Mbalame zam'nkhalangozi zimadziwika chifukwa cha luso lawo lokwera mitengo. Ziphuphu zimayenda pamitengo ikukwera ndi kutsika, zigzag, mozungulira komanso mozungulira, imatsika mozondoka ndikupachika pamunsi pa nthambizo.
Kufotokozera kwa mtedza
Mtundu wa Sítta (zopatsa zowona) ndi banja lamatenda (Sittidae), omwe amapezeka m'gulu lalikulu la odutsa... Zakudya zonse zimakhala zofanana (mwamakhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe), koma zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha malowa. Izi ndi mbalame zazing'ono zokhala ndi mutu waukulu ndi milomo yolimba, mchira waufupi ndi zala zolimba zomwe zimathandiza kukwera pamwamba paphompho.
Maonekedwe
Oimira mitundu yambiri sangafike ngakhale mpheta ya nyumbayo, mpaka masentimita 13 mpaka 14. Malire apakati pamutu ndi thupi ndi ovuta kuwazindikira chifukwa cha mtedza wandiweyani, nthenga zosasunthika ndi khosi lalifupi. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame sizimazunguliza makosi awo, posankha kuti mitu yawo izifanana ndi thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwoneke kuti sizoyenda kwambiri.
Mlomo wakuthwa, wowongoka ndi wofanana ndi chisel ndipo umasinthidwa bwino kuti ukhale chisel. Mlomo uli ndi zipilala zolimba zoteteza maso (mukamapeza chakudya) ku khungwa lowuluka ndi zinyalala. Mtedzawu uli ndi mapiko amfupi, mphira woboola pakati, mchira wofupikitsidwa ndi miyendo yolimba yokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika zomwe zimalola kuti iziyenda mosavuta ndi mitengo, mitengo ndi nthambi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pamwamba pa nuthatch nthawi zambiri imvi / imvi-buluu kapena buluu-violet (m'malo otentha a ku East Asia). Chifukwa chake, nuthatch yokongola, yomwe imakhala kum'mawa kwa Himalaya ndi ku Indochina, imawonetsa mtundu wa nthenga za azure komanso zakuda.
Mitundu ina imakongoletsedwa ndi zisoti za nthenga zakuda, zina zimakhala ndi "chigoba" - mzere wakuda wodutsa m'maso. Mimba imatha kupakidwa utoto m'njira zosiyanasiyana - zoyera, ocher, fawn, chestnut kapena red. Nthenga za mchira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotuwa zabuluu ndimadontho akuda, imvi kapena zoyera, "zimayikidwa" pamapiko amchira (kupatula awiri apakati).
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Izi ndi mbalame zolimba mtima, zopatsa chidwi komanso zokonda kudziwa zambiri, zomwe zimakonda kukhazikika ndikukhala mdera lawo. M'nyengo yozizira, amalowa nawo mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, mawere, ndikuuluka nawo kukadyetsa m'mizinda / m'midzi. Anthu samachita manyazi, ndipo pofunafuna chithandizo, nthawi zambiri amawuluka pazenera ndikukhala pamanja. Nuthatches ndi okangalika kwambiri ndipo sakonda kukhala chete, koma amakhala nthawi yayitali kuti asakwere ndege, koma kuphunzira zakudya. Mbalame zimathamanga mosatekeseka pamitengo ndi nthambi, zimayang'ana mbali iliyonse ya khungwa, pomwe mphutsi kapena mbewu zimatha kubisala. Mosiyana ndi woponda matabwa, yemwe nthawi zonse amakhala pamchira wake, mtedzawu umagwiritsa ntchito mwendo umodzi ngati kuuyimika kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame yomwe yapeza yodyedwa siyidzachotsa pakamwa pake, ngakhale munthu atayigwira, koma adzathamangira kuufulu limodzi ndi chikhocho. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhwangwa zimathamanga molimba mtima kuteteza chisa ndi banja.
Ma Nutatches amakhala okwera kwambiri ndipo amamveka mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pakung'ung'udza ndi malikhweru mpaka kuimba kwa lipenga. Mtedza waku Canada, moyandikana ndi mutu wakuda wakuda, udaphunzira kumvetsetsa ma alarm ake, ndikuwachita malinga ndi zomwe amafalitsa. Mitundu ina imatha kusunga chakudya m'nyengo yozizira, kubisala mbewu pansi pa khungwa, miyala yaying'ono komanso ming'alu: mtedzawo umakumbukira malo osungira kwa mwezi umodzi. Mwini wake amadya zomwe zili mnyumba yosungiramo nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yoipa, pomwe ndizosatheka kupeza chakudya chatsopano. Kamodzi pachaka, kumapeto kwa nthawi ya kukaikira mazira, nuthatches molt.
