Kutulutsa - mbalame yaying'ono yopitilira yomwe imapezeka ku Russia nthawi yotentha komanso nthawi yozizira. Ngakhale amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango, amathanso kupita kumidzi, nthawi zina kuwononga zokolola m'minda. Koma izi ndizoyenera chifukwa chaubwino wobwera ndi waxwing - zimawononga tizilombo tambiri, kuphatikiza todetsa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Waxwing
Mbalame zoyamba zidachokera ku zokwawa - archosaurs. Izi zidachitika zaka 160 miliyoni zapitazo, asayansi ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pankhani yoti ndi ndani mwa omwe adakhala makolo awo. Kutha kukhazikitsa izi ndendende pokhapokha mafomu osinthika apafupi atapezeka ngati zolembedwa zakale.
Kufikira pomwe zoterezi zidachitika, Archeopteryx yemweyo, yemwe kale amawoneka ngati wosintha, ali kale kutali kwambiri ndi ma archosaurs osathawa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mitundu ina iyenera kuti idalipo pakati pawo. Mulimonsemo, mbalame zakale kwambiri zinakonzedwa mosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi pano.
Kanema: Waxwing
Mitundu yomwe idapulumuka mpaka lero idayamba kuwonekera patapita nthawi, ku Paleogene - ndiye kuti, patatha zaka 65 miliyoni BC, pomwe kutha kwa misala kunatha. Zinalimbikitsa chisinthiko, kuphatikiza cha mbalame - mpikisano udafooka kwambiri, ziphuphu zonse zidachoka, zomwe zidayamba kudzazidwa ndi mitundu yatsopano.
Nthawi yomweyo, odutsa oyamba adawonekera - kutanthauza kuti waxwing ndi wawo. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za odutsa zimapezeka kumwera kwa hemisphere, zili zaka 50-55 miliyoni. Amaganiziridwa kuti kwanthawi yayitali amakhala kumwera kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi, chifukwa zakale zawo zidatsalira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa zaka 25-30 miliyoni zoyambirira.
The waxwing idawonekera pambuyo poti odutsa adasamukira kumeneku, ndipo tsopano akukhala ku Eurasia ndi North America kokha. Waxwing wamba anafotokozedwa ndi K. Linnaeus mu 1758 pansi pa dzina Bombycilla garrulus.
Zonse pamodzi, mitundu 9 ya waxwing idadziwika kale, yolumikizidwa m'banja la dzina lomweli, koma kenako zidapezeka kuti kusiyana pakati pawo ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo adagawika awiri: ma waxwings ndi silky waxwings.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Waxwing mbalame
Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri: kutalika kwa 19-22 cm, ndikulemera magalamu 50-65. Imayima ndi tuft yayikulu. Phokoso la nthenga ndi imvi ndi utoto wobiriwira, mapikowo ndi akuda, atulutsa mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yachikaso. Pakhosi ndi mchira wa mbalameyi nawonso ndi wakuda. Pali milozo yachikaso m'mphepete mwa mchira, komanso yoyera m'mphepete mwa mapiko.
Mikwingwirima ing'onoing'ono iyi, limodzi ndi mtundu wapinki, imapatsa mbalameyo mawonekedwe osiyanasiyananso komanso nyengo yachilendo. Mukayang'ana nthenga zachiwirizo chapafupi, mudzawona kuti nsonga zake ndizofiira. Anapiye ndi achikasu-mabokosi, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono zomwe sizinasungunuke zili ndi nthenga zofiirira.
