha mafunde ofunda, madzi amomwemo amakhalabe oyenera. Masika akadzafika, amabwerera.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba ya mackerel imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba iyi imagwiritsa ntchito popanga chakudya.
Kodi makerele amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mackerel m'madzi
Menyu mwa nsombazi ikuphatikizanso:
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- sikwidi;
- plankton;
- mphutsi ndi mazira.
Ngakhale mackerel ndi wocheperako, imagwiritsa ntchito plankton: imasefa madzi ndikudya nkhono zazing'ono zingapo mmenemo. Amadyetsanso nkhanu zazing'ono, mphutsi, tizilombo ndi zamoyo zochepa zofanana, osapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo.
Koma amathanso kuchita zamtsogolo: kusaka mitundu yonse ya nsomba zazing'ono. Nthawi zambiri, amadyetsa hering'i achichepere kapena kuphukira kuchokera ku nsomba. Menyu imeneyi imakhala yofanana ndi nsomba zazikulu kale, ndipo ndi nsapato zimatha kuwononga nyama yayikulu kwambiri.
Sukulu yayikulu ya mackerel amathanso kusaka nthawi yomweyo m'masukulu a nsomba zina, zomwe zikuyesera kuthawa posamukira kumtunda komwe kwamadzi. Kenako chisokonezo chimayamba: mbalamezi zimasaka nsomba zazing'ono, mbalame zimasambira, ma dolphin ndi nyama zina zikuluzikulu zimasambira ndikumva phokoso.
Mackerel mwachangu nthawi zambiri amadya abale awo. Ngakhale kudya anzawo ndikofala pakati pa akulu: nsomba yayikulu nthawi zambiri imadya ana. Mbalame zonse za mackerels zimakhala ndi chilakolako chabwino, koma a ku Australia amakhala nazo kuposa ena, nsomba iyi imadziwika kuti nthawi zina imadziponyera yokha popanda mbedza, yomwe imakonda kudya chilichonse mosasankha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mackerel imatha kugwidwa, koma osati kophweka chifukwa chakutha kwake kugwedeza mwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu. Ikhoza kutuluka, ngati mungayime pang'ono - ndichifukwa chake mafani ausodzi wamasewera amawakonda. Koma simungathe kuigwira kuchokera kumtunda, izi ziyenera kuchitika pa bwato, ndipo ndibwino kuti muthe kunyanja moyenera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sea mackerel
Amagwira ntchito masana komanso madzulo, amapuma usiku. Akasaka nsomba zina, amaponya mwadzidzidzi, nthawi zambiri kuchokera pakubisalira. Pakati pa kuponyera kwakanthawi, amatha kuchita liwiro lalitali kwambiri, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kuthawa iwo.
Nsombazi ndi pelagic, ndiye kuti, nthawi zambiri zimakhala mopanda kuzama. Amakhala m'miyendo, ndipo nthawi zina amasakanikirana: kuwonjezera pa mackerels iwowo, atha kuphatikizanso sardine ndi nsomba zina. Amakonda kusaka m'magulu komanso osakondera. Posaka pamodzi, masukulu a nsomba zing'onozing'ono nthawi zambiri amapita pamwamba, pomwe mackerels amapitilizabe kuwathamangitsa.
Zotsatira zake, nyama zina zam'madzi, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika, ndipo mbalame, makamaka mbalame zam'madzi, zimayamba kusewera - ndi momwe amphamba ena amatembenukira kuchokera kwa osaka kukhala nyama, chifukwa amataya tcheru akafuna kugwira nsomba zina.
Koma zonsezi zimagwira ntchito nyengo yotentha. Kwa miyezi ingapo yozizira, nsomba ya makerele imasinthiratu moyo wake ndipo imayamba kukhala tulo tofa nato. Ngakhale izi sizingatchulidwe kuti kubisala kwathunthu, nsombazi zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu m maenje achisanu, ndipo sizimayima kwa nthawi yayitali - motero sizidya chilichonse.
