Nyamayi yayikulu (iye ndiwomanga mapulani), mwina, anali gwero lalikulu la nthano zambiri za kraken - nyama zazikulu zazikulu zozama kuchokera kunyanja zomwe zimamira zombo. Wopanga mapulaniwo ndiwokulirapo, ngakhale samangofanana ndi nthano, koma chifukwa cha zikhalidwe za thupi, sangathe kumira chombo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Giid squid
Malongosoledwe ake akhala akudziwika kuyambira kalekale, ndipo woyamba ndi wa Aristotle. Ponena za malongosoledwe amakono asayansi, adapangidwa ndi J. Stenstrup mu 1857. Mtunduwu udalandira dzina lachilatini la Architeuthis. Kusintha kwa gulu la ma cephalopods omwe squid wamkuluyo amatha kutengera nthawi ya Cambrian, zaka 520-540 miliyoni zapitazo. Apa ndipamene woyamba kupezeka woimira kalasi iyi - nectocaris. Inali ndi mahema awiri, ndipo inali yaying'ono - masentimita ochepa okha.
Kanema: Giant Squid
Komabe, kukhala kwa nyamayi kwa ma cephalopods, ngakhale kuli kofanana, sakudziwika ndi asayansi onse. Kale oimira subclass wa nautiloid, amene ananyamuka kenako, anali awo. Ngakhale kuti mbali zambiri zatha, mitundu ina ikadali padziko lapansi. Chochitika chofunikira pakusintha kwa kalasi chinali kuwonekera kwa ma cephalopods apamwamba - chipolopolo chawo chidachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndikusandulika chamkati. Zinachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Carboniferous, pafupifupi zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Chifukwa chake, nyama zoyambirira zidawoneka, zofananira ndi squid wamakono.
Iwo akhalapo kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, koma kusinthika kwawo kunali pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuphulika kwatsopano kunachitika kokha mu Mesozoic. Ndiye panali kukonzanso kwa zamoyo zonse zam'madzi, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso ma cephalopods. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray komanso malo ena anyanja yakula kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusintha kumeneku, opanda nsapato amayenera kusintha, apo ayi akadataya mpikisano wosintha. Kenako panali makolo a oimira ambiri amakono amakono awiri am'mimba, monga cuttlefish, octopus ndi squid.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi squid wamkulu amawoneka bwanji
Dzinalo limawonetsa chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri cha squid - chimakula kwambiri. Kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala 8 mita, ngati muwerenga ndi ma tent tent. M'mbuyomu panali zambiri zamitundu yayikulu kwambiri, koma sizinatheke kuwatsimikizira. Ngati muwerenga popanda kutchera mahema, cephalopod iyi imafika mamita 5, ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owopsa komanso owopsa. Komanso, kulemera kwake sikokulira: 130-180 kg mwa amuna, 240-290 kg mwa akazi. Ngati m'litali amatsogolera pakati pa ma cephalopods, ndiye kuti ndi olemera kuposa nyamayi.
Ili ndi chovala, komanso ma stalkers awiri ndi mahema asanu ndi atatu wamba. Zingwe zotsekera ndizitali kwambiri, zomwe zimagwira nyama. Ma tent tent ali ndi ma suckers, ndipo pakati pake squid ili ndi mlomo wonga mbalame. Kuti isunthire, nyamayi imakoka madzi kulowa m'kati mwake ndikuikankhira mbali inayo - ndiye kuti imagwiritsa ntchito ndege. Chifukwa chake amatha kusambira mwachangu, ndipo ali ndi zipsepse pachovala chake kuti akonze njira.
Koma kuti apange liwiro lalikulu, amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, chifukwa chake sangachite izi kwanthawi yayitali. Kumbali inayi, sichitha chilichonse pakusambira kosavuta: ili ndi zero yolimba chifukwa cha ammonium chloride m'matumba ake. Popeza ndi yopepuka kuposa madzi, imatha kumamatira momasuka, ndipo safuna chikhodzodzo. Koma chifukwa cha chinthuchi, nyama yake ndiyopanda phindu kwa anthu - komabe, chifukwa cha chimphona chokhachokha ichi ndichophatikiza.
