Nsomba zopanda mamba - nsomba yayikulu yowopsa, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda tanthauzo kwa anthu. Amakhala obisika kumtunda kwa mtsinje ndipo samawoneka pafupipafupi, aulesi komanso odekha, koma nthawi yosaka amatha kuthamangitsa kwambiri. Kusodza nsomba zamatchire ndi kotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa ali ndi nyama yokoma, ndipo "nsomba" imodzi imatha kukhala yokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Catfish
Catfish ndi ya nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray - oyimira oyamba mkalasi adawonekera munthawi ya Devonia, pafupifupi zaka 390 miliyoni zapitazo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, adakhazikika m'magawo ambiri, magulu ambiri ndi mabanja adakhazikitsidwa. Dongosolo la catfish ndi lakale kwambiri - izi zimatsimikizika ndi mawonekedwe ambiri aomwe amaimira. Chifukwa chake, pakati pawo pali mitundu yokhala ndi mitsempha pamutu ndi zipsepse, kapena ndi mano akhungu ofanana ndi omwe nsomba zimakhala nazo.
Kanema: Nsomba
Chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri chosonyeza kuti nsomba zam'madzi zakale ndizokhalapo ndi kupezeka mu chigaza cha ena mwa iwo otseguka ndi pineal, chimodzimodzi ndi Osteolepis yomalizidwa ndi lobe kapena yomalizidwa - idapangidwa kuti ikhale yopepuka ndipo siyofanana ndi nsomba zina. Catfish ndi yofanana ndi haracin, carp ndi hymnoths - onse adachokera ku mtundu womwewo woyambirira, kulekanako kunachitika munthawi ya Cretaceous, pambuyo pake mtunduwu udatha, ndikupitilizabe kukula. Catfish ili ndi zinthu zina zakale.
Lamuloli limaphatikizapo banja la mphamba, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi zana. Makhalidwe abwino kwambiri mwa iwo amawoneka ngati nsomba wamba - idzaganiziridwa mopitirira. Adafotokozedwa ndi Calus Linnaeus mu 1758, dzina lasayansi - Silurus glanis.
Chosangalatsa: Nthano zodyetsa anthu nsomba zam'madzi zimalumikizidwa ndikupeza m'mimba mwa ziphona zazikulu za mafupa a anthu, komanso mphete ndi zovala. Mwachidziwikire, nsombazi zimangodya mitembo yomwe idathera mumtsinje - palibe milandu yodalirika yokhudza kupha anthu ndi iwo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Catfish
M'mbuyomu, nsomba zazikuluzikulu zinagwidwa m'mitsinje yaku Europe - kutalika kwa thupi lawo kunali mpaka 5 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake kunali makilogalamu 400. Izi zimalimbikitsa chidaliro, popeza wamkulu mwa anthu omwe adapangidwa malinga ndi malamulo onse amangotsika pang'ono - kulemera kwake kudakhala 306 kg. Komabe, nsombazi zimakula m'miyoyo yawo yonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizimafikira kukula koteroko: mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, anthu olemera kuposa makilogalamu 160 sanagwidwe - ndipo ngakhale kulemera kumeneku ndikokulirapo kwa nsombazi. Wamkulu amaonedwa kuti ndi nsomba yolemera makilogalamu 12 mpaka 15, ndipo anthu olemera makilogalamu 30 samawoneka kawirikawiri - izi ndizopambana kwa angler.
Mutu wa catfish ndi waukulu poyerekeza ndi thupi ndipo umawoneka ngati wophwatalala. Nsagwada ndi zazikulu, koma mano ndi ochepa kwambiri - koma alipo ambiri, ndipo ndi akuthwa. Maso ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa mutu. Chizindikiro cha catfish ndi masharubu, awiri aatali komanso anayi achidule. Mtundu wa catfish umatha kukhala wosiyana kwambiri, kutengera komwe amakhala komanso nthawi yanji. Nthawi zambiri, thupi lake limakhala lakuda pamwamba, ndipo mimba imakhala yopepuka. Nsombazo zimatha kukhala zofiirira, zobiriwira, zamchenga wachikasu kapena zakuda kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mawanga mthupi.