Waxwing ali ndi milomo yotakata komanso yayifupi, miyendo yokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika - amagwiritsa ntchito kumamatira ku nthambi, koma ndizovuta kuti mbalameyi iziyenda pamwamba pake. Pakuthawa, imatha kukhala ndi liwiro lokwanira, nthawi zambiri imawuluka molunjika, yopanda mawonekedwe ovuta komanso kutembenuka kwakuthwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalamezi zimatha kusungidwa kunyumba, ngakhale zimakhala zovuta kuzizolowera, pokhapokha zitakhala anapiye. Koma simungathe kuwasunga m'modzi kapena m'makola ochepa: amayamba kumva chisoni ndikukhala olephera. Kuti waxwing akhale womasuka komanso wosangalatsa ndi ma trill, muyenera kukhazikitsa mbalame ziwiri pamodzi ndikuwapatsa mwayi wouluka mozungulira khola.
Kodi waxwing amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kawirikawiri waxwing
M'chilimwe, ma waxwings amakhala mdera lalikulu la taiga ndi madera ozungulira, kuyambira ku Europe kupita ku Eastern Siberia ku Eurasia, komanso madera omwe ali ndi nyengo yofananira ku North America. Amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango, amakonda ma conifers kapena osakanikirana.
Amatha kuwonanso m'mitsinje kapena m'mapiri, ngati atadzala ndi zomera. Waxworms amakhala m'dera lalikulu: samasankha nyengo, amatha kukhala m'malo ataliatali, kuyambira kutsika mpaka kumapiri. Koposa zonse, iwo amakonda nkhalango zomwe kuli ma spruces ndi ma birch.
Chofunikira kwambiri posankha malo okhala mbalameyi ndi kupezeka kwa zipatso zambiri. Ndicho chifukwa chake amakonda nkhalango za taiga zomwe zili nazo. Imatha kuwuluka kupita m'minda ndikutchera zipatso, ngakhale mbalame imodzi yaying'ono imatha kuwononga zinthu zambiri, chifukwa imadya kwambiri.
M'nyengo yozizira, kumakhala kuzizira kwa tchire, choncho amayenda ulendo waufupi wakumwera. Mosiyana ndi omwe amasamuka, omwe amayenda maulendo ataliatali kwakanthawi, waxwing amatchedwa mbalame zosamukasamuka. Amawuluka pafupi kwambiri - nthawi zambiri makilomita mazana angapo.
Imachita izi chisanu chikangogwa, kapena kuzizira kwanthawi yayitali - chifukwa chake, ngakhale mu Disembala, nthawi zina amatha kukung'amba zipatso zachisanu. Amawuluka pagulu lalikulu, amabweranso masika atabwera, koma pamagulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 5-10.
Ndege zimangopangidwa ndi ma waxwings omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa mtunda, "akummwera" amakhalabe m'malo ngakhale nyengo yozizira yachisanu imabweranso m'malo awo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mbalame yonyezimira. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi kudya sera kumadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Waxwing m'nyengo yozizira
Zakudya za mbalameyi ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimapangidwa ndi nyama komanso zamasamba. Choyamba chimapambana mchilimwe. Pakadali pano, waxwing ikusaka mwakhama, makamaka tizilombo.
Zitha kukhala:
- udzudzu;
- agulugufe;
- agulugufe;
- kafadala;
- mphutsi.
Waxworms ndi ovuta kwambiri, komanso, nthawi zambiri amauluka m'magulu, ndipo imodzi mwa izi imatha kuwononga tizilombo tambiri tovulaza mderalo, kenako nkupita kumalo atsopano. Chifukwa chake ma waxwings ndi othandiza kwambiri - ngati atakhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala, udzudzu ndi midge zimachepa kwambiri.
Makamaka, ma waxwings amapha tizilombo nthawi yomwe amafunika kudyetsa anapiye - nkhuku iliyonse imakakamiza makolo kuti azigwira ntchito mosatopa ndi mapiko awo tsiku lonse, ndikubweretsa ziweto - anapiye samadya chakudya chomera, koma amafunikira zambiri kuti zikule.
Amadyanso impso, mbewu, zipatso ndi zipatso, amakonda:
- phulusa lamapiri;
- kusuntha;
- mlombwa;
- kukwera;
- mabulosi;
- chitumbuwa cha mbalame;
- lingonberries;
- mistletoe;
- barberry;
- maapulo;
- mapeyala.
