Kalulu wam'nyanja Ndi nyama yayikulu yayikulu yolumikizidwa, ya banja la zisindikizo zowona. Ma hares am'nyanja ndi nyama zolimba kwambiri chifukwa amakhala m'malo ovuta a Far North, amatha kupezeka pagombe la North, Atlantic ndi Pacific Ocean. Nyama izi zidadziwika chifukwa cha mantha komanso mayendedwe achilendo pamtunda. Erignathus barbatus ndi mtundu wamba wamba, ngakhale nyama izi zimasakidwa nthawi zonse, popeza nyama, mafuta ndi khungu la nyama ndizofunika kwambiri, mtunduwo sukusowa chitetezo chapadera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: chisindikizo cha ndevu
Kalulu wam'nyanja kapena momwe nyamayi amatchulidwira kuti chisindikizo chokhala ndi ndevu ndi nyama yokhotakhota yomwe ili m'gulu la nyama zoyamwitsa, dongosolo la zolusa, banja la zisindikizo zenizeni. Mtundu wa Erignathus ndi mtundu wa akalulu am'nyanja. Mtundu uwu udafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Germany a Johann Christian Polycarp mu 1777. M'mbuyomu, asayansi amatenga pinnipeds ngati gulu lodziyimira lokha la Pinnipedia.
Kanema: Nyanja kalulu
Ma pinniped amakono amachokera ku nyama za dongosolo la Desmostylia lomwe limakhala nthawi ya Desmostylian kuyambira koyambirira kwa Oligocene mpaka kumapeto kwa Miocene. Banja la zisindikizo zenizeni lili ndi mitundu 19 ndi mibadwo 13. Posachedwa, mu 2009, asayansi adapanga kufotokoza kwa kholo la chisindikizo Puijila darwini, yemwe zaka zake zakale ndi zaka 24-20 miliyoni. Zakale zakufa zidapezeka pagombe la Greenland. Mbalame za m'nyanja ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa chisindikizo cha ndevu kuli pafupifupi 2-2.5 mita. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu m'nyengo yozizira kumatha kufikira makilogalamu 360.
Chisindikizo cha ndevu chili ndi thupi lalikulu, lalikulu. Mutu ndi waung'ono kukula ndipo uli ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Nyamayo ili ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kuti ing'amba nyama, koma mano ake amakhala ochepa ndipo amafulumira kuwonongeka. Mtundu wa chisindikizo cha ndevu ndi imvi-buluu. Kalulu wam'nyanja adatchulidwira kalembedwe kake kosazolowereka kuti zisindikizo zisunthike pamtunda podumpha. Ngakhale kuti ndi zazikulu, nyama ndi zamanyazi kwambiri ndipo zimayesera kubisala kuti zisayang'anitsidwe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi kalulu akuwoneka bwanji
Lakhtak ndi chinyama chachikulu kwambiri chokhala ndi thupi lalikulu lalitali, mutu wawung'ono wozungulira ndi zipilala m'malo mwamiyendo. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi 2-2.5 mita kutalika. Kulemera kwa mwamuna wamkulu mpaka makilogalamu 360. Kulemera kwa thupi kumasiyana kwambiri kutengera nyengo ndi mtundu wa moyo. Khola lokwanira ndi pafupifupi masentimita 150-160. Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi. Kunja, nyamazo zimawoneka zovuta kwambiri, ngakhale zili m'madzi zimatha kuyenda msanga mokwanira ndikusambira mokongola kwambiri.
Mutu wa nyama ndi wozungulira, maso ndi ang'ono. Maso ali ndi mtundu wakuda. Nsagwada za nyamazo ndi zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zamphamvu, koma mano ndi ochepa ndipo amafulumira kuwonongeka. Akuluakulu ndi achikulire alibe mano, chifukwa amawonongeka msanga ndikugwa. Mphuno imakhalanso ndi ndevu zazitali komanso zopyapyala, zomwe zimayambitsa kukhudza. Chisindikizo cha ndevu chilibe makutu, mtundu uwu umangokhala ndi ma auricles amkati.
Tsitsi lachisindikizo cha ndevu ndizochepa. Mtundu wa munthu wamkulu ndi wotuwa. Kumbuyo, malayawo ndi amdima. Kutsogolo kwa mphuno ndi kuzungulira maso, mtundu wa malayawo ndi wachikasu. Kukula kwazing'ono zamtunduwu kumakhala ndi bulauni-bulauni, komwe kumasiyana ndi ena oimira banjali. Zisindikizo zina zimabadwa mu malaya oyera oyera oyera. Palibe kusiyana kwamtundu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Anthu okalamba ali pafupifupi oyera. Zipsepse zakutsogolo zili pafupi ndi khosi, pomwe khosi palokha silipezeka. Mutu wawung'ono umapita molunjika mthupi. Zingwe za m'nyanja zimamveka mokweza mofanana ndi kubangula kwa chimbalangondo, makamaka pakagwa ngozi. Pamasewera olimbirana, amuna amaimbira mluzu m'madzi.
