Kuyambira masika, anthu amayesa kutaya nthawi yambiri m'chilengedwe, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi matupi amadzi. Mpweya wabwino, kung'ung'udza kwa madzi, dzuwa - zonsezi zimapindulitsa paumoyo, malingaliro ndi moyo wabwino. Kuphatikiza kwina kwachisangalalo chotere ndi mwayi wodziwa bwino nyama zapadera. Makamaka, izi woyendetsa madzi, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti kachilombo ka madzi. Mutha kudziwa zambiri za tizilombo timeneti ndi moyo wawo m'buku lino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Wokwera m'madzi
Woyendetsa madzi ndi kachilombo kosangalatsa, kopepuka kamene kamakhala pamwamba pamitsinje, posungira, madambo. Nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi akangaude chifukwa cha miyendo yake yopyapyala komanso yayitali. Nthawi zina cholakwika ndimadzi chimalakwitsa chifukwa cha mphemvu kapena kachilomboka. Zida zamadzi ndi dzina lomwe limagwirizanitsa banja lonse la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Amadziwika kuti ndi nsikidzi. M'Chilatini, dzina la nyama zotere limamveka ngati "Gerridae".
Kanema: Wokwera m'madzi
Pakali pano, amadziwika za kukhalapo kwa mitundu yoposa mazana asanu ndi awiri ya zoumitsa madzi zomwe zimakhala pamadzi. Umenewu ndiwo mtundu wofala kwambiri wa tizilomboti.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri komanso yotchuka ikuphatikizapo zitatu:
- Woyendetsa madzi amadziwe. Mbali yake yapadera ndi yowala, yolemera mtundu wa miyendo;
- nsikidzi zazikulu zamadzi. Iwo ndi akulu kwambiri m'banja. Kutalika kwa thupi la tizilombo kotere kumatha kufikira mamilimita 17;
- Wokwera pang'onopang'ono wofanana ndi ndodo. Nyamayi idatchulidwanso chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake komanso zizolowezi zake. Kunja, kachilomboka kakukumbutsa kwambiri ndodo, kamakhala ku Siberia, kamakhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Ndizosavuta kuzindikira oimira banja lomwe limayendetsa madzi. Amakhala apakatikati kukula kwa tizilombo, miyendo yayikulu ndi yopyapyala. Mukakhala patali, amatha kufanana ndi kangaude. Tizilombo ta madzi timakhala pamwamba pamadzi. Miyendo yawo ili ndi tsitsi lolimba kwambiri lomwe limathamangitsa madzi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake woyendetsa madzi amatha kuyenda mosavuta m'madzi osamira.
Mamembala onse am'banjali ali ndi mbali zambiri zofanana, chimodzi mwazo ndi magawo otukuka. Zida zonse zamadzi zimadutsa magawo awiri: mphutsi ndi akulu. Mu gawo loyamba, omanga madzi amakhala pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Pakadali pano, thupi lawo likukula mwachangu, kusintha mtundu. Kuchokera ku kachilombo kobiriwira komwe kali ndi miyendo yayifupi, pang'onopang'ono amasanduka kachilomboka kakang'ono kwambiri kofiirira ndi miyendo yayitali, yopyapyala, yomwe imawalola kuyenda momasuka pamwamba pamadziwe ndi malo osungira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Woyendetsa madzi wa tizilombo
Woyendetsa madzi ndi tizilombo todya, zomwe kukula kwake kumadalira mtunduwo. Mitundu yambiri ya nyama izi imakhala ndi thupi laling'ono - mamilimita ochepa okha kutalika kwake. Komabe, zoluka zambiri zamadzi ndizokulirapo tizilombo. Mitundu ina imatha kutalika kwa milimita khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mtundu wa thupi umadaliranso mtunduwo. Amakhala wobiriwira mpaka wakuda. Mbali yakumunsi yamimba ndi miyendo ya tizilombo ili ndi zokutira zolimba. Ndiwothamangitsa madzi. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira kapena imvi.
Tizilombo timakhala ndi mutu wawung'ono, womwe ma proboscis ndi tinyanga ndizodziwika kwambiri. Antenna ndi gawo lofunikira la gulu lamadzi. Amathandizira nyamayo kutola zonunkhira zosiyanasiyana ndikuthandizira kukhudza. Nyamayi imagwira nawo ntchito yosaka. Ndi chithandizo chake, kachilomboka kamabaya enzyme yapadera mwa wovulalayo. Enzyme imeneyi imasungunula matumbo a nyama.