Ndipo ngati, kudya tizilombo, ma waxwings amabweretsa zabwino zambiri, ndiye chifukwa chakukonda zipatso pali zoyipa zambiri. Kulakalaka kuno sikutha kulikonse, chifukwa chake amatha kudya chitumbuwa cha mbalame m'maola ochepa, pambuyo pake eni ake alibe chilichonse choti angatoleko.
Makamaka, ma waxwings aku America ndi owopsa, akuwulukira m'minda m'magulu akulu, motero alimi sawakonda kwambiri. Amatha kuukira mtengo ngati dzombe, kusesa zipatso zonse zomwe zikumera, ndikuuluka kupita ku woyandikira. Zipatso zakugwa sizimatola pansi.
Mbalamezi ndizosusuka kwenikweni: zimakonda kumeza momwe zingathere, motero sizimatafuna zipatsozo, chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda chakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magawidwe azibzala bwino. M'chaka, amatha kudumphira masamba amitengo yosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi yachisanu amasintha kupita ku zakudya za rowan imodzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amapita kumidzi.
Chosangalatsa: Zodabwitsa ngati "zakumwa zoledzera" zimayenderana ndi kususuka. Amathyola zipatso zonse osamvetsetsa, kuphatikiza zomwe zidafota kale. Chifukwa chakuti amadya kwambiri, mowa wambiri umatha kukhala m'magazi, zomwe zimapangitsa mbalame kuyenda ngati chidakwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe zipatso zachisanu zimatenthedwa pang'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yosungunula
Nthawi zambiri ma waxwings amakhala pagulu ndipo akakhala ambiri, amaliza mluzu mofuula, kulumikizana - ndipo mawu a mbalamezi, ngakhale ndi ochepa, amakhala osangalatsa kwambiri ndipo amafalikira kudera lonselo. Akakhala mokweza, mluzu wawo umadzaza ndi mayimbidwe. Amapanga phokoso tsiku lonse, ndiye kuti mutha kuwamva akuwaimbira likhweru kuchokera kutchire ndi mitengo yokhala ndi zipatso.
Masana ambiri amachita izi - mwina amakhala pachitsamba ndikuthyola zipatso, kapena amangopuma ndikuimba mluzu. Pa masiku abwino, nthawi zambiri amakwera mlengalenga, ngakhale sakonda kuwuluka ngati ma swifts, ndipo samatha kupanga ziwerengero zovuta. Komanso, masiku omveka bwino, pali tizilombo tambiri mlengalenga ndi paudzu, chifukwa chake sera zimasaka.
Pali gulu lankhosa chabe pamenepo, chifukwa chake, pofunafuna chakudya, nthawi zambiri amasunthira kutali nawo, komabe samawuluka patali kwambiri. Atadya tizilombo tokwanira, amabwerera ndipo amayambanso kuimba muluzi ndi abale awo. Waxwing ndi mbalame yolimbikira, imatha kugwira tizilombo pa ntchentche ndipo imatha kugwira zambiri nthawi yayifupi, koma ndizovuta kwambiri kuti ichokemo.
Nyengo yozizira ikafika, mafunde amapitilira kuwuluka ndikufunafuna zipatso za rowan, ndipo kuzizira koopsa kapena chimphepo chamkuntho, nkhosa zimapeza pogona pakati pa nthambi za spruce - pansi pa spruce, pansi pa singano ndi chipale chofewa, kumakhala kotentha kwambiri, makamaka ngati mukukumbatirana. Mbalame zimatha kupulumuka ngakhale nyengo yozizira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Waxwing
Ngati mbalamezi zimalira mokweza, mwamphamvu ndipo siziwopa kuulukira kwa anthu, ndiye kuti mu Meyi-Juni zimakhala zosamveka. Cholinga chake ndikuti nyengo yogona ikubwera - poyambira kwake, awiriawiri adapangidwa kale ndipo ma waxwings amayamba kumanga zisa. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, chaka chilichonse awiriawiri amapangidwanso mwatsopano, pomwe yamphongo imapatsa chachikazi zipatso ngati mphatso - amayenera kuchita izi mosalekeza kwanthawi yayitali.
