Osprey Ndi mbalame yayikulu yodya nyama. Imodzi mwa mitundu 6 ya mbalame yomwe imagawidwa ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Chikhalidwe chake ndikuti imadyetsa nsomba zokha. Zimayimira banja lokhalokha la Skopins (Pandionidae). Zimatanthauza mitundu yotetezedwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Osprey
Mitunduyi idafotokozedwa ndi Linnaeus mu 1758. Dzinalo loti Pandion lidaperekedwa polemekeza nthano mfumu ya Athene Pandion I, yemwe adasandulika mbalame iyi mwa chifuniro cha Mulungu cha Zeus. Ngakhale pali mtundu womwe Pandion II amatanthauza ndipo mwana wake wamwamuna adasanduka mbalame. Epithet "haliaetus" wapangidwa ndi mawu achi Greek otanthauza "nyanja" ndi "chiwombankhanga". Chiyambi cha dzina lachi Russia sichinafotokozeredwe.
Kanema: Osprey
Zakale zakale kwambiri za oimira banja. Zikopa zimapezeka ku Egypt ndi Germany ndipo zimayambira ku Oligocene Oyambirira (pafupifupi zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo). Zakale, zomwe zitha kudziwika kuti ndi za Osprey, zimapezeka pambuyo pake, Miocene - Pleistocene sediment kumwera kwa North America. Achibale apafupi a Osprey ndi amodzi mgulu la Yastrebins.
Anthu osprey amakono m'malo osiyanasiyana adatchulapo zina, zomwe zimatilola kusiyanitsa magawo anayi:
- mtundu wa subspecies wokhala ku Eurasia ndi waukulu kwambiri, wokhala ndi mdima wakuda. Amasuntha;
- Subpecies za Caroline ndizofala ku North America. Mwambiri, zikuwoneka ngati wamba. Amasuntha;
- Ridgway subspecies amapezeka ku Caribbean. Ili ndi mutu wowala (mukutanthauza mtundu, osati malingaliro). Amakhala pansi;
- tizilomboti tomwe timakhala ku Australia ndi Oceania, kuzilumba zaku Indonesia. Anthu ndi ochepa, ali ndi nthenga zomwe zimakhala zotukuka kumbuyo kwa mutu - zisa.
Ma subspecies omaliza nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi ma morphologists ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha: chisa osprey, kapena osprey wam'mawa (Pandion cristatus). Ngakhale ofufuza omwe amakonda njira zamagulu zamagulu amakhulupirira kuti ma subspecies onse ndioyeneranso mtundu wamtundu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe osprey amawonekera
Maganizo azakugonana siosiyana kwenikweni. Zazimayi zimakhala zazikulu komanso zolemera kuposa amuna, kulemera kwawo kumatha kufika 2 kg, pomwe amuna amalemera 1.2 - 1.6 kg. Mbalame wamkulu imatha kutalika kwa 55 - 58 cm. Mapiko a mapiko ndi osaneneka - kutalika kwaumunthu (mpaka 170 cm)! Nthenga zouluka koyambirira kouluka zikuwoneka ngati zala zotambasula.
Mutu uli ndi mulomo wofanana wa chilombo - ndowe ndi thumba lalifupi kumbuyo kwa mutu, lomwe nkhono zimatha kukweza. Osprey paws ndi zida zausodzi. Ndi zazitali modabwitsa komanso okhala ndi zikhadabo zooneka ngati chikwakwa, zala zakutidwa ndi minga mkati, ndipo kunja kumawonekeranso kumbuyo. Ma valve amateteza zotseguka m'mphuno kuchokera kumadzi olowera.
