Burbot ndiye nthumwi yokhayo yokhazikitsa dongosolo la codfish (Gadiformes), lomwe limangokhala matupi amadzi abwino. Asodzi moyenerera amatcha burbot kuti "mng'ono" wa mphalapala - ngakhale amakhala osiyanasiyana, nsombazi ndizofanana m'moyo wawo komanso machitidwe awo. Njoka ya burbot imawerengedwa kuti ndi "aerobatics" pakati pa iwo omwe amakonda kupha nsomba zapansi - osangowonetsa zodabwitsa zanzeru, kudya nyambo ndikusiyira asodzi opanda nsomba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Burbot
Malinga ndi mtundu wamasiku ano, burbot ndi wa banja laling'ono Lotinae (ndipamene limapanga taxon iyi. Akatswiri azachipatala aku Russia amaganiza kuti burbot ndi banja lapadera la burbot.) Ponena za mitundu yaying'ono yamitundu, malingaliro a asayansi pano anali osiyana, chifukwa ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti mtunduwo ndiwokha, ena - m'malo mwake.
Gawani magawo awiri - 3:
- burbot wamba wokhala m'matupi a Eurasia;
- burbot - wokhala m'madamu a Alaska ndi Far East;
- Lota lota maculosa ndi subspecies yomwe imapezeka kumadera akumwera kwa North America.
Mitundu yonse ya burbot imangokhala usiku - kusaka, kusamuka, kuberekana ndi ziwonetsero zina za zochitika zimachitika kuyambira 22:00 mpaka 6:00. Chifukwa chake, burbot imadyedwa usiku wokha.
Kanema: Burbot
Pokhala nyama yodya usiku basi, mbalamezi sizimangokhala mobisalira, kudikirira nyama yake, koma zimasaka ndi kuzembera, kuwunika komwe kungakhale chakudya kudzera pakumva, kununkhiza komanso kukhudza. Koma burbot sichidalira chowunikira chake - izi ndizomveka. Ganizirani nokha - mukuwona chiyani usiku, pansi pamtsinje? Chifukwa chake, timaphwanya maso athu ndipo sitikuyembekeza.
Tsopano pali chizolowezi chocheperako pakukula kwa anthu komanso kuchepa kwa nsomba chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe (pakati pawo, kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi kuwedza mopitirira muyeso, kuphatikiza kupha nyama, ndizofunikira kwambiri).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a burbot
Chithunzi: Momwe burbot imawonekera
Kutalika kwa nsomba sikuposa 1 m, kulemera kwa thupi - mpaka 24 kg. Kunja, burbot imakumbukira za nsomba ina yapansi - katemera. Thupi limalumikizidwa pang'ono, mozungulira, limapindika pambuyo pake, ndipo limapanikizika kuchokera mbali. Masikelo a burbot ndi ochepa kwambiri, koma amaphimba thupi mozungulira komanso paliponse - amaphimba mutu, zokutira minda komanso ngakhale zipsepse.
Mawonekedwe a mutu ndi otakata, osalala pang'ono. Nsagwada zakutali ndizitali pang'ono kuposa zapansi. Pa nsagwada ndi kutsegula, pali mano ang'onoang'ono a bristle. Tinyanga tosatayidwa lili pachibwano, pafupi ndi mphuno - ziwiri zazifupi.
Zipsepse za pectoral ndizochepa komanso zazifupi. Minyezi yoyamba yamapiko am'chiuno ndi yolumikizidwa. Pali zipsepse ziwiri kumbuyo, ndipo chinsalu chachiwiri chimatsala pang'ono kufika kumapeto kwa mchira, koma sichiphatikizana nacho. Mzere wotsatira ufika kumapeto kwa kumapeto kwa anal.
Pali mitundu yambiri yamitundu ya burbot. Nthawi zambiri, kumbuyo kwa nsombayi kumakhala kobiriwira kapena kubiriwira kwa azitona, komwe kumakhala ndimadontho ofiira akuda ndi mikwingwirima yambiri.
Mmero ndi m'mimba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera. Ma Juveniles nthawi zonse amakhala amdima (pafupifupi akuda). Amuna ndi akuda pang'ono kuposa akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, champhongo chili ndi mutu wokulirapo, chachikazi chimakhala ndi thupi. Akazi nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kukula.
Kodi burbot amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Burbot ku Russia
Burbot imakonda matupi amadzi ozizira komanso oyera okhala ndi miyala pansi. Nthawi zambiri, nsombayi imakhala m'mabowo akuya ndi akasupe, m'nkhalango zamabango ndi mabango omwe ali pafupi ndi gombe, komanso pansi pamiyala ndi mizu yamitengo yomwe imayenda pansi pamadzi. Ndizokonda izi zomwe zimafotokozera kuti burbot nthawi zambiri imasowa mumitsinje komwe mitengo yomwe ikukula m'mbali mwa magombe imadulidwa pafupipafupi.