Izi zimakhala ngati mayeso ngati angakwanitse kupatsa wamkazi chakudya pomwe akutulutsa mazira. Zidzakhala zofunikira kumudyetsa mpaka atasankha ngati angavomereze chibwenzi chake, kapena sanayesere zokwanira ndipo ndibwino kuyesa kuyanjana ndi wina. Malo achisa amasankhidwa kutali ndi dziwe - kupeza madzi ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa apo ayi mbalame zimayenera kuwuluka pafupipafupi kuti zizimwa ndi kuthirira anapiye. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimapezeka m'nkhalango zotseguka, pama nthambi amitengo ikuluikulu ya Khrisimasi, pamtunda wa 7-14 mita.
Uku ndiye kutalika kwake kotero kuti nyama zakutchire sizikhala ndi chidwi, ndipo mbalame zodya nyama zomwe zikuuluka pamwamba pa spruce sizingawone zisa. Waxwings amatha kukhazikika nthawi yodzisankhira padera komanso palimodzi, pagulu la zisa zisafupi pafupi. Pakumanga, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito nthambi, masamba a udzu, ndere ndi moss. Nthenga ndi ubweya zimayikidwa pansi pa chisa kuti anapiye akhale ofewa komanso omasuka. Chisa chikakonzeka kwathunthu, chachikazi chimayikamo mazira 3-6 a mthunzi wabuluu, wamawangamawanga.
Muyenera kuwamanga kwa milungu iwiri, ndipo ndi wamkazi yekha amene amachita, koma champhongo chimayenera kunyamula chakudya chake nthawi yonseyi - iye samachoka kulikonse. Atamera, anapiyewo sangachite chilichonse kwa nthawi yoyamba, koma amakhala olimba mtima - amangochita zomwe amafunsira chakudya. Izi zimakopa nyama zolusa, kuti makolo azipezera chakudya cha iwo eni komanso kudziteteza. Chifukwa chake, kholo limodzi limawulukira chakudya - limachita mosinthana, ndipo lachiwiri limatsalira pachisa. Masabata awiri oyamba ndi nthawi yowopsa kwambiri, ndiye anapiye okutidwa ndi nthenga ndikukhala odziyimira pawokha. Zowona, muyenera kuwadyetsa kwakanthawi.
Pofika Ogasiti, nthenga zawo zimakhala zitapangidwa kale, chifukwa chake amaphunzira kuuluka ndipo pang'onopang'ono amayamba kupeza chakudya chawo, ngakhale nthawi zina makolo awo amafunikirabe kuwadyetsa. Pakutha chilimwe, amakhala atawuluka kale ndikukhala odziyimira pawokha, kusiya makolo awo mgulu lachisanu. Waxwing wachinyamata amafika pokhwima pogonana nyengo yotsatira yoberekera, ndipo amakhala zaka 10-15, zomwe ndizochuluka kwambiri kwa mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe a sera
Chithunzi: Mbalame yosungunula
Zimakhala zovuta kuti ziphuphu ziziteteze chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake komanso kusowa kwa mulomo wamphamvu kapena zikhadabo, mtundu wawo sungatchedwe kuti masking, kuthamanga kwa ndege sikunalembedwe, ndipo momwe zinthu zikuyendera ndi zoipitsitsa. Chifukwa chake, pali zolusa zambiri zomwe zingathe kugwira ntchentche, ndipo zoopsa zimamuwopseza nthawi zonse komanso kulikonse.
Ena mwa adani akuluakulu ndi awa:
- nkhwangwa;
- makumi anayi;
- khwangwala;
- kadzidzi;
- mapuloteni;
- martens;
- osamalira.