Mackerel amakhala nthawi yayitali - zaka 15-18, nthawi zina zaka 22-23. Imakula pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndi msinkhu, zaka zabwino kwambiri zogwirira nsomba zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zaka 10-12 - pofika pano zimafika kukula kwakukulu, ndipo nyama imakhala yokoma kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mackerel
Mackerels amakhala m'masukulu, onse ochokera ku nsomba zamtundu womwewo, ndipo osakanikirana, nthawi zambiri ndi hering'i, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amagwidwa limodzi. Nsomba zofananira zimasochera m'masukulu, makamaka nsomba zazikulu zazaka 10-15 komanso zazing'ono kwambiri zimawonekera. Amayamba mchaka chachiwiri, pambuyo pake amachichita pachaka. Oyamba kubala ndiwo mackerels achikulire kwambiri, omwe afika zaka 10-15, ku Atlantic anthu amapezeka mu Epulo. Kenako pang'onopang'ono achichepere amapita patsogolo, ndi zina zotero mpaka masabata omaliza a Juni, pomwe nsomba za zaka 1-2 zimabala.
Chifukwa cha kubereka kwapachaka komanso mazira ochulukirapo nthawi imodzi (pafupifupi mazira 500,000 pa munthu aliyense), makerele amaleredwa mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kuli ziwopsezo zambiri komanso kugulitsa kwamalonda, pali zambiri. Pobereka, nsomba zimapita kumadzi ofunda pafupi ndi gombe, koma nthawi yomweyo zimasankha malo ozama ndikuikira mazira akuya mamita 150-200. Izi zimapereka chitetezo kwa ambiri omwe amadya caviar, kuphatikiza nsomba zina zomwe sizimasambira kwambiri.
Mazirawo ndi ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi millimeter m'mimba mwake, koma mulimonse, kuwonjezera pa mluza, palinso dontho la mafuta, lomwe limatha kudyetsa poyamba. Mbalame ya mackerel itabereka, imasambira, pomwe mazira amafunika kugona masiku 10-20 kuti mphutsi ipange. Nthawi yeniyeni imadalira magawo amadzi, choyambirira, kutentha kwake, chifukwa chake mackerel amayesa kusankha malo otentha kuti apange.
Ndi mphutsi zokhazokha zomwe sizingadziteteze kuzilombo ndipo zimadzikweza zokha. Amalimbana ndi chilichonse chochepa komanso chowoneka chofooka, ndikudya nyama, ngati angakwanitse kumugonjetsa - njala yake ndiyodabwitsa. Kuphatikiza kudya mtundu wawo. Akawoneka m'litali, mphutsi imangokhala 3 mm, koma, ikamadyetsa mwachangu, imayamba kukula mwachangu kwambiri. Popeza palibe chakudya chokwanira aliyense, ambiri amafa panthawiyi, koma enawo amakula mpaka 4-5 masentimita pofika nthawi yophukira - komabe, amakhalabe ochepa komanso osadzitchinjiriza.
Pambuyo pake, nthawi yakukula kwakanthawi kwambiri, nsomba zimasowa magazi, ndipo machitidwe awo amayamba kufanana ndi akulu. Koma ngakhale mbewa zikafika pokhwima pogonana, kukula kwake kumakhala kocheperako ndipo kumangopitilira kukula.
Adani achilengedwe a mackerel
Chithunzi: Kodi mackerel amawoneka bwanji
Nsomba zambiri zolusa ndi nyama zina zam'madzi zimasaka nyama ya mackerel.
Mwa iwo:
- nsombazi;
- dolphins;
- nsomba;
- ntchafu;
- mikango yam'nyanja.
Ngakhale kuti amasambira msanga, ndizovuta kuti apulumuke kuzilombo zazikuluzikulu chifukwa chongoyerekeza kukula kwake. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi zikaukira, gululo limangothamangira mbali zosiyanasiyana. Poterepa, munthu aliyense amangodalira kuti chilombocho sichidzamutsata.