Pakatikati mwa Russia, kumapeto kwa kusefukira kwa madzi (pafupifupi Meyi-koyambirira kwa Juni), nthawi yokhala pansi imayamba burbot. Nsombazi zimayima m'malo otsetsereka kapena zimakhomerera m'miyala, m'mitsinje yakunyanja. M'nyanja, burbot panthawiyi imayimilira kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, amasankha moyo pafupi ndi malo pafupi ndi akasupe amadzi, kapena pansi pagombe loyandama. Burbot amakhala mwachidwi pansi pamiyendo, pafupi ndi ruff. Kutentha kusanayambike, amapitabe kukanenepetsa usiku (makamaka ngati pali anthu ambirimbiri oyandikana nawo pafupi), koma mu Julayi nsombazo zimalowetsedwa m'mabowo ndi pansi pamiyala. Pakakhala malo achitetezo achilengedwe, imadziboola yokha.
Poganizira zinthu zonse zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa ma burbots kumawoneka kuti ndi kocheperako - komanso mdera lalikulu lawo. Pali ubale wowonekera - ma burbots amapezeka nthawi zonse pomwe malo obalirako ali pamiyala pomwe chilengedwe chimapereka malo abwino othawira mwachangu.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe burbot imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba iyi idya.
Kodi burbot amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Burbot ya nsomba
Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha burbot ndi timineti ting'onoting'ono komanso mwachangu mwa mitundu yayikulu ya nsomba zomwe zimakhazikika pafupi ndi pansi. Ndikusaka, nsomba iyi idzalawa nsomba zazinkhanira zazitali, komabe, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kumachepa mwachangu chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha matupi amadzi.
Komanso, burbot saopa kudya chule, tadpole, mphutsi ya dragonfly ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timakhala m'mitsinje yamadzi. Roach, crucian carp, nsomba ndi nsomba zina zam'madzi, zomwe zimatsogolera moyo wosambira komanso kusambira, makamaka kumtunda ndi pakati pa dziwe, sizimakonda kugwidwa ndi burbot.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zakudya za burbot zimasintha kwambiri chaka chonse. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yachilimwe ndi yotentha, nyama yodya nyama (pamsinkhu uliwonse) imakonda nsomba zazinkhanira ndi nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala pansi. Masiku otentha nsomba zimakhala ndi njala, zimakonda "kugona" mozama. Pofika kutha msinkhu, burbot amakhala chilombo chowopsa - nsomba zimatha kulowa mu "menyu" yake mpaka 1/3 kutalika kwa thupi lake.
Njala ya chilombo chiwonjezeka molingana ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa madzi ndi kuchepa kwa kutalika kwa masana. M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya cha burbot chimakhala ndi minnows, ruffs ndi loaches, omwe akutaya chidwi chawo. Koma wopachika wamkuluyo samagwa konse m'kamwa mwa chilombo chozizira usiku. Zhor yophukira imakhala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira (munthawi - pafupifupi miyezi itatu), pang'ono pang'ono. Pofika nyengo yozizira, chilombocho chimachepa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Burbot m'nyengo yozizira
Kutentha kwa chilimwe kumapondereza nsombayi - burbot imatha kugwira ntchito. Koma kutentha kwamadzi kukazizira mpaka 12 ° C, burbot imayamba kugwira ntchito, imayamba kusaka ndikugona usiku wonse kufunafuna nyama. Koma madzi akangotentha pamwamba pa 15 ° C, nsomba yomweyo imabisala m'mabowo, m'maenje apansi, komanso pansi pamiyala, mitengo yolowerera ndi malo ogona m'mabanki otsetsereka, komanso m'malo ena obisika omwe amabisala kutentha. Ndipo amawasiya kuti amangofunafuna chakudya chofunikira kuti akhalebe ndi moyo.
Burbot amapita kukasaka kutentha kokha mitambo ikakhala mitambo, komanso usiku. Mu Julayi-Ogasiti, pomwe kwatentha kwambiri, burbot imabisala ndipo imasiya kudya. Nsombazo zimakhala zaulesi komanso zopanda chitetezo kotero kuti munthawi imeneyi mutha kuzigwira ndi manja anu! Njira yosavuta yochitira izi ndi nthawi yomwe burbot amaponyedwa mu dzenje (lomwe, mosemphana ndi malingaliro abodza, samafukula). Inde, pansi pamiyala, miyala ndi malo ena "obisalapo" obisalira burbot ndiyosavuta kugwira.