Chisamaliro chapadera cha anthu pakuwoneka kwa nsikidzi zamadzi nthawi zonse chimakopeka ndi mawondo. Amawoneka motalika kwambiri. Zingwe zamadzi zimakhala ndi miyendo itatu, iliyonse imapatsidwa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito. Miyendo iwiri yoyambirira (yayifupi kwambiri) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusaka kuti agwire nyama, pakati ndi kumbuyo kumafunika kuthandizira ndikuyenda. Ziphuphu zomwe zili pamiyendo zimasunga mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo "tisamamwe". Mitundu ina yayikulu ilinso ndi mapiko. Ndi chithandizo chawo, zouluka m'madzi zimauluka m'mitunda yosiyanasiyana kukafunafuna chakudya.
Chosangalatsa: Nyanja, nsikidzi zamadzi zamtsinje zilibe mapiko. Sangowasowa. Koposa zonse, mitundu yazomata zamadzi zomwe zimakhala m'matope zimawafuna. Mothandizidwa ndi mapiko awo, tizilombo timatha kuyenda, chifukwa mathanthwe amauma posachedwa.
Kodi wopyola madzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chidebe chamadzi
Zida zamadzi ndi banja lalikulu pafupifupi mitundu mazana asanu ndi awiri. Chifukwa chake, malo awo okhala ndiwambiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timapezeka pafupifupi paliponse pomwe pamakhala madzi othimbirira, maiwe komanso matope. Kupatula kwawo ndi madera ozizira kwambiri ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Woyendetsa madzi amakhala ku Poland, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, America ndi mayiko ena ambiri.
Woyendetsa madzi amapereka zofunikira zingapo kumalo awo. Amafuna nyengo yotentha ndi nyengo yotentha ndi madzi - dziwe, dziwe kapena mtsinje womwe ukuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Zina mwa tizilomboti zimakhala m'matope. Zingwe zamadzi zotere zimakhala ndi mapiko, kotero kuti ngati zithaphwi zouma, zimatha kupita kumalo ena. Miyendo ya nsikidzi yamadzi ndi yayitali, koma yosavuta. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyama iziyenda mwachangu osati pamadzi komanso pamtunda.
Pali mitundu ya tiziromboti tomwe timatha kukhala m'madzi amchere amchere. Mwachitsanzo, awa ndi osanja madzi am'nyanja. Amasiyana ndi abale awo pang'ono pang'ono. Chofunikira china chofunikira kumalo okhala ndi kukhalapo kwa zomera pafupi ndi gwero la madzi. Mmenemo, tizilombo timabisala, timabisala. Nthawi zina zimabisala m'mbali mwa nyanja. Zida zamadzi zimadzuka kokha ndikayamba kutentha.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe tizilombo timakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe ophera madzi amadya.
Kodi wopyola madzi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Woyendetsa madzi wosokoneza
Oyendetsa madzi ndi osaka bwino kwambiri. Ali ndi maso owoneka bwino, adapanga zoyendetsa zoyenda. Ma receptors olowera ali pamakona ndi miyendo, yomwe imalola kuti tizilombo tithandizire kusinthasintha kulikonse kwamadzi. Amapereka pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo poyenda m'madzi, motero amadzipezera chakudya. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadyetsa nyama. Zakudya zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku zimakhala ndi tizilombo tambiri, nsomba, kafadala ndi oimira ena ang'onoang'ono anyama.
Miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo imagwira nawo mbali kugwira nyama. Amakhala ndi ngowe zapadera. Tizilombo tawo ta madzi timagwiritsira ntchito mwamphamvu kugwira nyama. Mbalamezi zimathandizanso popereka chakudya. Chingwe chake chamadzi chimalowa mwa mnzake kuti amwe zakudya kapena kubayira poyizoni. Chombocho ndi chachitali, koma sichimasokoneza kuyenda. Mukatha kudya, nyama imapinda pakhosi pake.
Zochita zomwe amakonda kwambiri oyenda m'madzi ndi:
- ntchentche, ntchentchezi. Tizilombo timeneti timakhala chakudya cha nsikidzi kokha chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kwawo. Nthawi zina zimauluka pafupi kwambiri ndi madzi kapena mwangozi zimagwera pamenepo;
- mazira a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, nsomba zam'madzi. Woyendetsa madzi amapeza chakudya chotere m'mbali mwadothi;
- nsomba, nsomba mwachangu, physalia. Zakudya zoterezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zam'madzi am'madzi;
- zotsalira za oimira nyama zakufa. The Water Strider ndi cholengedwa chapadera komanso chothandiza kwambiri. Oimira banja lino amadya zotsalira zambiri, kutsuka madzi ndi magombe.
Chosangalatsa: Chifukwa cha chakudya, omanga madzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mikangano ngakhale ndewu. Nthawi zambiri tizilombo timatengera chakudya wina ndi mnzake mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yakutsogolo yakuthwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa Beetle
Zida zamadzi ndi dzina la gulu lonse la tizilombo tating'ono tomwe timafotokoza bwino momwe amakhalira. Nyama izi zimayeza madzi ndi miyendo yawo yopyapyala komanso yayitali. Ndi madzi omwe ndi gawo lofunikira pakukhala tizilombo. Zingwe zamadzi zimayenda mosavuta pamadzi ndipo sizimira chifukwa cha bristle yapadera pamimba ndi miyendo. Masana, amatha kutsetsereka pamadzi kwa maola ambiri, akusaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mwachangu, ntchentche komanso udzudzu.