Komanso, chinyama chimadziwika ndi ubongo wake wamanjenje komanso dongosolo lamanjenje. Kafukufuku wawo wamba mzaka zaposachedwa wakhala gawo limodzi lofunikira pakufufuza kwa akatswiri azamoyo. Momwe ubongo wa architeutis unayambira ndichopatsa chidwi, chifukwa bungwe lake limapambana m'njira zambiri kuposa la munthu. Zotsatira zake, squid, mwachitsanzo, amakumbukira bwino. Maso a nyamayi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, amatha kugwira ngakhale kuwala kochepa kwambiri - ndipo nzika zambiri zakuya kuzama. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, samasiyanitsa mitundu, koma maso awo amatha kusiyanitsa bwino imvi kuposa anthu - m'nyanja yakuya ndizothandiza kwambiri.
Kodi squid wamkulu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyama yayikulu munyanja
Amakhala munyanja zonse. Amakonda madzi ofunda pang'ono, chifukwa chake amakhala m'malo otentha kapena kotentha. M'madzi ofunda kwambiri, komanso ozizira kwambiri, amatha kupezeka pafupipafupi - komanso amasambira kumeneko. Chifukwa chake, adakumana m'madzi ozizira akumpoto kochokera kugombe la Scandinavia ndipo ngakhale pafupi ndi Spitsbergen. Ku Pacific Ocean, amatha kukumana nawo kuchokera kugombe lenileni la Alaska mpaka kumwera chakumwera kwa Oceania.
Nyama zazikuluzikulu zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, koma nthawi zambiri kunyanja:
- Japan;
- New Zealand;
- SOUTH AFRICA;
- Newfoundland;
- Zilumba za Britain.
Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusodza komwe kumachitika m'malo amenewa, kapena mafunde omwe amanyamula nyama kupita nazo kugombe. Amatha kusambira onse akuya - mamita ochepa, ndi kilomita kuchokera pamwamba. Nthawi zambiri, squid wachichepere amadziwika ndi moyo wosazama kwambiri - 20-100 m, ndipo achikulire amapezeka mozama nthawi zambiri. Koma palibe magawano omveka: ngakhale pakuya kwa 400-600 m, atha kukumana ndi katswiri wazomanga.
Momwemonso, okalamba nthawi zina amayandama pamwamba pomwe. Koma nthawi zambiri amakhala akuya pamamita mazana angapo, ndipo amatha kutsika mpaka 1500-2000 m, kulowa muufumu weniweni wamdima - kumeneko amakhalanso omasuka. Ngakhale kuwala kofooka, kosavuta m'diso la munthu, komwe kumalowera pamenepo, ndikokwanira kwa iwo.
Zosangalatsa: Cephalopod iyi ili ndi mitima itatu ndi magazi amtambo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe squid wamkulu amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi squid amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Giant squid architeutis
Pafupifupi zochepa zomwe zimadziwika pazakudya za architeutis: ndizovuta kuziwona mu nyama zamtchire, chifukwa chake zimatsalira kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zili m'mimba mwawo komanso zizindikilo zingapo zosadziwika.
Amadya:
- nsomba za pelagic kusukulu;
- nsomba zakuya;
- nyamazi;
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- otsetsereka;
- nyamayi ina.
Amanyalanyaza nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zolengedwa zina, koma nsomba za 10 cm kapena kupitilira apo zimatha kumusangalatsa. Popeza adagwidwa kamodzi kokha, zimaganiziridwa kuti amakhala ndi kusaka okha. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amapezeka pagombe la New Zealand - amakumana ndi ma trawls omwe amagwira macruronus. Nthawi yomweyo, ma architeutis samadya nsomba iyi yokha - kuchokera apa titha kunena kuti zakudya zawo ndizofanana.
Nyama yamphongo yamphongo sangathe kusaka mwakhama: ilibe minofu yolowera mofulumira. Chifukwa chake, amayesa kubisalira wovutitsidwayo ndikumuukira mosayembekezeka. Pachifukwachi, cephalopod imabisala mumdima mwakuya kwambiri, ndipo squid kapena nsomba ina ikasambira, imafutukula zokhazokha - kokha ili ndi minofu yamphamvu.