Mtunduwo ndi wosiyana, wosungidwa ndi mitundu yoyera ndi yofiirira. Korona, mbali yonse yakumunsi kwa thupi, nthenga "mathalauza" a zikopa zamphamvu ndi zokutira kumunsi kwamapiko zimajambulidwa zoyera. Kumbuyo kwa khosi, kumbuyo ndi pamwamba pamapiko ndi kofiirira. Mzere wofiirira, ngati wachifwamba, umadutsa diso la chilombocho kuchokera pakamwa kufika pakhosi. Mawanga amtundu womwewo amapezeka pamakutu amiyendo, pachifuwa amapanga "mkanda" wa motley, komanso kumchira ndi kumunsi kwa nthenga zouluka zachiwiri ndi chachitatu - mikwingwirima. Khungu la miyendo ndi lotuwa, mlomo ndi wakuda komanso diso loyaka lachikaso.
Akazi amavala mikanda yowala bwino, yodziwika bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala akuda. Achichepere achichepere mpaka miyezi 18 amasiyanitsidwa ndi "mikanda" yotha, zotupa kumbuyo ndi pamwamba pamapiko, ndi maso ofiira a lalanje. Anapiye - malaya odutsika pambuyo pobadwa amakhala oyera ndi mawanga akuda kwambiri, pambuyo pake amakhala aming'onoting'ono.
Kodi osprey amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Osprey akuthawa
Mtundu wa osprey wokhala ndi ma subspecies onse umakhudza madera otentha, otentha komanso otentha a Eurasia, Africa, America, komanso Australia ndi Oceania. Mbalame zimagawidwa mosiyanasiyana m'dera lamtunduwu, ndizosowa komanso zabalalika. Pewani malo a m'chipululu ndi m'mapiri.
Ndikotheka kusiyanitsa malo amtundu womwe:
- mbalame zosamukasamuka chisa;
- kungokhala osprey moyo;
- mbalame zosamuka zimapezeka nthawi yosamuka;
- othawa kwawo ochokera kumpoto.
Kudera la Russia, malire akumpoto kwamtunduwu amafanana ndi 67 ° N. mu gawo la Europe, kenako limadutsa pamtunda wa 66 ° mu beseni la Ob, chakum'maŵa limasunthiranso chakumwera: pakamwa pa mtsinje. Lower Tunguska, m'munsi Vilyui, kumunsi kwa Aldan. Pakati pa gombe la Okhotsk limadutsa kumpoto kwa Magadan kupita ku Kamchatka. Malire akumwera ku gawo la Europe amayenda kumunsi kwenikweni kwa Don ndi Volga delta. Ku Siberia ndi Far East, nkhonozi zimapezeka kumalire akumwera kwa dzikolo.
Ku Russia, nyamayi nthawi zambiri imasankha magombe amadzi ozunguliridwa ndi mitengo yakale (mapini) yokhala ndi nsonga zouma ngati malo okhala. Amakonda nkhalango zouluka komanso nyanja zazikulu zokhala ndi madzi oyera osaya, mitsinje yokhala ndi zingwe komanso malo. Samachita manyazi kunyanja ndi zisumbu. Malo okonzera zisa makamaka kudera lamapiri, ngakhale mbalame zimatha kukhazikika kunja kwake - m'nkhalango zamphepete mwa nkhalango. Pa kusamuka kwawo amapezeka m'malo otseguka otseguka. Kummwera, malo opanda mitengo, mafunde owuma amangokhala zisa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pazilumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ngakhale m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono anyanja.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe osprey angler amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi osprey amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Osprey mbalame
Zakudya za Osprey zimakhala ndi nsomba 99%. Popeza nyamayi imagwira ntchentcheyo, mtundu uliwonse womwe umakhala ndi chizolowezi chokwera pamwamba pamadzi umakhala womwewo.
Kupatula apo, amagwira nyama zina zolemera bwino, kusambira komanso kusambira:
- njoka zamadzi;
- akamba;
- kukula amphibiya;
- ng'ona zazing'ono;
- mbalame;
- akalulu;
- kusokoneza
- ma voles;
- mapuloteni.