Pogwira nyama, nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito chilichonse chomwe chilengedwe chapatsa: kuwona kwakuthwa, mawoko olimba, chiboda chakuthwa chakuthwa, zolandilira. Pokhala wokhala m'mayiwe ndi mosungira madzi, nsikidzi zamadzi zimangowoneka. Komabe, ngakhale pano chilengedwe chinawathandiza, kuwapatsa mtundu wakuda wakuda wosawoneka bwino. Mtundu woterowo komanso thupi locheperako zimawapangitsa kukhala osawoneka ndi adani.
Mitundu yambiri yamadzi yamadzi imakhala ndi mapiko. Komabe, tizilombo timeneti timauluka kawirikawiri. Ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe imafunikira mapiko kuti ipulumuke. Tikulankhula za tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'madontho ang'onoang'ono. Chidebe chilichonse chimauma pakapita nthawi, chifukwa chake nsikidzi zimayenera kufunafuna zina zatsopano. Amawulukira kuchithaphwi china ndi mapiko awo. Nthawi yotsalayo mapikowo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito.
M'chilimwe, omanga madzi amakhala nthawi yayitali pamadzi, nthawi yozizira - m'nkhalango zowirira kapena panthaka. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamazi zimabisala. M'nyengo yotentha, kuchuluka kwamadzi okwera m'madzi, madambo, mitsinje ndi mayiwe ndiokwera kwambiri. Kupumula mwachilengedwe, mwina, munthu aliyense amawona tizilombo ngati pafupi. Nsikidzi sizimatulukira pamtunda nthawi zonse - pokhapokha zikafunika. Izi ndichifukwa choti miyendo yawo siyimasinthidwa bwino kuti izitha kuyenda pansi kapena pamtunda.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Woyendetsa madzi wamkulu
Pambuyo pa kugona, zophulika zamadzi zimakhala zokonzeka kuswana. Kwa iwo, njirayi imachitika nthawi yomweyo ndikutentha komanso pakati pa chilimwe. Pachifukwa ichi, m'nyengo imodzi yachilimwe, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana titha kuwoneka m'madamu. Pokwatirana, champhongo chimasankha chachikazi ndikukwera mmadzi momwemo. Pakangotha sabata imodzi kuchokera pamene yamera, yaikazi imatha kuikira mazira.
Zosangalatsa: Zomata zam'madzi ndizochuluka kwambiri tizilombo. Chimbalangondo chachikazi chimatha kuikira mazira mpaka makumi asanu nthawi imodzi. Izi zimalola mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu kuti ikhalebe ndi chilengedwe chochulukirapo ngakhale pali zovuta zambiri.
Kachirombo kakakazi kamaikira mazira m'masamba azomera zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili m'madzi. Zomangamanga zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka - ndi chingwe chachitali ngati chingwe. Machende onse amaikidwamo bwino. Mitundu yaying'ono yazomata madzi imayikira mazira opanda mamina. Amaziunjika mu milu kapena kuziyika m'masamba a zomera.
Patatha milungu ingapo, mphutsi zimatuluka m'mazira. Amakula msanga ndipo patatha mwezi amasandulika akulu. Komabe, nyama zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimasiyana ndi makolo awo. Zingwe zazing'ono zamadzi ndizochepera ndipo zimakhala ndi mimba yotupa pang'ono. Nthawi yamoyo ya nyama izi ndi yaifupi - chaka chimodzi chokha. Komabe, izi sizilepheretsa banjali kukhala limodzi mwa tizilombo tambiri padziko lapansi ndikusungabe anthu ake.
Adani achilengedwe omenyera madzi
Chithunzi: Wokwera m'madzi
Woyendetsa madzi amakhala nthawi yayitali pamadzi, osawoneka pamtunda. Ndiye chifukwa chake adani ake onse amakhala m'madziwe ndi mosungira madzi. Komabe, palibe ambiri aiwo. Kwenikweni, nyama zoterezi zimadya nsomba ndi achule ena, achule amtengo, zisoti. Amasaka mwakachetechete nsikidzi zamadzi. Mdani woyipitsitsa wamadzi am'madzi ndi madzi. Mphutsi za nkhupakupa zimabweretsa vuto lalikulu ku nyama. Amaluma thupi lonse la madziwo ndikumwa magazi ake.