Chosangalatsa: M'chaka, amuna amayimba nyimbo ndi mawu awo okweza m'madzi. Kwa munthu, nyimbo iyi ili ngati muluzi wautali, wokokedwa. Zikumveka zimatha kukhala zoseketsa komanso zazitali, kapena zimatha kukhala zosasangalatsa. Yaimuna imakopa akazi ndi nyimbo zake, ndipo akazi omwe asiya kudyetsa anawo ndi mkaka wawo amayankha kuitana uku.
Nthawi ya moyo ya amuna ndi pafupifupi zaka 25, akazi amakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri, mpaka zaka 30-32. Chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa ndi matenda a helminth komanso kuwola kwa mano.
Kodi kalulu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sindikiza kalulu
Mbalame zam'nyanja zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic komanso m'nyanja za Arctic, makamaka m'malo akuya kwambiri. Ma hares apanyanja amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Kara, White, Barents ndi Laptev, m'madzi a Spitsbergen kuzilumba za New Siberia. Amapezekanso kumadzulo kwa East Siberia Sea. Pali mitundu ingapo yazisindikizo zandevu zomwe zimasiyanirana. Chifukwa chake, anthu aku Pacific ndi Atlantic amadziwika.
Pacific subspecies amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa East Serian Sea. Malo okhala mtundu uwu umapitilira ku Cape Barrow. Ma Lakhtaks amakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Barents ndi Adyghe Gulf. Ma subspecies a Atlantic amakhala m'mphepete mwa kumpoto kwa Norway, kugombe la Greenland komanso ku Canada Arctic Archipelago. Nthawi zina pamakhala malo ang'onoang'ono azisindikizo zandevu pafupi ndi North Pole.
Mwachilengedwe chawo, nyama zandevu zimakhala zokhazikika ndipo sizimangoyenda mwakufuna kwawo, komabe, zimanyamulidwa mtunda wautali ndikungoyenda pansi pamadzi oundana. Nthawi zina zisindikizo za ndevu zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya. M'nyengo yotentha, nyamazi zimasonkhana pamalowo pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zipinda zogona zitha kukhala mpaka anthu zana. M'nyengo yozizira, zisindikizo za ndevu zimapita ku ayezi ndikukhala komweko m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu angapo. Komanso anthu ena amakhalabe pamtunda nthawi yozizira, amatha kukumba mabowo pachipale chofewa ndi njira yolowera kunyanja.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala kalulu kapena chidindo cha ndevu zam'nyanja. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi kalulu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Lakhtak, kapena kalulu wam'madzi
Mbalame za m'nyanja ndizofanana ndi ma biofacies. Amadyetsa nyama zomwe zimakhala pansi pa nyanja komanso pansi pake mozama pafupifupi 55-60 mita. Ngakhale nyamazi zimatha kutsika mpaka mamita 145. Pakusaka pakuya kwa mita 100 imatha kukhala mphindi 20, koma paulendowu imatha kukhazikika pamalo osaya mpaka 60-70 mita. Pakuya, nyama zimakhala zomasuka, chifukwa chake nyamazi sizipezeka m'nyanja zakuya kwambiri. Amatha kufika kumadera otere poyenda pansi pa ayezi.
Chakudya cha haarded hares chimaphatikizapo:
- zotupa m'mimba;
- ziphuphu;
- chisanu;
- macoma calcarea;
- polychaetes;
- nsomba (smelt, herring, cod, nthawi zina ndodo, gerbil ndi omul);
- nkhanu;
- shirimpi;
- madzi;
- crustaceans monga nkhanu wachisanu, ndi ena.
Chosangalatsa: Pakusaka, kalulu wam'nyanja amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi mpaka mphindi 20 mwakuya kwambiri.