Pakusaka, mphalapala imauluka pang'onopang'ono pamadzi pamtunda wa mamita 10 mpaka 40. Ikapeza chandamale, mbalameyo imawerama kwakanthawi, kenako imathamangira kutsogolo, itagwirizira zikhadabo patsogolo pa mlomo wake. Itha kulowa m'madzi akuya mita 1 (malinga ndi zomwe zina, mpaka 2), koma nthawi zambiri imangolimira pamwamba pamadzi ndi zikhadabo zake. Atatola nyamayo, nkhonoyo imanyamula nayo, kuigwira ndi miyendo iwiri kuti idye m'malo abata kapena kudyetsa mnzakeyo pa chisa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Osprey angler
M'madera akumwera komwe kumakhala nyengo yotentha komanso madzi osazizira, osprey amakhala pansi, ndipo komwe kusodza nthawi yachisanu kumakhala kosatheka, amakhala mbalame zosamuka. Amayenda kuchokera kumpoto kwa America kupita ku South America, kuchokera ku Europe - kupita ku Africa, kuchokera kumpoto kwa Asia - kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Kunyamuka kumwera kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Okutobala, kubwerera kuchokera Epulo mpaka Meyi.
Mbalame zokhalamo, zopanda nkhawa za mabanja, zimathanso kuyendayenda, kupanga ndege zapaulendo kwa maola angapo. Nthawi zambiri sawuluka mtunda wopitilira 10-14 km kuchokera komwe amakhala. "Chilankhulo" cha Osprey ndichosauka. Kwenikweni, awa ndi mndandanda wa kulira modekha, mosangalatsa, mosiyanasiyana kamvekedwe ndi kutalika kwake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zowonongekazi zimakonda nsomba 150-300 g, kulemera kwake ndi nyama 1200 g.Utali wa nsombayo ndi masentimita 7 - 57. Kuti ikwaniritse, mbalameyo imafunikira chakudya cha 300 - 400 g patsiku, malinga ndi magwero ena, imafunika 800 g.
Kufa kwa mbalame zazing'ono zosakwana zaka ziwiri ndizokwera - pafupifupi 40%. Chifukwa chachikulu cha kufa kwa nyama zazing'ono ndikusowa chakudya. Koma osprey amatha kukhala moyo wautali - zaka 20 - 25. Mu 2011, mbiri ya moyo wautali idalembedwa - zaka 30, mu 2014 - zaka 32 ... Mwina siwo malire.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pair ya Osprey
M'madera osiyanasiyana, nyengo yakumasirana imayamba munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Mbalame zokhalamo zimayamba kumanga zisa mu Disembala-Marichi, mbalame zosamukira - mu Epulo-Meyi. Osprey amathawira okha kumalo okhala zisa okha, ngakhale amakhala amodzi okhaokha ndipo amakhala osagawanika kwazaka zambiri. Amuna amafika koyamba, akazi amabwera masiku angapo pambuyo pake.
Kudera lamapiri, osprey amapanga zisa pamwamba pamitengo yayikulu pamitengo yayikulu yamagetsi, nsanja zamagetsi osiyanasiyana, nsanja zosiyanasiyana, ndi nsanja zopangira zoperekedwa ndi osamalira zachilengedwe. Posankha malo, amapereka kuyandikira kwa dziwe labwino, kuti lisapitirire 3-5 km. Nthawi zina zisa zimamangidwa pamwamba pamadzi.
Mtunda pakati pa zisa umakhala pakati pa 100 m mpaka ma kilomita angapo. Nthawi zambiri banja lililonse limakhazikika kutali ndi ena, koma magulu amapangidwa pafupi makamaka malo osungira nsomba. Chisa chimapangidwa ndi nthambi, algae kapena udzu, moss - chilichonse chomwe chingakhale chokongoletsera. Nthawi zina pamakhala mzere wosodza kapena matumba apulasitiki. Zisa zimatumikira zaka ziwiri zokha, nyengo iliyonse zimakonzedwa ndikumaliza.