Zovuta zamadzi sizovuta kugwira nyama zolusa. Zilombozi ndi zaukhondo komanso zotha msanga. Amatha kulumpha ndipo amatha kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri. Pozindikira ngozi, nsikidzi zambiri zamadzi zimakhala ndi nthawi yoti zichoke m'derali. Ali ndi mapulogalamu opangira kayendedwe kabwino, choncho ngakhale kuwaza pang'ono kwa madzi kumawachenjeza.
Chosangalatsa: Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa zamaubwino omwe nsikidzi zamadzi zimabweretsa m'chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa dongosolo lamadamu, madambo ndi mitsinje. Nyama izi zimatha kuyeretsa madzi kuchokera ku ntchentche zoyamwa magazi. Ndiwo "owongolera" a tiziromboti.
Munthu sangatchedwe mdani wachilengedwe wamadzi. Anthu samawononga tizilombo timeneti, chifukwa ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Mimbulu yamadzi, kuphatikiza phindu lake, ndiyotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu. Tizilomboto timangoluma pokhapokha, tikakhala pachiwopsezo kuchokera kwa anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Woyendetsa madzi pamadzi
Zingwe zamadzi ndi amodzi mwamabanja akulu kwambiri a tizilombo. Zimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa mazana asanu ndi awiri ya nyama, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwawo sikumakhala kochititsa mantha. Zipolopolo zam'madzi zasankhidwa Kukhala Osasamala. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti banja la tizilombo ili silikuopsezedwa kutha posachedwa.
Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimathandizira anthu ambiri omwe amaimira madzi:
- maubwino azachilengedwe ndi anthu. Anthu samayesa kuchotsa zodula zamadzi, chifukwa amadziwa kuti ndizodutsa mosungira madzi. Nyama iyi ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri pakulamulira kuchuluka kwa ntchentche zoyamwa magazi;
- chonde chachilengedwe chambiri. Zingwe zamadzi zimaswana kangapo pachaka. Panthawi ina, mkazi amaikira mazira pafupifupi makumi asanu, pomwe mphutsi zimatulukamo;
- kuchuluka kwapulumuka. Nsikidzi zamadzi zimakhala ndi moyo waufupi - chaka chimodzi chokha. Mpaka nthawiyo, akuluakulu samamwalira kawirikawiri. Ndi tizilombo taukhondo, tothamanga komanso tothamanga. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ozunzidwa ndi adani achilengedwe, samadwala.
Ngakhale chithunzi chonse ndichabwino, mitundu ina yamtundu wamadzi imaphatikizidwa mu Red Books zamayiko ndi mizinda. Mwachitsanzo, tikulankhula za sphagnum water strider. Nyama imeneyi ndi ya mitundu yosawerengeka.
Kuteteza kwamadzi amadzi
Chithunzi: Woyendetsa madzi kuchokera ku Red Book
Woyendetsa madzi wa sphagnum ndi mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe imakhala ndi malo achilengedwe. Tizilombo tomwe timakhala ku Ukraine, Russia, Sweden, Poland, Finland, Belarus. Mitunduyi imawerengedwa kuti siyiphunziridwa bwino komanso ili pangozi. Imaphatikizidwanso mu Red Data Books zam'madera ambiri ku Russia: Chelyabinsk, Voronezh, Tobolsk, ndi zina. Nyama iyi imaphatikizidwanso mu Red Book of the Republic of Belarus.
Mpaka pano, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pamagulu amadzi a sphagnum. Mtundu uwu umakhala wowoneka bwino kwambiri, wokhala ndi nsikidzi zonse zamadzi. Kutalika, nyamazo sizidutsa mamilimita 9.7, zimakhala ndi utoto wakuda. Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina ndi ntchafu zakuthwa zamiyendo yakutsogolo, pomwe pali mzere wakuda wakuda kunja. Komanso chinthu chosiyananso ndi malo okhala. Tizilombo tomwe timakonda kukhala ndi kubereka m'matumba a sphagnum. Mwazinthu zina, ma sphagnum striders amadzi sali osiyana ndi obadwa nawo ena onse.
Nchiyani chimasokoneza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa opondereza madzi a sphagnum? Chochepetsera chachikulu ndikuwononga matupi amadzi ndi madambo. Mitengo ya Sphagnum ikuchepa, ndipo zomwe zilipo sizoyenera tizilombo. Komanso, anthu amakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo, mawonekedwe azikhalidwe zanyama izi. Ngakhale zili choncho, pakadali pano palibe njira zapadera zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuteteza sphagnum madzi osunthira.
M'dziko lathuli, cholengedwa chilichonse chimagwira gawo limodzi. Wokwera pamadzi - osati zosiyana. Ichi ndi kachilombo kosazolowereka koma kothandiza kwambiri. Ndiwofesa wa posungira, mitsinje, madambo, kuthana ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Kwa anthu ndi nyama zina, nsikidzi zamadzi sizimaopsa. Oyendetsa madzi amakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse pamadzi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.07.2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 9:44
