Barguzin ndi nyama yokoma ya banja la marten lomwe limapezeka m'nkhalango za kumpoto kwa Asia, lotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha ubweya wake wosakhwima, wosakhwima. Mitundu ya ubweya imakhala yakuda kwambiri mpaka yofiirira. Mdima wakuda kwambiri, umakwera mtengo pamsika wogulitsa ubweya. Dzinalo Barguzin sable ali ndi mizu ya Asilavo ndipo yazika mizu m'zilankhulo zambiri zakumadzulo kwa Europe, mwina chifukwa chamalonda aubweya koyambirira kwa Middle Ages. Chifukwa chake, mphanga waku Russia (sobol) adapezeka kuti anali Zobel waku Germany, zibelina wa ku Portugal, zibeline zaku France, soopeli waku Finland, Dutch Sabel, ndi ena.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Barguzin
Karl von Linne adalongosola Barguzin mu 1758 m'buku "Nature" motsogozedwa ndi Mustela zibellina. Magulu a mtundu wa Mustelidae adapangidwa ndi Sergei Ognev mmbuyo mu 1925. Mwambiri, barguzin Martes zibellina amafanana kwambiri ndi pine marten (M. martes), American marten (M. americana) ndi Japan marten (M. melampus). Komabe, ili ndi mchira waufupi komanso wakuda, wowala kwambiri komanso wopepuka.
Kanema: Barguzin
Zidakhala kuti mbewa ya M. zibellina idaphatikizaponso M. melampus ngati subspecies, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wamtunduwu amatsimikizira kuti pali mitundu iwiri ya barguzin ndi marten.
Chosangalatsa: Ma barguzins akulu kwambiri amapezeka ku Kamchatka, apakatikati ku Altai ndi Urals, ndipo anthu ochepa kwambiri amakhala mdera la Ussuri ndi Amur ku Far East ku Russia komanso ku Hokkaido ku Japan. Anasankhanso madera omwe ali pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baikal, Yakutia ndi Amur, komwe mtundu wawo ndi wamdima kwambiri. Koma mu Trans-Urals pali mitundu yowala ya masabata.
Asayansi ambiri ayesa kugawa mitunduyo kukhala tinthu ting'onoting'ono. Ma subspecies awiri kapena makumi atatu ndi anayi omwe angakhalepo amatchulidwa. Ntchito yolekanitsa ndi yovuta chifukwa choti sable nthawi zambiri amakhala akusamutsidwa kupita kumadera ena. Kuphatikiza apo, khola la anthu amodzi ndiosiyanasiyana kotero kuti sizotheka kupeza zinthu zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi anthu ena aku barguzin.
Makampani opanga ubweya ku Russia chisanachitike chosintha adagulitsa zikopa za 25,000 chaka chilichonse ndipo pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi anayi a izi adatumizidwa ku Germany ndi France. Mashelu adagwidwa mumisampha yachitsulo, komanso minks ndi martens. Kusaka mwamphamvu ku Russia m'zaka za zana la 19 komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 kudadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ma Barguzins, chifukwa chake mu 1935 kuletsa zaka zisanu kusaka nyama iyi kudakwaniritsidwa, ndikutsatira nyengo zoletsa kusaka. Ma quotas awa, kuphatikiza kukula kwa mafamu a barguzin, alola kuti zamoyozi zikumbukire gawo lawo loyambirira ndikukwaniritsa anthu athanzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal barguzin
Chifukwa chakusiyana kwa ma Barguzins m'malo osiyanasiyana, pakhala pali mikangano pazokhudza kuchuluka kwa ma subspecies omwe amatha kudziwika bwino. Lero, ma subspecies khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri amadziwika, koma magwero ena aposachedwa asayansi apeza zotheka kuyambira zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka makumi atatu.
Thupi la Barguzin, monga ma martens ambiri, limadziwika ndi thupi lokhalitsa, lowonda komanso miyendo yayifupi. Morphologically, Barguzin amafanana ndi pine marten, koma wokulirapo pang'ono ndi mchira wawufupi, ndipo ubweyawo ndiwosalala komanso wofewa.
Mtundu wa malayawo umakhala wofiirira mpaka wakuda. Mutu nthawi zambiri amakhala wopepuka pang'ono kuposa thupi. Nthawi zina mumadontho mumakhala ubweya woyera kapena wachikasu. Poterepa, utoto waubweya umakhala wowala pang'ono mkati komanso wakuda kumbuyo ndi miyendo. Kwa anthu ena, ubweya wowala umawoneka pakhosi, womwe umatha kukhala wotuwa, woyera kapena wachikasu. Chovala chachisanu chimakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali kwambiri komanso lalitali, pomwe nthawi yotentha amakhala ofupikirapo, owuma komanso akuda. Molting zimachitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi komanso kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Novembala.