Zipsepsezo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda kuposa thupi lonse, zimatha kukhala zakuda kwambiri, zoyandikira zakuda, kapena zakuda buluu, kapena zobiriwira zakuda. Nthawi zambiri, katchiyu amaphatikiza mithunzi ingapo nthawi imodzi, osinthana bwino - mwa achinyamata kusintha kumeneku ndikolimba, mitundu yawo imakhala yowala kwambiri kuposa achikulire, komanso makamaka mu nsombazi zakale.
Thupi la mphamba lomwe lili kutsogolo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, koma mopitilira mchira, limakanikizika kwambiri. Mchira ndi wolimba kwambiri komanso wautali - pafupifupi theka la utali wonse wa nsombazo, zipsepsezo zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha kukula kwake mwachangu komanso kusunthika kwake, mphamba ndi wotsika kuposa nsomba zina zambiri. Palibe masikelo; m'malo mwake, khungu lawo limatetezedwa ndi ntchofu zambiri - zotulutsa zolimba zomwe zimatulutsa zikugwira ntchito mwakhama. Chifukwa cha ntchofu, khungu losalimba la catfish limakhalabe lolimba, ndipo thupi lake limayenda mosavuta m'madzi.
Kodi nkhanu zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Catfish mumtsinje
Amapezeka ku Europe konse, kuphatikiza ku Europe konse ku Russia.
Nsomba zimapezeka m'mabeseni amitsinje monga:
- Rhine;
- Loire;
- Nsipu;
- Ebro;
- Vistula;
- Danube;
- Wotsitsa;
- Volga;
- Kuban.
Ndiye kuti, nsomba zodziwika bwino zimafalikira pafupifupi ku Europe konse, kupatula malo oyandikana ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean, omwe ndi: ambiri mwa mapiri a Iberia ndi Apennine, Croatia, Greece, pafupifupi Scandinavia yonse.
M'mbuyomu, sichinali kupezeka konse ku Pyrenees ndi Apennines, koma adayambitsanso m'zaka za zana la 19 m'mabeseni a mitsinje ya Ebro ndi Po, komwe idachulukirachulukira. Mchitidwe womwewo udagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, nsomba zamtchire sizinapezeke m'mitsinje ya France, Netherlands ndi Belgium, Denmark - koma atangoyambitsa adakhazikika.
Kunja kwa Europe, amapezeka kumpoto kwa Asia Minor ndi Iran, komanso ku Central Asia - mabeseni a Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya. M'nthawi ya Soviet, nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimatulutsidwa m'nyanja ya Balkhash, ndipo tsopano zimasangalala m'nyanjamo komanso m'mitsinje yake.
Mphalapala amakonda kwambiri mitsinje ikuluikulu, yodzaza ndipo imafikira kukula kwake kwakukulu. Nsomba zazikulu zambiri zimagwidwa ku Volga ndi Ebro. Amakonda madzi ofunda, chifukwa chake sapezeka mumitsinje ya kumpoto kwa Nyanja kum'mawa kwa Urals. Ngakhale amakhala mumadzi abwino, amatha kukhala m'madzi amchere - mwachitsanzo, ku Black Sea kufupi ndi gombe la Turkey, m'nyanja za Baltic ndi Caspian.
Zonsezi zikugwiranso ntchito ku nsomba zamtchire, oimira ena amtunduwu amapezeka ku Asia kum'mawa - mwachitsanzo, Amur catfish amakhala mumitsinje ya China, Korea ndi Japan, ndipo Amur amakonda koposa, mitundu ina imapezeka ku South America, India, kuzilumba za Indonesia, ndi Africa.
Katemera wamba amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dziwe, nthawi zambiri amapeza malo abata - dzenje pakati pa nkhono, ndikukhazikika pamenepo. Samasambira kutali ndi dzenje losankhidwa ngakhale pakusaka, ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali pomwepo. Sasintha malo awo okhala, amatha kukhala moyo wawo wonse m'modzi.
Kuperewera kwa zakudya kumatha kuyambitsa kusintha - ndiye kuti nsombazi zimayandama kupita komwe kudzakhale nyama zochulukirapo, kapena kusayenda kwamadzi - ndizosasamala kwenikweni za kuyera kwake. Chifukwa chake, ngati nthawi ya kusefukira kwamadzi kumakhala mitambo, nsombazi zimatha kupita kukasaka malo okhala.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhono zimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe chinsomba chachikulu chimadya.
