Ruff - nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, zamtundu wamba. Amakhala ndikuberekana m'mitsinje ndi nyanja za Eurasia. Kumadzulo, malire amtunduwu adakhazikitsidwa ku Britain, kumpoto imagwirizana ndi Arctic Circle, kum'mawa imakafika ku Mtsinje wa Kolyma, kumwera kukafika kumaiko aku Central Asia.
Chochititsa chidwi cha ruff ndikuti ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amasangalala nayo. Asodzi amakonda kugwira nsomba zabwino kwambiri. Palibe amene akufuna kukulira ruff m'malo opangira. Sicholinga chazamalonda. Komabe, nsombayo ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ruff — nsomba yaying'ono, yocheza, ongokhala. Choyimira chachikulire nthawi zambiri sichipitilira masentimita 10. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ngati kanjedza chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chachikulu. Ku Danube, asodzi amakumana ndi ma ruff omwe afika masentimita 30. Koma izi ndizosowa.
Mutu wokhala ndi mbiri yotsika kuchokera kumbuyo kupita kukamwa kwamilomo yayikulu. Pakamwa pa ruff ndi paphewa, ndiye kuti nsagwada zonse ndizofanana. Kutsegula pakamwa kumakhazikika pang'ono pansi kapena motsatira mzere wa thupi. Ndikamwa kotere, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ruff agwire nyama yomwe ili patsogolo pake.
Nsagwada zakumtunda ndi zapansi zili ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, akuthwa. Mano alibe kutchulidwa kwapadera, komwe kumalankhula za kusinthasintha kwa ruff ngati chilombo. Nsagwada zakumtunda zimalumikizidwa ndi chigaza - ruff ili ndi pakamwa lobweza.
Maso a ruff ndi akulu, atakulungidwa. Limakupatsani kuyenda ndi kusaka m'madzi ovuta. Iris wamtundu wabuluu-wofiirira. Malo omwe maso ali pambali pamutu akuwonetsa kuwona kwamodzi. Ndiye kuti, ruff amazindikira chithunzi cha dziko lapansi ndi diso lililonse padera.
Mphuno zake zili patsogolo pa maso kumapeto kwa mphuno. Ichi ndi chofunikira chakunja cha ziwalo zopusa. Mphuno iliyonse imalumikizana ndi fossa yodzala ndi maselo amamva fungo. Kuphatikizika kwa mphuno ndi maenje olimbirana kumapangitsa kusiyanitsa kununkhira kokha, komanso komwe amachokera.
Chiwalo chakumva sichikhala ndi zida zakunja - makutu. Sizofunikira. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha malo omwe nsombazo zimakhala. Phokoso limafalikira molimba mtima m'madzi ndikulowerera mthupi la nsomba popanda kupotoza. Khutu lamkati limazindikira. Kumva kwa ruffs si nyimbo, koma kwabwino kwambiri.
Khutu lamkati, kuphatikiza pantchito zowunikira, limagwira gawo lachiwalo chodziwitsa malo oyenera. Khutu lamkati limamveketsa bwino zinthu pamodzi ndi mzere wotsatira. Ichi ndi chiwalo chapadera chomwe chimapezeka mwa nsomba komanso nyama zina zamoyo, monga tadpoles, mitundu ina ya nyerere.
Mzere wotsatira umawona magawo azachilengedwe ozungulira: kuthamanga ndi kulowera kwa madzi, mafunde otsika ndi omveka opyoza gawo lamadzi. Malinga ndi zomwe zalandilidwa kuchokera muubongo wansomba, chithunzi cha malo ozungulira madzi chimapangidwa.
Mzere wotsatira umayenda motsatira nsomba zonse. Mu ruff, mzere wotsatira umawonekera bwino ngakhale mawonekedwe amtundu wamawangamawanga. Mzere wotsatirawo uli ndi masikelo, pomwe pali pores. Amalumikiza ngalande yomwe ikuyenda pansi pa khungu la nsombayo ndi chilengedwe.
Nthambi zimachoka kumtunda mpaka kumitsempha yama cell - ma neuromasts. Maselowa amayankha kutuluka kwamadzi, kugwedezeka komanso kusintha kwina kwamadzi. Kuchokera ku ma neuromasts, nawonso, chizindikiritso chokhudza mkhalidwe wamadzi kudzera mumitsempha yolumikizira imalowa muubongo wa ruff.
Mndandanda wa ngalande yotchedwa saphenous canal, neuromasts, ndi zina zambiri ndi mzere wotsatira. Chiwalo ichi chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kotero kuti m'madzi amatope komanso usiku chimalowetsa m'malo amdiso. Kuphatikiza pa ziwalo zomverera, ma ruff, monga nsomba zonse, ali ndi ziwalo zoyenda - awa ndi zipsepse.