Zowonadi, panthawi yomwe ayamba kuigwira, nsomba samayesa kutembenuka ndi kuthawa, atasambira momwe angathere. M'malo mwake, amapanga chisankho cholakwika, kufunafuna chipulumutso pothawirako, koma mozama. Chovuta chokha ndikusunga burbot, chifukwa ndiyoterera kwambiri. Zima, nthawi yophukira komanso kumayambiriro kwa masika ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri. Poyamba kuzizira, nsomba iyi imayamba kukhala moyo wosochera. Pali kudalira kodziwikiratu - madzi akamakhala ozizira, zimakulitsa zochitika za burbot (zimadya nsomba zing'onozing'ono).
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Burbot m'madzi
Kukula msinkhu mu burbot kumayamba ali ndi zaka 3-4, pomwe thupi limafikira magalamu 400-500. Koma pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino, nthawi zambiri amuna amakula msanga.
Mu Novembala - Disembala (kutengera momwe nyengo ilili), akasinja ataphimbidwa ndi madzi oundana, burbots imayamba kusuntha kwawo - kusunthira kwakukulu kwa malo obalalirako (kuphatikizanso, kulowera kumtunda). Nsombazi zimapita kukasukulu m'masukulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amaphatikiza wamkazi wamkulu ndi amuna 4-5. Kuchokera posungira madzi osefukira, burbots amalowa m'mitsinje. M'madzi akulu komanso akuya ndi madzi ozizira, burbot siyimachoka, ikuyenda kuchokera kuzama pafupi ndi malo, pomwe pali malo osaya komanso amiyala.
Nthawi yokolola ndi kuyambira zaka khumi zapitazi za Disembala mpaka kumapeto kwa February. Izi zimachitika pafupifupi nthawi zonse pansi pa ayezi, pomwe kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kozungulira 1-3 ° C. Burbot amakonda kuzizira, chifukwa chake, nthawi yayitali chisanu, kubereka kumakhala kosavuta kuposa nthawi ya thaws - kumapeto kwake, njira yoberekera imakwezedwa. Mazira omwe ali ndi dontho lamafuta (m'mimba mwake ndi 0,8-1 mm) amatsukidwa m'madzi osaya ndi miyala yamiyala komanso pano. Kukula mwachangu kumachitika pansi pamadzi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa mbalameyi ndi kubereka kwake kwakukulu - akazi akuluakulu amaikira mazira opitilira miliyoni.
Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe a mazira kumasiyana masiku 28 mpaka miyezi 2.5 - kutalika kwa njirayi kumatsimikizira kutentha kwa madzi mosungira. Kutalika kwa mwachangu komwe kwawona kuwala ndi 3-4 mm. Mwachangu amatuluka patangotsala pang'ono kuyambika kwa madzi oundana kapena kusefukira kwamadzi. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri kupulumuka kwa mwachangu, chifukwa mtsinje ukasefukira, nthawi zambiri timapita mwachangu kudera lamadzi, komwe, pambuyo poti madzi agwa, amafota mwachangu ndikufa.
Adani achilengedwe a burbot
Chithunzi: Burbot ya nsomba zamtsinje
Kubala kwambiri kwa burbot sikumapangitsa mitundu iyi ya nsomba kukhala yambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kufa kwachangu kwambiri nthawi yamadzi osefukira, mazira masauzande ambiri amatengeka ndi zamakono. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zina sizidana ndi kudya burbot caviar ("opha ana" akulu ndi nsomba, ruff, roach, komanso mokulirapo - gudgeon "wokondedwa" ndi burbot). Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, mazira ena amakhalabe m'malo obisika pansi ndipo amadyedwa ndi burbot yemweyo. Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira, pamakhala mazira osaposa 10-20% a mazira zikwizikwi.
Ngati titenga burbot wamkulu, wamkulu msinkhu, ndiye kuti ali ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa. Ndi ochepa omwe angayerekeze kuukira nsomba kutalika kwa mita imodzi. Chinthu chokha chomwe, nthawi yotentha (nthawi yotentha, yomwe burbot, pokhala nsomba yakumpoto, siyimalekerera konse), ngakhale mbira yayikulu siziwonetsa zochitika zambiri, imatha kukhala chakudya kambale kakang'ono kwambiri kuposa iyo.
Ngozi yayikulu ikudikirira burbots zazing'ono komanso zosabadwa. Pachifukwa ichi ndi burbots ochepa okha omwe amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka za kutha msinkhu. Burbot caviar, mwa njira, ndi "chokoma" cha nsomba ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira. Koma ma ruff, siliva bream ndi mabala amakonda kudya mwachangu, komanso nsomba zina zomwe zimakhala ngati chakudya chazakudya zogonana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe burbot imawonekera
Mtundu wa burbot ndiwotakata - nsomba zimapezeka m'madzi osungira madzi akumpoto kwa Europe, Asia ndi North America. Ku Europe, burbot imagwidwa ku New England (nsomba sizipezeka ku Scotland ndi Ireland), ku France (makamaka ku beseni la Rhone, mwina kangapo kumtunda kwa Seine ndi Loire), ku Italy (makamaka mumtsinje wa Po), komanso ku ma canton akumadzulo aku Switzerland, mu beseni la Danube (pafupifupi kulikonse) komanso m'madzi am'madzi a Baltic Sea basin. Sanapezeke (kuyambira pakati pa zaka zapitazo) pagombe lakumadzulo kwa mayiko a Scandinavia, komanso ku chilumba cha Iberia, Apennine ndi Balkan.