Kodi catfish imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Catfish m'madzi
Zakudya za catfish ndizosiyana kwambiri, zimaphatikizapo:
- nsomba;
- madzi oyera;
- mbalame;
- nkhono;
- tizilombo;
- mwachangu;
- mphutsi;
- nyongolotsi;
- zomera.
Nthawi zambiri amadya zovunda, ndichifukwa chake anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti amangokhala nawo - ndichifukwa choti nsomba yayikuluyi imawoneka yochedwa komanso yovuta. Koma ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe zingawonekere ndipo, ngakhale zovunda ndizomwe zimakhala gawo lalikulu pamenyu, sizowopsa kudya nkhanu.
Chifukwa chake, amasaka nsomba zosiyanasiyana - amatha kusambira mpaka m'masukulu a nsomba zazing'ono ndipo, atatsegula pakamwa pawo, amadya ambiri nthawi imodzi, kapena amatha kusaka zazikulu, monga bream kapena pike perch. Amathanso kudya nyama zikuluzikulu zam'mlengalenga monga chule, newt kapena mbalame zam'madzi - ngakhale sizimapezeka kawirikawiri.
Amatha kugwira ndikudya ziweto zomwe zagwidwa m'madzi - amphaka kapena agalu ang'onoang'ono. Palinso milandu yokhudza kuwukira kwa ng'ombe zomwe zakodwa m'madzi, komanso, anthu. Ziri zovuta kunena ngati nsomba zamatchire zilidi zowopsa kwa munthu, zimadziwika molondola za anthu omwe adalumidwa nawo, mwangozi akuponda chisa chawo.
Achinyamata amphamba amadyetsa makamaka mwachangu za nsomba zina, tizilombo ta m'madzi, tizinyama tating'onoting'ono ndi mphutsi. Atakula, amathanso kudya zonsezi, koma samawasaka dala - amangotsegula pakamwa pawo ndikuyamwa nyama zing'onozing'ono zonsezi.
Amasaka makamaka usiku, pomwe onse amatha kusaka nyama pansi, ndikukwera pamwamba, pomwe mungapeze nsomba zazing'ono. Iwo amakumbukira kumene khoka lakale linasiyidwa, ndipo amayang'anitsitsa iwo kuti awone ngati nsomba zinakodwa pamenepo.
Nthawi zambiri, amadyetsa nsomba, ndipo nthawi yosakira amatha kubisala - nthawi zambiri khungu lawo limalumikizana ndi mtsinjewo, kuti wovulalayo asazindikire mlenjeyo kwanthawi yayitali mpaka atakhala pakamwa pake. Ngati adakwanitsa kuthawa, mphalayi samamutsata kwa nthawi yayitali.
Amadziwika chifukwa cha kususuka kwawo: ngakhale amaganizira za kukula kwake, amadya kwambiri, makamaka masika, chilengedwe chikamakhala chamoyo ndipo nyamayo imakhala yochulukirapo - nthawi yachisanu amatha kukhala ndi njala yokongola. Chilichonse chimadyedwa pano, mpaka kuzomera zam'madzi, ngakhale nsomba zamtchire nthawi zambiri zimakonda chakudya cha nyama.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Masharubu ndiofunikira kwambiri kwa mphalapala, amawagwiritsa ntchito kufunafuna nyama - ngakhale mumdima wathunthu, mothandizidwa nawo, nsombazo zimazindikira kuyandikira kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, atha kukhala ngati nyambo - atabisala, amawaulula ndikuwakopa nsomba zazing'ono, kuwazindikira ngati nyama.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba zazikulu
Nsomba ndi mbatata mbatata ndi osungulumwa - amakhala nthawi yayitali mdzenje lamtendere lomwe amakonda ndipo safuna kulola aliyense pafupi nawo. Koma izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa akulu - monga mwachangu amasungidwa m'magulu, momwemonso nsombazi zomwe zidakula kale zimakhalabe mwa iwo zaka zoyambirira za moyo. Ngati pali chakudya chochuluka, ndiye kuti amatha kukhala limodzi mpaka zaka zapakati pa 3-4, ndiye kuti akuyenera kusokoneza chifukwa nsomba iliyonse imafunikira zambiri kuti idyetse, chifukwa chake nkhanu iliyonse yayikulu iyenera kukhala ndi gawo lomwe imatha kudyetsa mwaulere.