Mapeto am'mbali (kumbuyo) amakhala pafupifupi kumbuyo konseko. Idagawika magawo awiri. Gawo lalikulu, loyambirira la dorsal fin limapangidwa ngati zisa ndipo limakhala ndi ma 13-14. Kuwonetsetsa kwawo kumawonetsedwa ruff pachithunzichi. Gawo lachiwiri lomaliza limakhazikitsidwa ndi kuwala kwa 9-11.
Caudal fin yokhala ndi ma lobes olekanitsidwa bwino. Chomaliza chomaliza chopanda ulusi ndi mchira. Zipsepse zam'mimba ndi zam'mimba ndizofanana mthupi. Kukula kwawo kumawonetsa chizolowezi chazoyendetsa poyendetsa.
Kusambira mwachangu komanso msanga ndikofunikira ndikofunikira kuti zisanachitike. Nyama yomwe agwidwa imapita pakamwa, pomwe imagwiridwa ndi mano ang'onoang'ono. Kenako amapita kummero. Kuchokera mmenemo kulowa m'mimba yotambalala. Kudzaza ndicholinga chachikulu cha ruff.
Njira yogaya chakudya imathamanga mwachangu kuposa nsomba zina. Matumbo amagwira ntchito molimbika. Ruff amadya kamodzi ndi theka kapena kawiri chakudya chochulukirapo pa unit unit kuposa amzake amadzi amchere: zokopa. Icho ruff wamkulu wodya, aliyense amadziwa.
Kuphatikiza pa chakudya, mpweya ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Ruff amachotsa m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma gill. Madzi amalowa m'mitsempha kudzera mkamwa. Imasefedwa kudzera m'matope, omwe amatchedwa stamens, ndikusamba makola achikopa, otchedwa masamba. Pogwirizana nawo, madzi amapereka mpweya, womwe umalowa m'mitsempha yamagazi yamagazi.
Ma capillaries kudzera pamakhala amatulutsa zinyalala za carbon dioxide m'madzi. Magazi opindulitsa amalowa m'mitsempha ya gill. Kuchokera kwa iwo kumadutsa kumizu ya aorta, kuchokera pomwe imatsata kupita kumtunda kwa dortal aorta. Chombo choyambachi chimapereka magazi kumutu, ziwalo zamkati ndi minofu yonse.
Ruff amatsegula zokutira za gill. Mu pharyngeal-branchial space, kuthamanga kumachepa. Madzi amakopedwera mdera la gill. Njira yosinthira mpweya imachitika. Ma operculums atsekedwa ndi kukakamizidwa kwambiri, madzi amaponyedwa kunja.
Mtundu wonse wa nsombayo ndi wotuwa ndi zolemba zachikaso zofiirira. Mtundu wakumbuyo wakumtunda umafanana ndi mtundu wake wonse, koma ndimawonekera mdima kwambiri. Mimba yamtunduwu ndi yoyera yoyera. Mawanga ang'onoang'ono amdima amabalalika thupi lonse, kuphatikizapo zipsepse. Kuphatikiza pa mawanga ndi zitsotso, chivundikirocho chimakongoletsedwa ndi timadontho takuda.
Mtundu wa ruff umadalira kwambiri malo okhala. Madzi amtsinje wopanda madzi okhala ndi mchenga pansi amatulutsa chitsulo chosalala ndi chikasu. Mayiwe akuya ndi madzi osasunthika amajambula zovalazo mumayendedwe akuda, am'madzi.
Mamina, omwe amakutidwa ndi ruff, amapatsidwa ntchito zoteteza. Pamaso pake pamakhala poizoni yemwe amapangitsa kuti munga wa ruff upweteke kwambiri. Koma kwa ruff, mamina ndi mdalitso. Zimathandiza kuthana ndi mavuto angapo:
- kutuluka m'kamwa mwa chilombo nthawi zina,
- wathunthu ndi minga zimapangitsa ruff kuti asakhale nyama yabwino yodyera nsomba,
- amateteza thupi kuntchito ndi matenthedwe.
Spines ndi khadi loyimbira ruff. Mitsempha yam'mbali yam'mbali imakhala yolimba komanso yayitali. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, omenyera ufuluwo amaphulika ndi chida ichi. Kuphatikiza apo, masaya ndi zokutira zam'madzi za nsomba zimatetezedwa ndi mitsempha.
Mitundu
Pazowongolera zachilengedwe, ruffs imaphatikizidwa ndi dzina la Gymnocephalus. Mtundu wa ruffs uli ndi mitundu isanu yokha. Zonse mitundu ya ruff ndizofanana.