Nthawi yomweyo, adaniwo amatha kuukira m'magulu nthawi imodzi, kenako mackerels sukulu imavutika kwambiri, chifukwa cha kuwukira koteroko imatha kuchepetsedwa ndi kotala. Koma m'malo osakanikirana, nsomba zina nthawi zambiri zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa ma mackerels amathamanga kwambiri.
Nsombazi zikakhala pamwamba penipeni pamadzi, zimaopsezedwa ndi kuukira kwa mbalame zazikulu ndi nyama zam'madzi. Mikango yam'madzi ndi mbalame zam'madzi zimamukonda kwambiri. Ngakhale atakhuta ndi nyama zina, nthawi zambiri amadikirira mackerel, chifukwa nyama yake yamafuta ndiyabwino kwa iwo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mukamagula mackerel wouma, ndikofunikira kulabadira zizindikilo zingapo zomwe mungamvetse kuti zidasungidwa moyenera komanso sizinathe. Mbalame ya mackerel iyenera kukhala yonyezimira komanso yolimba, yopanda malo okhala ndi makwinya pakhungu - izi zikutanthauza kuti sinasungunuke kale.
Nyama iyenera kukhala yokoma. Ngati ndi yotumbululuka kapena yachikaso kwambiri, nsomba ija idagwidwa kale kwambiri kapena idasungunuka posungira kapena poyendetsa. Kuchuluka kwa ayezi kumawonetsa kusungidwa kosayenera, kotero nyama imatha kukhala yotayirira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mackerel Fish
Udindo wa mtundu wa mackerel suyambitsa mantha, komanso mitundu yonse yomwe imaphatikizidwa. Nsombazi zimachulukana mwachangu ndikukhala malo ambiri, chifukwa chake, ambiri mwa iwo amapezeka m'madzi a m'nyanja. Kuchulukitsitsa kwakukulu kumawonedwa pagombe la Europe ndi Japan.
Pali nsomba yogwira ntchito, chifukwa nyama ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, imadziwika ndi mafuta ambiri (pafupifupi 15%) ndi vitamini B12 yambiri, komanso mavitamini ena ndi ma microelements. Ndikofunikanso kuti pasakhale mafupa ang'onoang'ono mmenemo. Nsomba iyi yakhala imodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri ku Europe ndi Russia.
Imadziwikanso ku Japan, komwe imagwiridwanso mwachangu, kuwonjezera apo, imapangidwa - chifukwa chobereka bwino, ndizopindulitsa kuchita izi ngakhale ikukula pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, ikuchulukirachulukira makamaka pakusintha kwapangidwe, koma choyipa chake ndikuti nsombazo sizikula mofanana ndi chilengedwe.
Mackerel imagwidwa ndimakola, maukonde, seines, ma trawls. Nthawi zambiri amakololedwa m'maenje ozizira, komwe kumakhala anthu ambiri. Koma ngakhale atakolola mwachangu, palibe kuchepa kwa mackerel, amakhalabe osasunthika, kapena amakula kwathunthu - chifukwa chake, mzaka zaposachedwa, zadziwika kuti zambiri zayamba kupezeka ku Pacific Ocean.
Monga chilombo chaching'ono nsomba ya makerele mwamphamvu imatenga malo munthawi yazakudya: imadya nsomba zazing'ono ndi nyama zina, ndipo imadyetsa nyama zazikuluzikulu. Kwa ambiri, nsomba iyi ndi imodzi mwazakudya zazikulu, ndipo popanda iyo, moyo ungakhale wovuta kwambiri kwa iwo. Anthu nawonso ndi otanganidwa, nawonso amatengapo mbali pakugwira ndikuwononga nsomba iyi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/16/2019
Tsiku losintha: 08/16/2019 ku 0:46