M. zibellina akuwonetsa mawonekedwe azakugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Masamba amatalika kutalika kwa 32 mpaka 53 cm (amuna) kapena 30 mpaka 48 cm (akazi). Mchira wolimba kuyambira 30.5 mpaka 46 cm kutalika. Pafupipafupi, amuna amakhala oposa 9% kuposa akazi. Kulemera kwa amuna kuyambira magalamu 1150 mpaka 1850, azimayi kuyambira magalamu 650 mpaka 1600. M'nyengo yozizira, kulemera kumawonjezeka ndi 7-10%.
Kodi Barguzin amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Barguzin ku Russia
Khola la Barguzin limapezeka kumpoto kwa Asia konse, pomwe gawo lomwe amagawa limayambira ku Scandinavia mpaka kumpoto kwa China. Pakadali pano, malo okhala chilombochi sikufikira kumadzulo kwenikweni, komabe amapezeka ku Siberia komanso kumpoto kwa China.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Russia, kufalikira kwa barguzin kumalumikizidwa ndikulowetsa nyama 19,000 mobwerezabwereza mu chilengedwe kuyambira 1940 mpaka 1965.
Dera loyambirira logawidwa la Barguzin linali lalikulu kumpoto kwa Eurasia, komanso Scandinavia. M'madera ena omwe amagawidwa, adasowa; chifukwa chake, lero samakhala kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Ural.
Madera omwe alipo pano ndi awa:
- Russia: pafupifupi Siberia yonse kum'mawa kwa Urals, kuphatikiza Sakhalin;
- Kazakhstan: kumpoto chakum'mawa kwambiri pamitsinje ya Bukhtarma ndi Uba;
- China: malo ogawawa akuphatikizapo madera atatu osiyana: m'mphepete mwa Altai ku Xinjiang, m'mapiri a Great Khingan ndipo, mwina, komanso m'mapiri a Little Khingan, m'mapiri a Changbai;
- Mongolia: ku Altai komanso kunkhalango;
- North Korea: m'mapiri a Changbai komanso kumwera kwa mapiri;
- Japan: pachilumba cha Hokkaido.
Kugawidwa kwakumadzulo kwa Barguzin kumaphatikizapo Mapiri a Ural, komwe amakhala mogwirizana ndi ma pine martens ofiira. Mitunduyi imakonda nkhalango zowirira za taiga, zigwa ndi madera akumapiri kumpoto kwa Asia. Barguzin M. zibellina amapezeka m'mitengo ya spruce ndi mkungudza waku Eastern Siberia, komanso nkhalango za larch ndi pine ku Siberia. Amangowoneka kuti akupewera mapiri ataliatali kwambiri. Mitunduyi imakhala yapadziko lapansi komanso imakumba pansi panthaka.
Kodi Barguzin amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Barguzin mwachilengedwe
Zakudya za Barguzin zimasiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo. Amadyetsa mbewa zolusa, chipmunks, agologolo, mazira a mbalame, mbalame zazing'ono, komanso nsomba. Nyama zimathanso kudya zipatso, mtedza wa paini komanso masamba pomwe chakudya sichipezeka. Pakakhala nyengo yovutirapo, barguzin M. zibellina amasunga nyama mkati mwake kuti azitha kudzisamalira mpaka itha kusakanso. Nyamazo zimasakanso ermine, mbalame ndi zingwe zazing'ono.
Nthawi zina ma barguzins amatsata mimbulu kapena zimbalangondo ndikudya zotsalira zamadyerero awo. Nyamayo imatha kudya nkhono, monga ma slugs, omwe amapaka pansi kuti achotse mamina. Sables nthawi zina amadya nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa ndi zikopa zawo zakutsogolo. Zakudya zawo zambiri zimakhala ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Ku Siberia, mbewa zimapanga 50% yazakudya zangodya zambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, akamabisala ku chisanu ndi chipale chofewa, nthawi zambiri amadya zipatso za m'nkhalango.
Zinyama zina zomwe zili pamndandanda zingaphatikizepo:
- mapuloteni;
- ma pikas;
- kusokoneza
- ziphuphu;
- hares;
- nyama yaying'ono ya musk (musk deer).