- Gymnocephalus cernua - Eurasia kapena wamba ruff. Mumakhala mitsinje ndi nyanja zambiri ku Europe ndi Siberia. Mosazindikira adalowa ku United States mumtsinje wa St. M'madamu a Nyanja Yaikulu, adakhazikitsa anthu ambiri.
- Gymnocephalus acerina - Don ruff. Miyoyo ndi mitundu m'mitsinje ndi nyanja za Black Sea ndi Azov basins. Kumalo omwe nsomba iyi imapezeka, imatchedwa mosiyana: nasar, beaver, privet, nkhumba.
- Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus ndi mitundu yomwe imaphatikizidwanso m'zinthu zachilengedwe mu 2010. Odwala kunyanja imodzi, yomwe ili ku Germany, kumtunda kwa Danube. Nyanjayo amatchedwa Ammersee.
- Gymnocephalus baloni - Danube kapena Czech ruff. Nsombazi zimawerengedwa kuti zimapezeka ku Danube. Koma akatswiri a ichthyologists amawona mawonekedwe a mitunduyo m'mitsinje ina yaku East Europe.
- Gymnocephalus schraetser - ruff yamtsinje, yemwe adadziwa bwino madamu a chigwa cha Danube. Dzinalo lodziwika ndi mizere ruff.
Kuphatikiza pa kuti ruff ndi mtundu woyimira mitundu isanu, palinso mitundu komanso mawonekedwe amkati mwa mitunduyo. Ndiye kuti, mtundu womwewo wa ruff wokhala munyanja yakuya komanso yamadzi atha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu kwa nsombazo. Zinthu zasintha - nsomba zasinthiratu kwa iwo. Popeza kusintha kwa malo okhala kumakhala kochepa, kukonza kwa ma morphological kumawonekera, koma osati cardinal.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ndikosavuta kulingalira za madzi apakati ku Europe, komwe ruffyo samatha kuyanjana - iyi ndi nsomba yopatsa mwayi. Siberia mitsinje ndi nyanja anali odziwa kwathunthu kwa iye ku Kolyma basin. Kuphatikiza apo, ruff sada nkhawa za mchere wamadzi pang'ono - mpaka 12 ‰.
Ruff amakonda makamaka mitsinje yaulesi ndi nyanja zakuya zokhala ndi gawo lokhazikika pansi pake. Ruff ikugwirizana ndi zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amathandizira madera okhala ndi mthunzi. M'malo otere, ndizosavuta kuti ruff agwiritse ntchito mwayi wake: amawona pang'ono.
Thupi lachilengedwe m'malo kumene ruff amakhala zitha kuphwanyidwa. Ngati palibe kukakamizidwa kukankhira ku nsomba zowononga, zimayamba kuchulukirachulukira mwachangu. Ma ruff a mibadwo yonse muzakudya zawo amatsogoleredwa ndi mazira a nsomba. Potha kudya, nsomba zamitengo yamtengo wapatali zitha kutsika mpaka zero.
Zakudya zabwino
Ruff ndiwopusa kwambiri. Ali mwana, amatola kuchokera pansi ndikugwira mphutsi zam'madzi, mazira, zooplankton. Akamakula, opunduka amapita pachakudya chokulirapo. Matendawa amakhalabe gawo lofunikira pa zakudya.
Ntchito yazakudya ndimikhalidwe yachilengedwe yaziphuphu. Kutsika kwina kumachitika m'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira. Zhor amasiya kwathunthu pakubereka. Ma ruffs amakondera makamaka nsomba za caviar. Izi zidapatsa mwayi ruffs osati owuma okha, komanso nsomba zowopsa.
Ndi owerengeka ochepa omwe amafunafuna kudya zokhazokha. Pike imamulowerera munthawi yapadera. Burbot wokhala m'munsi mwake amasaka ruff nthawi zonse. Pikoko samangoganizira za minga zowononga ndikuwononga nsombazi chaka chonse. Chowona kuti ruff mofunitsitsa amatenga nsomba zazingwe kwapangitsa kuti nsomba yozizira kwambiri ikhale imodzi mwanyambo zotchuka kwambiri posodza. Koma zisanachitike muyenera kugwira ruff.
Kugwira ruff
Ruff imagwidwa bwino nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Kupatula pa Epulo, ikamabala. Popeza kukonda kwa ruff kozizira, ndibwino kuyamba kuwedza madzulo, madzulo. Kuyesa m'mawa kumathandizanso kugwira ntchito bwino.