Ndi zingati mtedza zomwe zimakhala
Amakhulupirira kuti zonse zakutchire komanso zakutchire zimakhala zaka 10-11, zomwe ndizochuluka kwambiri kwa mbalame zoterezi.... Mukamasunga nyumba, mtedzawo umazolowera munthu, kukhala wowuma kwathunthu. Kulankhulana naye ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Mbalameyi imayenda monyadira ndi mikono, mapewa, mutu ndi zovala, kuyesera kupeza chithandizo m'matumba ndi m'makwinya.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Katswiri wamaphunziro okha kapena katswiri wazachilengedwe ndiamene angazindikire kusiyana kwakugonana pazovuta. Mutha kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi kungofanana ndi mtundu wa thupi lakumunsi, kutchera khutu kumayendedwe kumapeto kwa mchira ndi mchira.
Mitundu ya Nuthatch
The taxonomy ya mtunduwu ndi yosokoneza ndipo imakhala kuyambira 21 mpaka 29 mitundu, kutengera njira yomwe agwiritsa ntchito.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mtedza wokhala ndi mutu wabulauni, wokhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States, umatchedwa wocheperako. Mbalameyi imalemera pafupifupi 10 g ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 10.5. Mtedza wowoneka bwino kwambiri ndimphona yayikulu (kutalika kwa 19.5 cm ndikulemera mpaka 47 g), yomwe imakhala ku China, Thailand ndi Myanmar.
Udindowu umagwirizanitsa mitundu isanu ya nuthatch:
- wamutu wakuda;
- Algeria;
- Canada;
- korsika
- wamanyazi.
Ali ndi malo osiyanasiyana, koma ma morphology oyandikira, ma biotopes azisaka, komanso kutulutsa mawu. Posachedwa, nuthatch wamba, wogawika mitundu itatu yaku Asia (S. cinnamoventris, S. cashmirensis ndi S. nagaensis), ilipo ngati superspecies yosiyana. Ornithologist P. Rasmussen (USA) anagawa S. cinnamoventris (mitundu yaku South Asia) kukhala mitundu itatu - S. cinnamoventris sensu stricto (Himalaya / Tibet), S.
Mu 2012, Britain Ornithologists 'Union idathandizira lingaliro la anzawo kumasulira S. e. arctica (East Siberian subspecies) pamlingo wazamoyo. Ornithologist E. Dickinson (Great Britain) amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yotentha ya S. solangiae, S. frontalis ndi S. oenochlamys iyenera kusiyanitsidwa kukhala mtundu wapadera. Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, azure ndi zokongoletsa zokongola ziyeneranso kukhala mtundu umodzi wokha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mitundu yonse yodziwika bwino ya nuthatch imapezeka ku Eurasia ndi North America, koma mitundu yambiri imakhala kumadera otentha komanso kumapiri ku Asia.... Ma biotopes omwe amakonda ndi nkhalango zamitundumitundu, makamaka mitundu yobiriwira kapena yobiriwira nthawi zonse. Mitundu yambiri yakhazikika m'mapiri ndi m'munsi mwa phiri, ndipo ziwiri (zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zamiyala) zasintha kukhala pakati pamiyala yopanda mitengo.
Zakudya zambiri zamchere zimakonda kukhazikika kumadera opanda nyengo yozizira. Mitundu yakumpoto imakhala m'zigwa, pomwe yakumwera imakhala m'mapiri, momwe mpweya umazizira kuposa chigwa. Chifukwa chake, kumpoto kwa Europe, nuthatch wamba imapezeka osati pamwamba pa nyanja, pomwe ku Morocco imakhala kuchokera ku 1.75 km mpaka 1.85 km pamwamba pa nyanja. Ndi okhawo okhala ndi nkhope yakuda okhala kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia omwe amawonetsa kutsogola kwa nkhalango zotentha.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'dziko lathu pali mitundu ingapo ya zipatso. Chofala kwambiri ndi nuthatch wamba, chisa kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kumalire akum'mawa kwa Russia.
M'madera akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Greater Caucasus, mtedza wakuda wakuda umapezeka, ndipo m'maiko aku Central Asia ndi Transcaucasia, miyala yayikulu yamchere imapezeka. Yakut nuthatch amakhala ku Yakutia ndi madera oyandikana ndi Eastern Siberia. The shaggy nuthatch yasankha South Primorye.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi
Mitundu yophunziridwa bwino imawonetsa kugawanika kwakanthawi kanyama kukhala nyama (panthawi yobereka) ndi zomera (munthawi zina). M'ngululu mpaka m'nyengo yachilimwe, ma nutchches amadya tizirombo, makamaka ma xylophages, omwe amapezeka mumtengo, makungwa osweka, masamba a masamba kapena miyala. M'mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, mu Carolina nuthatch), kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni azinyama munyengo yokwanira akufikira 100%.
Mbalame zimasinthira kubzala pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira, kuphatikiza pazosankha zawo:
- nthanga za coniferous;
- zipatso zowutsa mudyo;
- mtedza;
- ziphuphu.