Chakudya cha nyama chimaphatikizaponso mbalame, nsomba ndi tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama imanyambita uchi kuchokera ku zisa za njuchi. Zomera zimapanga gawo lalikulu la chakudya chawo. Pakatikati mwa Yenisei, zidapezeka kuti mphalapala imadyetsa 20% ya nthanga za pine ndi mabulosi abulu. Ma barguzins amasaka makamaka ndikumva komanso kununkhiza, ndipo amamvetsera mwachidwi. Amalemba gawo lawo ndi kafungo kopangidwa ndi tiziwalo m'mimba mwawo.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungadyetse Barguzin. Tiyeni tiwone momwe akukhalira kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Barguzin m'nyengo yozizira
Masamba makamaka amasunthira pansi, koma amatha kukwera bwino. Amapanga zisa zingapo mdera lawo pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje komanso m'malo akuya kwambiri m'nkhalango, makamaka mumtengo wamtengo wapatali, m'ming'alu kapena pansi pa mizu yamitengo, yomwe amafalitsa ndi zomera kapena tsitsi louma. Maenje awa amakhala otetezeka momwe angathere.
Gawo la Barguzin limachokera ku 4 mpaka 30 km². Kukula kwake kumadalira malo okhalamo chifukwa chake zakudya zomwe zingatheke, komanso msinkhu wa nyama. Tsiku lililonse khola limadutsa 6.5-12 km mkati mwake. Nthawi zina, mtundawo ukhoza kukhala 30 km, koma kusamuka kwa 300 km kwapezeka.
Sable amakhala akugwira ntchito madzulo, koma amatha kuyenda usiku, koma masana masana. Nthawi yozizira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala masiku angapo pachisa chawo. Kupita patsogolo kumachitika chifukwa chodumpha kwakanthawi kotalika masentimita 40 mpaka 70. Mwachidziwitso, khola limatha kudumpha mpaka mamita 4. Khola lawo limabisaliridwa bwino, lokutidwa ndi udzu ndi ubweya, koma limatha kukhala kwakanthawi, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, nyama ikamapita kukafunafuna nyama yayikulu mtunda.
Chosangalatsa: Kapangidwe kazaka zamtunduwu, kokhazikitsidwa ndi njira yokalamba, ndi motere: ana 62.7%; azaka chimodzi 12.5%; Zaka 2-4 - 2.7-5.5%; Zaka 5-7 - 1.5-3.7%, nyama zaka 8 ndi kupitirira - 0.4-1.7% mu Urals ndi 75.6%, 5.7%, 2.7-4.9%, 0.8-2.5% ndi 0.2-1.4%, motsatana, ku Western Sayan. Masabata omwe amapulumuka pachaka: 19.9% ya achinyamata, 44.0% yazaka zonse ndi 75.9-79.4% ya nyama zaka 2-9 zaka ku Urals ndi 33.0%, 59.6% ndi 49.3-75 , 8%, motsatana, ku Western Sayan.
M'mafamu, ma barguzins amakhala zaka 18, pomwe ali kuthengo, nyama zowoneka bwino zimakhala ndi moyo wazaka 9-10; ma barguzins achikulire ndi osowa kwambiri. Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu aliwonse azinyama zakutchire ali ndi zaka zosakwana zaka ziwiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Little Barguzin
Amawona kuti amuna, omwe amalemba gawo lawo, amapanga mizere kapena malo ocheperako pachipale chofewa pafupifupi mita imodzi, limodzi ndi kukodza pafupipafupi. Zokwatirana zimachitika pakati pa Juni 15 ndi Ogasiti 15, tsiku limasiyana mosiyanasiyana. M'madera momwe anthu ndi ochepa, miyambo ya chibwenzi imaphatikizapo kuthamanga, kulumpha, ndi "kulira kwa mphaka" pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Komabe, m'malo omwe magawidwe amphongo amasiyana, kupikisana kwa akazi kumatha kubweretsa nkhondo zowopsa.
Pambuyo pa umuna, selo lomwe limakhazikika silimaikidwa mu khoma la chiberekero chachikazi. Kuika kumachitika pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi itatu, ndipo kukula kwa mazira kumangotenga masiku 25-30 okha. Komabe, nthawi yonse yobereka ndi masiku 250 mpaka 300. Zinyalala zazimayi zimakhala ndi ana 1 mpaka 7, koma ma litter ang'onoang'ono a anthu 2-3 ndiofala kwambiri. M'magulu ena, chisamaliro cha abambo zimawonedwa, popeza amuna amateteza gawo la akazi ndipo amaperekanso chakudya kwa amayi oyamwitsa ndi ana awo.