Catfish imagwira ntchito usiku kapena mbandakucha - omaliza amatanthauza makamaka achinyamata omwe amakonda kudyetsa m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe. Masana, nsombazi zimakonda kupumula m'phanga lawo. Ngati nyengo imakhala yotentha, amatha kutuluka m'maenje masana, ndikusambira pang'onopang'ono, akusangalala ndi dzuwa.
Amakonda madzi ofunda komanso oyera. Mvula ikamagwa mwamphamvu ndipo madzi amachita mitambo, amatuluka m'dzenjemo ndikukhala pafupi pomwe pali poyera. Nsombazi zimasambira m'mwamba mvula isanagwe - zimasiya ngakhale zotsalira zomwe zimafotokoza kuyenda kwa nsomba zing'onozing'ono, asodzi odziwa bwino ntchito yawo amadziwa bwino kuphulika kwinaku akuyenda ndipo amatha kusiyanitsa ndi komwe kumafalitsidwa ndi nsomba zina. Asodzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kamvekedwe ka mphaka - kutaya zinyalala m'madzi ndikuwonjezera china chake chomwe chapsa pamoto. Fungo lamphamvu limakopa nsombazi, ndipo zimadzuka kuchokera pansi kuti ziwone chomwe chikutulutsa.
M'nyengo yozizira, ntchito yawo imatha: amasonkhana pagulu la anthu 5-10 ndikugona m'maenje ozizira. Amadyetsa kawirikawiri panthawiyi, nthawi zambiri amakhala osasunthika, amagwera mtundu wa kugona. Pofika masika, amataya mafuta ambiri omwe amapezeka nthawi yachilimwe, koma sawotha akamayambiranso kudya.
Catfish amakhala motalika - zaka 30-60, ndipo zitsanzo zakale kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zidagwidwa zinali zaka 70-80. Ndikukula, mphalapala amachedwa kuchepa, pomwe amafunikira chakudya chochulukirapo, m'malo mofunafuna mwachangu, amangoyamba kusambira ndi pakamwa pake, kuyamwa zamoyozo - amakhala nthawi yayitali pachakudya ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti azidyetsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba zazing'ono
Nsomba zimayamba kubala madzi akatentha mokwanira - amafunika kutentha kwa 16-18 ° C. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, izi zitha kuchitika kuyambira koyambirira kwa Meyi mpaka koyambirira kwa Julayi. Asanabadwe, wamwamuna amamanga chisa - amapeza malo abwino m'madzi osaya, kukumba dzenje mumchenga, kenako wamkazi amaikira mazira pamenepo.
Pafupifupi, kilogalamu imodzi ya kulemera, imayikira mazira 30,000 - ndiye kuti, ngati ikulemera makilogalamu 25, ndiye kuti padzakhala mazira 750,000! Zachidziwikire, gawo lochepa chabe la iwo limakhala lachangu, ndipo zocheperako zimakhala ndi moyo mpaka munthu wamkulu - koma nsombazi zimabereka bwino kwambiri. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi chizolowezi chowakhazikitsa mumitsinje momwe sanapezeke kale: ngati malowo amawakwanira, ndiye kuti gulu laling'ono la mphamba limakula mwamphamvu patangodutsa zaka makumi angapo, ndipo patatha zaka 50-70 sipakhalanso kusiyana kulikonse ndi mitsinje komwe kuli anapezeka m'mbiri - mwa atsopano alipo ambiri mwa iwo.
Atabereka, mkazi amasambira - samakhalanso ndi chidwi ndi tsogolo la mwanayo, ndipo zovuta zonse zimakhalabe ndi yamwamuna. Nthawi zonse amakhala pachisa ndipo amateteza mazira, komanso amatibweretsera madzi abwino pachisa - izi ndizofunikira pakukula kwa ana. Pambuyo masiku 10, mwachangu amawoneka - ali pafupifupi mamilimita 6-8 kutalika ndipo amawoneka ngati tadpoles. Akaswa, amadziphatika kumakoma a chisa ndikukhala pamalowo kwa sabata limodzi kapena theka, akudya kuchokera mu yolk sac.
Pokhapokha amayamba kusambira ndikusaka chakudya - koma poyamba samachoka pachisa. Nthawi yonseyi mwachangu samadziteteza kwathunthu, chifukwa chake champhongo chimakhala nawo ndikuteteza kwa adani. Pakatha milungu inayi, imasuluka - tiana tating'onoting'onoting'ono togawidwa tamagawidwa m'magulu angapo ndikukhala limodzi chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, ndipo nthawi zina motalikirapo.