Mbalame zodya nyama zimatha kugwira timitengo ta ntchentche pamene zikuuluka kapena kuyesa kuwagwira mwadzidzidzi zikakhala mwamtendere panthambi za mitengo. Kuchoka pagulu kapena mbalame ina yayikulu ndikovuta kwambiri. Ndipo ngakhale usiku zisoti sizimva kukhala zotetezeka, chifukwa akadzidzi amapita kukasaka. Amakonda kwambiri makoswe, koma ngati angakwanitse kupeza chisa, ndiye kuti nawonso sangakhale abwino. Khwangwala ndi agulugufe amathanso kugwira mbalame zazikulu, koma zimabweretsa mavuto chifukwa chazomwe zimawononga zisa: zolusa izi zimakonda kudya anapiye ndi mazira.
Kuphatikiza apo, khwangwala amatha kuwononga zisa zingapo zapafupi nthawi imodzi, ngakhale atadya yoyamba, ndipo amangopha anapiye onse osadya, ndikuphwanya mazira. Ngati makolo amayesetsa kuteteza chisa, khwangwala amakhalanso nawo. Makoswe odyetserako ziweto nawonso saopa kuwononga chisa: ma martens ndi agologolo ndiosavuta kufikira. Amakonda mazira koposa, koma amathanso kudya anapiye, ndipo amatha kupha mbalame yayikulu, ngakhale itha kukhala yowopsa kale - pali chiopsezo chotenga bala kuchokera pakamwa pake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kawirikawiri waxwing
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma waxwings ku Eurasia ndiyotakata kwambiri - pafupifupi ma kilomita 13 miliyoni. Dera ili ndi anthu ambiri mamiliyoni - ndizovuta kuwerengera kuchuluka kwawo. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kwatsika, komabe, kuchuluka kwa kuchepa uku sikukadali kwakukulu.
Kupitilira apo, mitunduyi ndi ya omwe amachititsa nkhawa zochepa ndipo satetezedwa mwalamulo ku Russia kapena m'maiko aku Europe. Malo ambiri omwe miyoyo ya waxwing sinakule bwino, ndipo m'zaka zikubwerazi sikoyenera kuyembekezera chitukuko chake - awa ndi madera ozizira a Scandinavia, Urals, Siberia.
Chifukwa chake, palibe chowopseza kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala komweko. Ku North America, zinthu zili chimodzimodzi - mbalame zambiri zimakhala m'nkhalango zokhala ndi anthu ochepa ku Canada. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku kontinentiyi ndi chachikulu, malinga ndi momwe alimi aku America akuvutikira ndi ma waxwings, ngakhale ochulukirapo. Izi ndizosiyana ndi Japan waxwing, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Amur - ndizosowa komanso zotetezedwa m'malo ambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Mukasungidwa mu ukapolo, muyenera kudyetsa mbalamezo ndi carotene, apo ayi mtundu wake udzafota - njira yosavuta ndikupatsa kaloti. Sasiya kanyumba kanyumba, nyama zochepa, tizilombo, zoumba.
M'nyengo yotentha, zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi zitsamba zambiri zimawonjezedwa pazosankha ndipo, zachidziwikire, zimatha kudyetsedwa nthawi zonse ndi zipatso. Ngati mbalame zili ndi ana, chakudya cha nyama chiyenera kukhala pachakudya chawo, nkofunikanso kuti musasokoneze nthawi yopanga.
Kutulutsa mbalame yaying'ono komanso yopanda chitetezo pamaso pa adani. Amavutika chifukwa cha kupirira: chaka ndi chaka amamanga zisa zatsopano, kenako amalumikizana ndi kudyetsa anapiye mpaka atha kukhala pawokha. Amakhala olimba mtima ndipo amatha kupulumuka m'nyengo yozizira yozizira, kwinaku akudya phulusa lamapiri lachisanu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 18:49