Ndi zida zake, imagwira nyamayo mwamphamvu, kenako imakaibweretsa kumlomo wake wakuthwa ndipo mothandizidwa nayo imaphwanya zidutswazo, kenako nkuzipukusa ndi lilime lankhanza - izi zimapangitsa kupukusa kwina kosavuta.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nyamayi ikatayika chifukwa chakuwombedwa ndi chilombo, imatha kukulira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Antarctic Giant Squid
Chifukwa cha kusalowerera kwawo ndale, squid giant amasunga mphamvu zambiri - safunikira kuti aziwononga malo awo m'madzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala enaake ammonium, zimakhala zawo zimakhala zopanda pake, iwonso ndi aulesi ndipo samayenda pang'ono.
Izi ndi zolengedwa zokhala pawokha, zomwe zimakhala nthawi yawo yambiri zili zokha - zimangoyenda, osachita chilichonse, kapena kupachikidwa m'madzi ndikudikirira wovulalayo yemwe angasambire. Zotsatira zake, mawonekedwe awo ndi odekha, ngakhale aulesi: palibe nkhani iliyonse yokhudza kuwukira kwa zombo zowona.
Nthawi zina ma squid akuluakulu amaponyedwa kumtunda, komwe amafera. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwamadzi kutentha - thupi lawo limalekerera kwambiri. Mphamvu zimangowasiya, nthawi zambiri amalephera kusuntha ndipo amakopeka ndi mphepo yamkuntho, yomwe imawabweretsa kumtunda, komwe amawonongeka.
Nthawi zambiri, madzi ozizira pang'ono siowopsa kwa iwo, amawakonda, chifukwa chake amatha kusambira m'nyanja zakumpoto. Ndikutentha kwakuthwa komwe kumawakhudza kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, squid nthawi zambiri amaponyedwa kumtunda pafupi ndi malo omwe madzi ofunda ndi ozizira amasonkhana. Akatswiri ofufuza akafika pochita kafukufuku, zimawonekeratu kuti amakhala ndi moyo ngati squid wamba, amangokula mwachangu, makamaka akazi.
Kale mchaka choyamba cha moyo, amatha kumera kuchokera ku kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri mpaka kutalika kwa mita zingapo. Pakutha chaka chachiwiri, amakhala atakula ngati wamkulu, pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo kapena pambuyo pake amafika pokhwima pogonana. Atabereka, amafa - ndipo nthawi zambiri palibe omwe amapanga mapulani amapewa kwa zaka zambiri ndipo amakhala ndi moyo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Maso a Giant Squid
Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika za momwe squid wamkulu amabalira. Amuna amakhala ndi mbolo yomwe imachokera pachovala, momwe umuna umathamangitsira, koma chifukwa ma cephalopodswa alibe hectotyle (chihema chomwe chimanyamula umuna), njira yoberekera imadziwika. Mazira ambiri amawoneka mwa akazi achikazi - mamiliyoni makumi amawerengedwa. Iliyonse ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, pafupifupi millimeter. Zikuwoneka zosamveka kuti nyama yayikulu chonchi imatha kutuluka mwa iye.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mazira, kulemera kwawo kwathunthu kumatha kukhala 10-15 kg, koma momwe mkazi amaponyera sizikudziwika, momwe zimachitikira ndi zomwe zachitika pambuyo pake. Pali njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu: choyamba, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti atsekeredwa mu zomangamanga zomwe zimawateteza kuzinthu zakunja. Mmenemo, mazirawo amayandama pafupi ndi pansi mpaka nthawi yomweyo, mpaka mwachangu amafunika kuti amaswa, omwe pambuyo pake amafalikira - sizikudziwika kuti izi zikuchitika liti. Asayansi sanakumanepo ndi masukulu oterewa, ndipo mwambiri, zomwe zimapezeka mu squid mwachangu ndizosowa kwambiri.
Chifukwa, komanso chifukwa chakuti squid achikulire amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe chibadwa chawo chonse chimafanana kwambiri, asayansi ena amateteza lingaliro loti mazirawo samakhala limodzi, koma amangopatsidwa mwaulere kuthirira, ndi mafunde amawanyamula pamtunda wautali ngakhale mwachangu asanabadwe.
Poterepa, ambiri mwa mazira amafa chifukwa chakusintha kwamtsogolo ndi mafunde am'nyanja. Mwa ochepa omwe apulumuka, mphutsi zimatuluka - ndizonso zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zopanda chitetezo, kotero m'miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo, ngakhale nsomba yaying'ono imatha kuwopseza wolusa wamkulu wamtsogolo. Ndipo makolo awo akabereka atopa ndipo amangofa, pambuyo pake amasambitsidwa kumtunda. Pazifukwa zomwe sizinakhazikitsidwe, awa nthawi zambiri amakhala achikazi, koma amakhulupirira kuti amuna amafanso, atangomira ndikumira pansi.