Adani achilengedwe a mphamba
Chithunzi: Catfish
Mdani yekhayo wa nsomba zazikulu ndi anthu. Palibe nsomba imodzi yamtsinje yomwe imatha kufananizidwa ndi kukula kwake, ndipo koposa momwe imawawukira, motero amakhala m'malo amadzi momasuka ndipo amangovutika ndi zochitika zaumunthu. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimaluma pang'ono, koma chifukwa chachikulu chakufa kwawo ndi kusodza.
Pang'ono pang'ono, kuwedza nsomba za mphamba, momwe osaka amapita pansi ndi kusambira pamadzi, kuti muthe kugwira ngakhale yayikulu kwambiri. Koma nsomba zazikulu zazikuluzikulu zimapezabe ndi moyo mpaka kukalamba. Zimakhala zovuta kuti achinyamata achite izi, makamaka chifukwa amaluma kwambiri ndipo amagwidwa pafupipafupi.
Koma ngakhale nsombazi zazing'ono sizikuwopsezedwa ndi wina aliyense kupatula anthu. Nsomba zina zolusa zitha kuwopseza iwo akadali aang'ono kwambiri; nthawi zambiri zimadya mazira kapena mwachangu. Zitha kukhala pike, burbot, asp, komanso nsomba zilizonse zamtsinje. Koma nsomba zazing'ono zoteteza ana nthawi zambiri zimatetezedwa ndi amuna akuluakulu.
Zosangalatsa: Nsomba zamagetsi ndi imodzi mwamasamba osangalatsa kwambiri. Amakhala ku Africa ndipo amatha kupanga mafunde amphamvu - mpaka ma volts 350, chifukwa cha ziwalo zomwe zili pansi pa khungu lomwe limakwirira thupi lake lonse. Mothandizidwa ndi magetsi, nsomba zamtunduwu zimasangalatsa anthu omwe amazunzidwa ndipo zimateteza kwa adani.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri
Mitunduyi siyiopsezedwa, ndipo anthu ake m'mitsinje yaku Europe ndi akulu kwambiri. Iyi ndi nsomba yomwe imasakidwa mwachangu, popeza nyama yake imakonda kwambiri, ndiyabwino komanso wonenepa. Chifukwa cha kusodza kwakukulu m'zaka za zana la 20, kuchepa kwa nsomba zam'madzi kunadziwika m'mitsinje ya Russia, koma pakadali pano sikofunikira.
Ngakhale m'mitsinje ina yasowa kwenikweni - mwachitsanzo, ku Karelia. Nsomba zomwe zimapezeka mdziko lonselo zatsika kwambiri. Koma, monga machitidwe aku Europe akuwonetsera, ngati mutasiya kugwira nsomba iyi mwachangu, ichulukanso msanga. Kotero, zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, nsomba zamtchire sizinapezeke mu Rhine ndi kumadzulo kwake, komabe, tsopano pali zambiri mu mtsinje uwu, komanso ku Ebro. Nsomba zam'madzi m'mitsinje imeneyi zimakulanso chaka chilichonse - mwachitsanzo, nsomba zolemera 60-70 kg sizodabwitsa.
Chiwerengero chawo chikuwonjezeka mwachangu mumtsinje uliwonse, ngati nzika zakomweko sizikugwira nawo ntchito. Ndicho chifukwa chake kusunthaku kukusunthira kumadzulo - pali nsomba zambiri m'mitsinje ya Western and Central Europe, ndi zochepa - kummawa, m'malo awo achikhalidwe, chifukwa amakonda kuzidya.
Nyama yayikulu kwambiri pamitsinje yaku Europe - nsomba zopanda mamba, nyama yolandiridwa ndi msodzi aliyense. Zokazinga, zopangidwa ndi msuzi wa nsomba wokoma, ma pie, ma cutlets, ophika ndi masamba, zophika - mwachidule, nyama yawo yofewa idapangidwa m'njira zambiri.Amayi amakonda kwambiri kotero kuti kuchuluka kwawo m'mitsinje yaku Russia kwatsika - koma nsomba yamtengo wapatali chonchi sayenera kulandidwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/24/2019 ku 21:54