Ku Russia, burbot imafalikira paliponse - m'madzi oyenda kumadera ozizira kwambiri a Arctic, komanso m'mitsinje ya mitsinje ya Siberia - kuchokera ku Ob mpaka ku Anadyr, komanso kutalika kwake konse. M'chigawo cha Europe cha Russia, burbot sichipezeka ku Crimea, Transcaucasia (kupatula malo otsika a Kura ndi Sefidrud), nthawi zina nsomba iyi imagwidwa ku North Caucasus - m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Kuban. Malire akumpoto chakumtunda ndi gombe la Arctic Ocean.
Kum'mwera, burbot imapezeka mu beseni la beseni la Ob-Irtysh, ndipo ili ndi malo otakata - kuyambira kumtunda (Lake Teletskoye ndi Zaisan) mpaka ku Ob Bay. Palibe nsomba zoterezi ku Central Asia, ngakhale m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri nsomba iyi idasodzedwa mwakhama mu Nyanja ya Aral. Ku Yenisei ndi Baikal, burbot imagwidwa pafupifupi kulikonse. M'chigwa cha Selenga, malowa amatsikira kumwera, mpaka ku Mongolia. Burbot imapezeka mumtsinje wonsewo. Amur ndi omwe amapereka - Ussuri ndi Sungari. Amapezeka kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Yalu.
Ponena za gombe la Pacific, burbot imapezeka ku Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Shantar, ndipo imalowanso m'malo amchere am'nyanja (pomwe mchere wamadzi sumapitilira 12).
Burbot alonda
Chithunzi: Burbot kuchokera ku Red Book
Burbot ndi m'gulu loyamba lazinthu zakutha - mtunduwo uli pachiwopsezo mkati mwa Moscow, chifukwa chake umaphatikizidwa mu Zowonjezera 1 za Red Data Book yaku Moscow Region. Nthawi yomweyo, burbot sali mu International Red Book.
Pofuna kuteteza anthu obirala, akatswiri azachilengedwe amachita zinthu zingapo, zomwe ndi:
- kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu (mwadongosolo, ngakhale munthawi yazovuta);
- kuyang'anira kuyerekezera kwachilengedwe kwa malo ogona a chilimwe ndi malo obalira burbot;
- kuzindikira malo atsopano omwe angawoneke ngati oyenera kubzala burbot;
- Kukula ndi kukhazikitsa njira zomwe zateteza ku kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha matupi am'madzi ku Moscow komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwamadzi, komwe kumayambitsa maluwa oyambirira komanso achangu. Dera lomwe chidwi chonse chimaperekedwa ndikuchokera ku Moscow Ring Road mpaka ku Filyovskaya floodplain;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiletso cholimbitsa m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi malo osungira muma PA omwe alipo komanso omwe akuyembekezeredwa kudzera pakupanga nyumba za konkriti, ma gabion ndi zipupa zamatabwa. Ngati pakufunika kulimbitsa banki, kungoyimitsidwa kwa banki ndikubzala mitengo ndikovomerezeka;
- Kubwezeretsanso chilengedwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chomwe chili m'malo omwe kuli burbot, komanso kuwongolera momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zosangalatsa;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ogona a chilimwe komanso magawo abwino a burbot. Pachifukwa ichi, "mapilo" amiyala yamchenga amamangidwa m'malo ampweya wamafuta amadzi;
- Kubwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuwonjezera zina zazingwe zazingwe m'madzi - nyamayi, pamodzi ndi gudgeon, ndi chakudya chomwe chimakonda burbot;
- Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe kabwino kosunga lamulo loletsa kugwira burbot (makamaka pakubala) monga mtundu womwe watchulidwa mu Red Book of Moscow.
Chonde dziwani kuti njira zomwe zatchulidwazi ndizofunikira pokhudzana ndi dera la Moscow.
Burbot Ndi nyama yomwe imadya nyama usiku wonse. Amakonda madamu ndi madzi ozizira, kutentha kumamukhumudwitsa. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi malo ambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo nambala yake siyokwera chifukwa chamakhalidwe, komanso kutsimikiza kwa njira zoberekera komanso kupeza msinkhu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.08.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 nthawi 23:09