Adani achilengedwe anyani zazikuluzikulu
Chithunzi: Kodi squid wamkulu amawoneka bwanji
Ndi whale wokha wokha yemwe amatha kumenyana ndi architeutis wamkulu. Ndi mdani wake woopsa kwambiri ndipo, ngati kale ankakhulupirira kuti nkhondo zenizeni za m'nyanja zikusewera pakati pa ziwombankhanga ziwirizi, zomwe zingapambane chimodzi ndi chimzake, tsopano zikuwonekeratu kuti izi siziri choncho.
Sikuti nyamayi ndi yokulirapo, squid wamkulu amakhalanso ndi minofu yocheperako, ndipo imatha kukhala ndi mahema awiri okha. Kulimbana ndi sphale whale, izi sizokwanira, ndipo palibe mwayi wopambana ngati wakula kale mpaka wamkulu. Chifukwa chake, ndi anamgumi aamuna omwe amamenya nthawi zonse.
Komano, squids, sangathe kuthawa - pambuyo pake, sphale whale ndiyothamanga kwambiri, ndipo zomwe zatsala ndikulimbana ndi mwayi wochepa wopambana, ngakhale zochepa - kuti apulumuke. Nthawi zina nkhondo izi zimatha ndikumwalira kwa mbali zonse ziwiri: nthawi ina sitima yaku Soviet idayang'ana imodzi, mmenemo nyamayi, ikumezedwa, ikufa kale, idatulutsa zotupa m'mimba mwa chinsomba cha sperm ndikuchiyipitsa.
Nyama ina yomwe imatha kupha architeutis ndi chisindikizo cha njovu. Koma apo ayi, akuluakulu sayenera kuchita mantha, koma achinyamata ndi nkhani yosiyana kotheratu. Nsomba zilizonse zodya nyama zimatha kudya zazing'ono kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale omwe adakula kale amatha kupha nsombazi, tuna ,fishfish ndi nyama zina zazikulu zam'nyanja.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Giid squid
Asayansi alibe chidziwitso chokwanira chokwanira za ma Architeutis angati omwe amakhala m'madzi a m'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi - chifukwa cha malo awo akuya, ndizosatheka kuwerengera chiwerengerocho ngakhale pafupifupi. Mutha kungoyang'ana pazizindikiro zosadziwika. Kumbali ina, mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zopezedwa ndi nyama zikuluzikulu zamasamba zikuchulukirachulukira, zimakonda kugwidwa. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakukula kwa usodzi wapanyanja, komabe kuchokera apa titha kunena kuti palibe architeutis ochepa.
Komabe, kusanthula kwa DNA nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imagwidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi kunawonetsa mitundu yawo yotsika kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, asayansi adapanga mfundo ziwiri. Choyamba, ndi nyama yayikulu imodzi yokha yomwe imakhala padzikoli, ngakhale kuti ili padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma ngakhale ndi vutoli, kusiyanasiyana kwakadali kotsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake lingaliro lachiwiri lidapangidwa: mtunduwo ukumwalira. Mwa nyama zonse zam'madzi, zili m'malo achiwiri zofananira, ndipo izi ndizotheka pokhapokha ngati mtunduwo ukufa msanga. Zifukwa za izi sizinakhazikitsidwe, chifukwa palibe nsomba yogwira ntchito ya architeutis, ndipo mdani wake wamkulu, sperm whale, nayenso sakhala wofala kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Chosangalatsa: Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana, architeutis ndiye nyama yayikulu yokha yomwe sinajambulidwe amoyo - mwa omwe moyo wawo udadziwika motsimikizika. Mu 2001 mokha, zithunzi zoyambirira zidatengedwa, momwe zimatha kujambula mphutsi zake.
Nyamayi yayikulu M'malo mwake, sizimavulaza anthu, ndipo ambiri samakumana nawo - pokhapokha, ngati anthu adzipeza okha. Ali ndi zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa kuphunzira, makamaka, asayansi ali ndi chidwi ndi momwe ubongo wawo umagwirira ntchito. Koma ndizovuta kwambiri kuphunzira nyama iyi m'malo mwake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/27/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 21:26