Ma barguzin omwe angobadwa kumene amabadwa opanda thandizo, ali ndi maso otseka komanso tsitsi lochepa kwambiri. Ana amalemera pakati pa magalamu 25 mpaka 35 ndipo amakhala pakati pa masentimita 10. Barguzits amatsegula maso awo pakati pa masiku 30 ndi 36 a moyo wawo ndipo amachoka pachisa posakhalitsa. Patatha milungu isanu ndi iwiri atabadwa, amaletsa kuyamwa ndikulandila chakudya kuchokera kwa amayi awo. Barguzins amafika pokhwima pogonana mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo.
Adani achilengedwe a a Barguzins
Chithunzi: Barguzin
Kuphatikiza pa kufa kwachilengedwe, ma barguzins amatha kuwukiridwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya nyama zoyamwitsa ndi mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya mbalame. Opikisana ndi mphanga yomwe ili m'malo mwake ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimadya nyama zina. Nyamayo imatha kuvutika ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu 34 ya ma helminths, mitundu 19 ya nthata ndi mitundu itatu ya nthata za gamasid, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ngati tiziromboti.
Zowononga zazikulu za Barguzin zimaphatikizapo nyama zingapo zazikulu, zomwe ndi:
- mimbulu;
- mimbulu;
- lynx;
- ziwombankhanga;
- kadzidzi;
- nkhandwe;
- mbalame zina zodya nyama (zonga mphamba);
- akambuku;
- zikuluzikulu.
Barguzins ali ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa ndi mano akuthwa, omwe amawalola kuti adziteteze moyenera ku adani ambiri. Komabe, nyama yowopsa kwambiri ndi munthu, popeza kwazaka zambiri amakhulupirira kuti mphalapala ili ndi imodzi mwa zikopa zamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Nyama zimadziwika kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 3 BC. Chifukwa cha ulemu, Asikuti adatumiza ubweya wofunikira kudziko lachi Greek kudutsa Nyanja Yakuda.
Pambuyo pake, zikopa za makoswe zidakhala chizindikiro, makamaka ku Russia. Korona wamfumu yaku Russia idakongoletsedwa ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali wamtengo wapatali mpaka nthawi ya 17th. Anthu omwe adagonjetsedwa ku Siberia adapereka msonkho ndi zikopa zazing'ono. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kusaka kwambiri, sable adayamba kupezeka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali mu 2010 inali $ 167 pa ubweya wa sable ndi $ 138 posaka nyama zakutchire. Kwenikweni, zikopa za nyama zowetedwa tsopano zimaperekedwa kumsika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Animal barguzin
Sable ali mgulu la nyama zosasamala kwenikweni, popeza malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyambirira, anthu opitilira mamiliyoni awiri amagawidwa ku Eurasia. M'madera ake ambiri, palibe chiwopsezo chakuchepa kwakachulukidwe, ngakhale kuchepa kwamayiko ena komwe kumangopanga gawo lochepa chabe.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Soviet Union, kusaka ndi kusodza barguzin kunali koletsedwa pakati pa 194 ndi 1960, pomwe masabata 20,000 adatulutsidwa m'minda kupita kuthengo. Izi zapangitsa kuti masiku ano anthu okhala ndi zigawenga mdziko muno apezeke bwino, ndipo IUCN ikukhulupirira kuti tsopano palibe chowopseza nyamayo.
Chofunika kwambiri pakuchepa kwa ziwerengero ndikusaka nyengo yachisanu. Komabe, ku Russia, sable amagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zomwe zasayansi yachita, chifukwa kusaka kumeneku sikuwopseza mitunduyo. Malo ena atayika chifukwa chodula mitengo, kumanga njira zolumikizirana komanso kukonza migodi yatsopano, mafuta ndi gasi.
Barguzin amatetezedwa m'malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo osungira nyama. Kunja kwa malo otetezedwa, kusaka nyama mu Russia kumayendetsedwa mosamala ndi magawo azisaka m'chigawo chilichonse ndipo amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa kuyambira pa Okutobala 15 mpaka February 29. Madera akulu omwe Barguzin amatetezedwa ndi 41 nkhokwe zachilengedwe zomwe zili ndi 164,960 km².
Ku China, kusaka ndikoletsedwa kudera lonse la 215,678 km² momwe mitunduyo imasungidwa. Ku Mongolia, amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo. Mu DPRK barguzin amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ku Japan, ma subspecies akumaloko akhala akutetezedwa kuyambira 1920 ndipo pano adatchulidwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo. Palibe kuyerekezera zakachulukidwe ku Japan, Korea kapena Kazakhstan, ndipo magawo okhala ndi mayiko onsewa ndi gawo lochepa chabe lamitundu yonse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/14/2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 20:13