Chingwe cha nsomba yosadzichepetsayi, mutha kusankha yosavuta - ndodo yoyandama. Chipangizochi choyesedwa ndichabwino pakuwedza chilimwe komanso nthawi yozizira. Ndiye kuti, m'nyengo yozizira, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito jig.
Cholowacho chimanyamula bwino pa nyongolotsi, makamaka yopota, yomwe asodzi ena amapondera kumapeto kwa nyongolotsayo. Ruff ndi wosakhazikika, sada nkhawa ndi zovuta za zomwe achite. Ngakhale utanyamula mbedza, siyiyuluka.
Kutenga malo amodzi pamalo amtendere, titha kuganiza kuti kupha nsomba ndikotsimikizika. Kutulutsa kovuta - nsomba pasukulu. Kumwalira kwa membala m'modzi wa gululi sikuwopseza otsalawo, sikukakamiza gulu kusamukira kwina.
Omwe agwidwawo amasungidwa mu khola lina. Izi zimateteza nsomba zina kuti zisafe msanga, zomwe zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi ziphuphu, zonunkhira ndi ntchentche yoyipa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Pofika masika, ruff imayamba kukonzekera kubereka. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhudza ruffs ali ndi zaka 2-3. Mwa anthu osiyana, chifukwa chakunja, moyo wa anthu ambiri ukhoza kukhala wosakhalitsa. Poterepa, mwana wazaka chimodzi azimvera nawo ziweto.
Ma ruff, monga nsomba zina, atha kukhala ndi hermaphroditism. Ndiye kuti, ruff m'modzi ali ndi ziwalo zoberekera zazimuna ndi zachimuna. Kupatuka koteroko sikuwonedwa mwa anthu onse komanso osapitilira 25% ya ruffs pagulu. Amakhala ngati njira yolipirira kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamtundu uliwonse.
Palibe kudalira kotsimikizika kwa njira yoberekera kutentha kwa madzi, kuwunikira kapena zinthu zina. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, gulu lankhanza limatuluka kuchokera pansi pomwe adakhalamo. Mawanga pamatupi a amuna achimuna amakhala owala kwambiri komanso osiyana kwambiri.
Gululo limasamukira kumalo komwe madzi amakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira. Njira yoberekera mwina siyikhala ya nthawi imodzi. Mkazi amatha kugona katatu. Amuna omwe amatsatira akazi amathirira mazirawo ndi mkaka. Kusamba kumatenga masiku atatu mpaka masabata awiri.
Ruff roe ndi yaying'ono - kuyambira 0.3 mpaka 1 mm. Ngati ali ndi mwayi, ndipo ali ndi umuna, pakatha masabata 1-2 mphutsi idzawonekera, yomwe imayamba kukhala yachangu. Nsomba zazikulu sizisamalira nyama zam'mimba kapena zazing'ono zomwe zatulukamo.
Pa nthawi yobereka, masabata 1-2 ruff amasiya kudyetsa. Izi mwina ndizachitetezo chachilengedwe chamazira kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyi imatetezedwa kuzilombo zonse zomwe zimadyedwa pakuchuluka kwa ana.
Mkazi, kutengera kukula kwake, amalavulira kuchokera mazira khumi mpaka zikwi mazana angapo. Kuchuluka kwa mazira, mphutsi, mwachangu ndizochepa. Koma ziphuphu zomwe zathawa adani, asodzi ndi matenda amatha kukhala zaka 10 - 12. Awa ndiwo malire azimayi, amuna amakhala zaka zosakwana 7 - 8.
Mtengo
Palibe nsomba zamalonda zamalonda wamba, chifukwa chake sizingatheke kugula ruff m'sitolo. Koma ma ruffs ali ndi mayina awiri omwe amagulitsidwa - kunyanja kwam'madzi ndi ma ruffer ruffer. Nsombazi sizogwirizana kwenikweni ndi zowona zenizeni. Koma amakulolani kuchita zosatheka - kugula ruff m'sitolo.
Nsomba zopezeka mopepuka sizitsika mtengo. Nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa mu mawonekedwe owuma pamtengo wa pafupifupi 500-600 ruble. pa kg. Ruff m'madzi, lomwe limatchedwa kuti chinkhanira, limatanthauza zakudya zabwino. Mtengo wa madzi owundana panyanja ukhoza kupitilira RUB 1,500 pa kg.
Koma palibe imodzi mwa nsomba izi yomwe idzalowe m'malo mwathunthu ngati khutu. Pali chinthu chimodzi chatsalira - kulumikizana ndi asodzi. Ndiwo omwe amatha kupereka wophika aliyense, mayi wapakhomo ndi nsomba zokwanira kuti aziphika msuzi wa nsomba kuchokera ku ruff.