Mbalame za m'nyanja zimagwira nsomba m'madzi. Nyama zonyamula nkhanu, nkhanu ndi nkhono zochokera pansi pamtundu wa nyamayi ndi zipsepse zake zazikulu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali. Ma hares am'madzi ndi abwino kukumba nthaka kuti azidya ma crustaceans ndi molluscs omwe amabisalamo. Chifukwa cha nsagwada zawo zolimba, zibalulu za ndevu zimatha kukumba mosavuta mu zipolopolo zolimba za nkhanu. Ngati chakudya sichikupezeka m'malo awo, nyama zimatha kusamukira kumtunda kukafunafuna chakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Black sea hare
Ma hares apanyanja ndi abata komanso nyama zaulesi. Amachedwa, komanso alibe komwe angathamangire. Ngakhale panthawi yosaka, nyama izi zilibe koti zithawireko, chifukwa nyama yawo sidzapita kwina kulikonse. Pansi, amakhala osokonekera chifukwa chazopangidwe za thupi, koma m'madzi ndizokongola kwambiri. Mbalame zam'nyanja zimakonda kukhala nthawi yokhayokha, sizolumikizana, koma nthawi yomweyo sizowopsa. M'gulu lokondana kwambiri, sipamakhala mikangano pakati pa abale, ngakhale nthawi yoswana.
Mbalame za m'nyanja sizigawaniza gawo ndipo sizipikisana ndi akazi. Chokhacho chomwe nyama izi sizimakonda ndizocheperako, chifukwa chake amayesetsa kukhala kutali ndi oyandikana nawo momwe angathere. Nyama izi ndi zamanyazi kwambiri, ndipo zimayenera kuopa, chifukwa adani ambiri amawasaka, chifukwa chake, ngati kuli kotheka, amagona pansi atagona pafupi ndi madzi, nyamazi zimachita izi kuti ziwone zoopsa kuti zilowe m'madzi mwachangu ndikubisala. M'dzinja, nyamazi zimasunthira pamafunde oundana m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono kapena amodzi. Pamadzi oundana, zisindikizo zimangoyenda mosadukiza mtunda wautali.
Chibadwa cha makolo chimapangidwa kwambiri mu chisindikizo cha ndevu. Amayi amasamalira anawo kwa nthawi yayitali, kenako zisindikizo zazing'ono zimatsata amayi nthawi yayitali. Koma mabanja azisindikizo samamanga awiri omwe amangopangidwira kubereka kwa masiku angapo, atakwatirana awiriwa atha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha mwana cha ndevu
Azimayi achichepere amakhala okonzeka kukwatira ali ndi zaka 4-6, amuna amakula patapita nthawi; amakhala okonzeka kuswana ali ndi zaka 5-7. Nthawi yakunyamula ya nyama izi imayamba mu Epulo. Chiyambi cha nyengo yokhwima chingadziwike ndi nyimbo zapadera kwambiri zam'madzi za amuna. Amuna okonzeka kupitiliza mtunduwo amafalitsa nyimbo zaphokoso m'madzi, mofanana ndi mluzu woyimbira akazi. Ngakhale zili mwamtendere, zimakhala zovuta kupeza zisindikizo ziwiri za ndevu, chifukwa zisindikizo zandevu sizolumikizana kwambiri. Kukondana kumachitika pa ayezi.
Mimba ya mkazi imakhala pafupifupi miyezi 11. Poterepa, miyezi ingapo yoyambirira pali kuchedwa kokhazikitsidwa ndi kukula kwa dzira. Izi si zachilendo kwa ma pinniped onse. Popanda gawo la latency, mimba imatha miyezi 9. Pakati pa ana agalu, zazikazi sizimapanga masango, koma ana ndi kusamalira ana okha.
Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chokhala ndi pakati, chachikazi chimabereka mwana mmodzi yekha. Kukula kwa mwana wakhanda pakubadwa kumakhala masentimita 120-130. Kulemera kwake kumachokera pa 25 mpaka 35 kg. Molt woyamba amapezeka mwana m'mimba. Chisindikizo cha ndevu chokhala ndi utoto wofiirira chimabadwa. Patatha milungu iwiri mwana wobadwa kumeneyu amatha kusambira. Mayi amadyetsa anawo mkaka m'mwezi woyamba, kenako anawo amasinthana ndi chakudya wamba. Patatha milungu ingapo kudya, mkaziyo amakhala wokonzeka kukwereranso.
Chosangalatsa: Mkaka womwe umatulutsidwa mukamadyetsa ndi wonenepa kwambiri komanso wopatsa thanzi. Mafuta mkaka ndi za 60%, mwana akhoza kumwa mpaka 8 malita mkaka wa m'mawere tsiku limodzi.
Adani achilengedwe a zisindikizo za ndevu
Chithunzi: Kodi kalulu akuwoneka bwanji
Adani achilengedwe a zisindikizo za ndevu ndi awa:
- Zimbalangondo zoyera;
- anamgumi;
- parasitic helminths ndi tapeworms.
Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimawerengedwa kuti ndi adani owopsa kwambiri pazisindikizo za ndevu. Ngati chimbalangondo chagwira chidindo cha ndevu modzidzimutsa, nyamayi ilibe njira zothawira. Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimakhala m'dera limodzi ndi ma hares, motero nyamazi zimakhala zamanyazi kwambiri ndipo zimayesetsa kuti zisawoneke ndi zimbalangondo. Namgumi wakupha nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi nyamazi. Anangumi opha amadziwa kuti zisindikizo zili pa ayezi ndipo amasambira pansi pake akuyesera kuti atembenuke. Nthawi zina amalumphira ndi thupi lonse kumtunda kwa ayezi ndipo amatembenukira. Nangumi akulemera pafupifupi matani 10, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha kumenya chisindikizo cha ndevu.
Matenda a helminths ndi tapeworms ndi omwe amachititsa kufa kwa zisindikizo za ndevu. Tiziromboti timakhala m'matumbo mwa nyama ndipo timayambitsa kugayana. Gawo la michere imachotsedwa ndi tiziromboti, ngati pali zochuluka mthupi la nyama, kalulu wam'nyanja amafa chifukwa chotopa. Koma mdani wochenjera kwambiri komanso woopsa wa nyama zazikuluzikuluzi ndi munthu. Khungu la zisindikizo za ndevu ndilofunika kwambiri, lili ndi mphamvu yayikulu, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopanga bwato, malamba, mahatchi a nswala.
Komanso pakati pa anthu akumpoto, zidendene za nsapato zimapangidwa ndi zikopa za ndevu. Nyama ya chinyama ndi chopatsa thanzi komanso chokoma, mafuta ndi zipilala zimadyanso. Ambiri mwa okhala ku Chukotka amasaka nyama izi. Kusaka kwamagulu kumaloledwa, kusindikiza zisindikizo za ndevu zombo mdziko lathu ndizoletsedwa. Kusaka ndikoletsedwa kwathunthu mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Sea hare, aka bearded seal
Chifukwa chosunthika pafupipafupi komanso moyo wawo, kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo za ndevu ndizovuta kwambiri kutsata. Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa kwambiri, pali anthu pafupifupi 400,000 padziko lapansi. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kusaka mwankhanza kwa anthu akumpoto kwa nyama izi, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo pakadali pano sikuwopsezedwa. Erignathus barbatus ali ndiudindo Wosasamala. Kusaka zisindikizo za ndevu ndikoletsedwa m'dziko lathu ku zombo. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito nokha, kusaka kumaloledwa pang'ono. M'nyanja ya Okhotsk, kusaka sikuletsedwa konse chifukwa malo ogwetserako nsomba kumeneko amakhala.
Ma hares apanyanja ndi chakudya chachikhalidwe cha nzika za Far North. Ndipo kusaka nyama izi kumachitika chaka chonse, ndizosatheka kutsatira kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe aphedwa, popeza kusaka kumachitika m'malo achitchire ndi nyengo yovuta. Gawo lachilengedwe lingayambitse chiopsezo chachikulu kwa anthu.
Kuwonongeka kwa madzi, nsomba zochuluka kwambiri ndi nyama zakutchire zomwe zimakhala m'malo osindikizira zimapangitsa nyama kukhala ndi njala, ndipo amakakamizika kufunafuna malo atsopano okhalira chakudya. Nyama izi zimapulumutsidwa ndikuti malo ambiri anyama ndi malo okhala ndi nyengo yovuta kwambiri, komwe kuli anthu ochepa kapena kulibe. Ma hares am'nyanja amasinthidwa moyenera ndi nyengo zovuta ndipo amatha kukhala m'malo osafikirika kwa anthu, chifukwa chake, palibe chomwe chimaopseza anthu.
Kalulu wam'nyanja nyama yamtendere ndi yamtendere yomwe imadya chakudya chokha cha m'nyanja. Nyama izi zimakhazikika modekha kwa abale awo ndikukhala mwamtendere, koma samalankhulana pang'ono. Mbalame za m'nyanja zimayenda pafupipafupi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amachita izi mosafuna. Kusambira pa madzi oundana omwe amayandama ku Far North, ndi chamoyo chiti chomwe chimatha kuchita izi? Samalani zachilengedwe, tiyeni tisamale kwambiri ndi nyamazi ndikuyesera kusunga anthu okhala ndi zisindikizo za ndevu kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo izizisirira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/30/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 07/30/2019 pa 23:03