Asanakwatirane, yamphongo imalumpha, kuwuluka mozungulira chisa momwe mkazi amakhala. Imafalitsa kulira kambiri, kuwuluka, kukupiza mapiko ake ndikukhala ndi mphatso ya nsomba m'manja mwake. Pambuyo pa mphindi 10, posankha kuti ayesa zokwanira, amathawira kuchisa kwa mayi ake. Mnzakeyo akayamba kusasira mazira, yaimuna imanyamula chakudya chake ndipo imatha kutenga nawo gawo posakaniza. Kubera kumachitika pamene wamwamuna sabweretsa chakudya chokwanira ndipo wamkazi wanjala amakakamizidwa kutembenukira kwa ena. Kapenanso yamphongo imayamba kugwira ntchito mabanja awiri ngati zisa zili pafupi.
Pali mazira awiri kapena anayi, utoto wake ndi woyera. Anapiye amabadwa m'masiku 38 mpaka 41. Ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, si anapiye onse omwe amakhala ndi moyo, koma okhawo omwe adaswa kaye. Kwa milungu iwiri wamkazi amawatenthetsa pafupipafupi, kenako osataya nthawi, ndikupatula nthawi kuti apeze chakudya. Achinyamata amalonjeza miyezi 1.5 - 2.5 ndipo amatha kusaka paokha, ngakhale akhala akuyesera kupempha chakudya kwa makolo awo kwanthawi yayitali. M'nyengo yozizira, aliyense amawuluka yekha. Osprey amakhala okhwima pogonana ali ndi zaka 3 - 5 ndipo amatha zaka zawo zazing'ono "kunja" - m'malo ozizira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Australia yalembetsa zisa zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka 70. Amamangidwa pamiyala ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ndi milu ikuluikulu yazinyalala ndi nthambi, yolukidwa ndi ndere, mpaka kutalika kwa 2 mita, 2 m m'lifupi ndi kulemera 135 kg.
Adani achilengedwe a Osprey
Chithunzi: Osprey mbalame
Ngakhale chilombo chachikulu chotere chili ndi adani. Zoyambazi ndizokulirapo - ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimachulukitsa nkhono, kupikisana nazo chakudya ndi malo omangira zisa. Ndipo omwe amagwira ntchito mumdima ndi akadzidzi ndi akadzidzi, omwe amakonda kunyamula anapiye awo.
Mwa nyama zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimawononga zisa, mutha kutchula:
- njoka;
- nkhandwe;
- ang'onoang'ono kukwera nyama;
- ng'ona. Amagwira nkhanu m'madzi ikamira.
Mwachilengedwe, munthuyo adalinso m'gulu la adani, ngakhale sanachite dala. Zinapezeka kuti osprey amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka DDT ndi zotumphukira zake, zomwe zimalemekezedwa kwambiri. Mankhwalawa adalowa m'matupi awo kudzera mwa nsomba ndikupangitsa kuchepa kwa mazira ndi kufa kwa mazira, ndipo chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa chonde. Mbalame zazikulu nawonso zinawonongeka. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50 ndi 70 za m'zaka zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa awiriawiri pagombe la Atlantic ku United States kunatsika ndi 90%; ku Chesapeake Bay, kuchuluka kwawo kudatsika ndi theka. Ku Europe, m'maiko angapo (ma Pyrenees, England, Ireland, France) aspreys asowa kwathunthu.