Nuthatches amagwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo mwaluso, akugawa zipolopolo ndi kupha nkhono / kafadala wamkulu. Ma Karolinska ndi ma brown okhala ndi mutu wa bulauni aphunzira kugwira ntchito ndi tchipisi ngati lever, kutsegula zotupa pansi pa khungwa kapena kudula tizirombo tambiri. Mmisiri amaika chida chake pamlomo akamauluka pamtengo ndi mtengo wina.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njira yodyetsera imapangitsa kuti michere ikhale yofanana ndi poizoni achule, ma pikas, nkhalango zamatabwa ndi mitengo ya mitengo. Mofanana ndi iwo, mtedzawu umayang'ana chakudya pansi pa khungwa komanso m'makola ake.
Koma kukwera makola sikuli njira yokhayo yosakira chakudya - mtedza wa ntchentche nthawi ndi nthawi umawulukira kukafufuza nkhalango ndi nthaka. Akamaliza kumanga zisa, natiwi amawuluka kutali ndi ziweto zawo, zolumikizana ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nuthatches ndi amuna okhaokha, koma sataya polygyny mwina. Mbalame zimakhala zokonzeka kuswana kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba... Zomera zonse, kupatula mitundu ingapo yamiyala, "zimamanga" zisa m'mabowo, kuzikuta ndi udzu ndi masamba, komanso moss, makungwa, ubweya, fumbi lamatabwa ndi nthenga.
Mitengo yaku Canada, Algeria, Corsican, yamutu wakuda komanso yosalala imabowoleza kapena imakhala yopanda zachilengedwe. Mitundu ina imakhala m'mapanga akale, kuphatikizapo nyumba zosiyidwa ndi mitengo. Barnacle ndi Caroline nuthatches (akuwopseza agologolo ndi majeremusi) amamatira m'mbali mwa khomo la kachilomboka, kutulutsa fungo la cantharidin.
Rocky Nuthatches amapanga dothi / matope zisa-miphika kapena mabotolo: Nyumba zazikulu za Rocky Nuthatch zimalemera 32 kg. Mtedza waku Canada umagwira ntchito ndi utomoni wa ma conifers: wamwamuna ali panja, ndipo wamkazi ali mkati mwa dzenje. Kuphimba kopanda kanthu kumachitika molingana ndi momwe zimakhalira - tsiku limodzi kapena masiku angapo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuphimba makoma amkati a dzenje, mkazi samadya kalikonse, koma amamwa ... mapulo kapena utomoni wa birch, ndikuutulutsa pogogoda, woponyedwa ndi woponda nkhuni.
Pogwirana pali mazira oyera 4 mpaka 14 okhala ndi timadontho ta chikasu kapena pabuka lofiirira. Mkazi amawasungira masiku 12-18.
Onse makolo amadyetsa anawo. Anapiye amchere amakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa ena odutsa ndipo amatenga mapiko atatha masiku 18-25. Atatuluka pachisa, anawo sasiya makolo awo nthawi yomweyo, koma pambuyo pa masabata 1-3.
Adani achilengedwe
Zakudya zam'madzi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe pakati pa mbalame ndi zinyama. Mbalame zazikulu zimasakidwa ndi akabawi, kadzidzi ndi marten. Anapiye ndi nkhonya zimaopsezedwa ndi akadzidzi ndi ma martens, komanso agologolo, akhwangwala ndi jay.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wa Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN umatchulapo mitundu ya mitundu 29 yazakudya, zambiri zomwe sizimakhudza mabungwe azachilengedwe.
Malinga ndi IUCN (2018), pali mitundu 4 yomwe ikuwopsezedwa kuti ikutha:
- Sitta ledanti Vielliard (Algeria nuthatch) - amakhala ku Algeria;
- Sitta insularis (Bahamian nuthatch) - amakhala ku Bahamas;
- Sitta magna Ramsay (chimphona chachikulu) - mapiri akumwera chakumadzulo kwa China, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Thailand, pakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Myanmar;
- Sitta victoriae Rippon (woyera-brows nuthatch) - Myanmar.
Mitundu yotsirizayi imakhala kumapeto kwa Phiri la Nat Ma Taung, mdera laling'ono pafupifupi 48 km². Nkhalango yomwe ili pamtunda wokwera mpaka 2 km idadulidwa pano, pakati pa 2 ndi 2.3 km idawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo sinakhudzidwe ndi lamba wokhayo. Kuopseza kwakukulu kumabwera chifukwa cha kudula ndi kuwotcha ulimi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu okhala ku Algeria omwe amakhala ku Taza Biosphere Reserve ndi Babor Peak (Tell Atlas) samafika ngakhale mbalame 1,000, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti anali pamavuto. Kudera laling'ono ili, mitengo yambiri idawotchedwa, m'malo mwake mmera wa mkungudza udawonekera, pomwe mtedzawo umakonda nkhalango yosakanikirana.
Chiwerengero cha mtedza waukuluwo chikuchepa chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ya nkhalango zamapiri (kum'mawa kwa Myanmar, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Thailand). Kumalo oletsa kudula mitengo (Yunnan), anthu amadula makungwa a mitengo, kuwagwiritsira ntchito kutenthetsa. Komwe mitengo yamapini imamera, mitengo yaying'ono ya bulugamu imawoneka, yosayenerera nati.