Chiwerengero cha osprey chimakhudzidwanso ndi kukula kwanthaka: kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuwedza, kuipitsa matupi amadzi. Alenje, omwe amakonda kuwononga zisa ndikuwonetseratu chidwi choipa, amathandizira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Osprey anthu ku Ireland adasowa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, ku England adasowa mu 1840, ku Scotland mu 1916. Chifukwa cha chiwonongekochi chinali chidwi chachikulu chosonkhanitsa mazira ndi nyama zodzaza. Kutengeka kopusa kunadutsa, ndipo osprey osamuka adayambiranso kuzilumbazi. Mu 1954, adakumananso ndi Scotland.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe osprey amawonekera
M'ndandanda waposachedwa wa IUCN Red, osprey ali ndi mtundu wamtundu wokhala ndi zochulukirapo. Kukula kwa anthu padziko lapansi akuyerekezedwa kuti 100 - 500 anthu zikwi. Zowonadi, njira zodzitetezera (kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala "ophera nthawi yayitali" ndi kuwombera mbalame zodya nyama) zadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mbalame m'makontinenti onse. Ku Europe, komwe zinthu zinali zovuta kwambiri, anthu otsala adakwera ku Scandinavia ndi Germany. Mbalame zinabwerera ku England, Scotland, Bavaria, France. Malinga ndi zachilendo zakunja kwa 2011 - 2014. ku Great Britain panali zisa zokwana 250 - 300, ku Sweden 4100, ku Norway - 500, ku Finland - 1300, ku Germany - 627, ku Russia - 2000 - 4000.
Mitunduyi imakhala ndi malo 3 (osowa) mu Red Book of Russia. Malinga ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwazo, zisa zambiri (pafupifupi 60) zili ku Darwin Reserve (Vologda Region). Pali magulu angapo angapo m'chigawo cha Leningrad ndi Tver, pa Kola Peninsula komanso kumunsi kwa Volga. Pafupifupi ma peyala khumi amakhala mdera la Nizhny Novgorod komanso madera ena onse a Non-Black Earth. Ku Siberia, zisa zazing'ono zidadziwika kumpoto kwa dera la Tyumen ndi kumwera kwa Krasnoyarsk Territory; ambiri mwa ziwombankhangazi (pafupifupi 500 awiriawiri) amakhala ku Magadan ndi Amur Regions, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka ndi Chukotka. Mwambiri, osapitilira 1000 awiriawiri mdziko lonselo.
Osprey alonda
Chithunzi: Osprey wochokera ku Red Book
Malinga ndi malingaliro a akatswiri apadziko lonse lapansi pankhani zachilengedwe, mtundu uwu uli ndi chiyembekezo chodzapulumuka, tsogolo lawo silodetsa nkhawa. Koma musalole kuti mukhale osamala. Osprey amakhalabe otetezedwa ku Europe, North America ndi Australia, komwe anthu ake onse amalembedwa ndikuyang'aniridwa. Ndondomeko zapangidwa kuti zibwezeretsenso mbalame kumalo omwe zinawonongeka kale (mwachitsanzo, ku Spain).
Wolemba mndandanda wa CITES, womwe umaletsa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, zowonjezera za misonkhano ya Bonn ndi Berne. Pali mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woteteza mbalame zosamuka, zomwe Russia yamaliza ndi United States, Japan, India, ndi Korea. Osprey imalembedwa mu Red Data Book of Russia komanso m'mabuku am'madera am'madera onse omwe amakhala.
Njira zachitetezo ndizosavuta:
- kuteteza malo okhala;
- kukhazikitsa nsanja zisa;
- kusamutsa zisa kuchokera pamagetsi amagetsi opatsira magetsi, komwe amakonza madera;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa "malo opumulira" mozungulira zisa mkati mwa utali wozungulira 200-300 m;
- kukonza madamu;
- kuchuluka kwa nsomba.
Lero osprey ndi otetezeka, palibe chowopseza, ndipo m'malo ena chiwerengero chake chikuchulukirachulukira. Izi zimatipatsa chiyembekezo kuti nyamayi yakale komanso yotsogola ikhala nafe kwanthawi yayitali. Kuzindikira kuti sitili tokha padziko lapansi pang'onopang'ono koma kumafikira munthu aliyense. Ndipo zotsatira za zomwe zachitidwa zimatsimikizira kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala mwayi wosintha zinthu kuti zikhale bwino ndikutha kwa mitunduyo. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/05/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 21:37
