Chotupa

Mbalame yaying'ono zokhala amadziwika kuti "nkhuku yamadzi". Anthu amamutcha choncho pazifukwa, chifukwa mawonekedwe a mwana wamphongoyu amafanana ndi mbalame yamadzi. Mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe akunja a khola, imamva bwino mumitengo yobisala ya bango, ikusambira mwachangu komanso mosambira. Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane momwe moyo wa mbalamezi umakhalira, fotokozerani mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe amomwe zimakhalira ndi mbalame.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Lysuha

Khosilo limadziwikanso kuti ndi dazi, ndi mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi zomwe zili m'banja la abusa komanso ma cranes. Mwakuwoneka, kakhosako sikamawoneka ngati mbalame yam'madzi, makamaka mukaiona ili pamadzi. Mlomo wake wakuthwa umatikumbutsa kwambiri milomo ya khwangwala, palibe nembanemba m'manja mwake yomwe imawoneka, imakonda kuthawa zoopseza, imayamba kuwuluka monyinyirika, chabwino, ndi nkhuku yanji?

Kuphatikiza apo, cootyo ili ndi mayina ena, amatchedwa:

• madzi akuda chifukwa chakuda ndi mawonekedwe amlomo;
• mbusa chifukwa chokhala m'banja la abusa;
• ndi wogwira ntchito chifukwa chovala bizinesi yakuda ndi yoyera;
• black loon chifukwa chofanana ndi zizolowezi ndi utoto;
• m'dera lalikulu la dera la Lower Volga ndi Kazakhstan, mbalameyi imatchedwa kashkaldak, komanso ku Turkmenistan ndi Caucasus - kachkaldak.

Chofunikira kwambiri chosiyanitsa khandalo, lomwe limakhala dzina lake, ndi kupezeka kwa malo oyera (nthawi zina achikuda) achikopa pamutu, omwe amalumikizana ndi utoto ndi mtundu wa mlomo. Monga achibale abusa apafupi kwambiri a mbalame yamphongo, mbalameyi siyimasiyana pamitundu yake yayikulu ndipo imasankha malo okhala okhazikika pafupi ndi nyanja ndi mitsinje. Ponseponse, asayansi amatchula mitundu 11 yamatumba, 8 yomwe idakhazikika ku South America. M'dziko lathu, mtundu umodzi wokha wa mbalamezi umakhala - mphanga wamba, womwe umakhala ndi utoto wakuda wa nthenga komanso malo oyera kutsogolo kwa mutu, womwe umasanduka mulomo wofanana.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Kukula kwa matumba nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwapakatikati, kutalika kwa matupi awo kumayambira masentimita 35 mpaka 40, ngakhale kuli kozizira kooneka bwino kwambiri. Zina mwazi ndizo timphako tokhala ndi nyanga komanso ziphona zazikulu, zomwe kukula kwake kumapitilira masentimita 60. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha abusa aakazi ndi opaka utoto wakuda, koma kamvekedwe ka chikopa pamphumi sichingakhale choyera chokha, mu mbalame zakumwera kwa South America malowa ali ndi mitundu yowala yachikaso ndi yofiira (m'matumba ofiira-kutsogolo ndi mapiko oyera).

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Miyendo ya mbalame ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amawalola kusambira ndikuyenda bwino panthaka yamatope ndi yowoneka bwino. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi masamba osambira apadera, omwe amapezeka pamiyendo yolimba komanso yolimba.

Mitundu ya miyendo m'matumba ndi yachilendo: imatha kukhala yachikasu yowala kapena yowala lalanje, zala zawo zakuda, ndipo masamba omwe amawakonzekeretsa amakhala oyera. Mapiko amitu ya dazi sakutalika, amapita kuulendo wapaulendo pafupipafupi, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, mosanyinyirika, amakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala. Pali zosiyana pakati pawo, mitundu yomwe imakhala kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi imasamukira, chifukwa chake amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Nthenga za mchira mumitundu yambiri ndizofewa, ndipo chovala chake ndi choyera.

Kanema: Lysuha

Khola lodziwika bwino lomwe limakhala mdziko lathu limakula motalikiranso masentimita 38, ndipo limakhala ndi pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi, ngakhale pali anthu omwe amafika kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Maso a chofundira ichi ndi ofiira owoneka bwino, ndipo mawotchiwo ndi achikasu-lalanje ndi zala zazitali zazitali. Mlomo woyera umafanana ndi mtundu wa zolembedwazo; ndiwosanjikiza, koma wakuthwa komanso wopanikizika pambuyo pake. Sizovuta kusiyanitsa amuna ndi akazi. Iwo ndi okulirapo pang'ono, koma osati kwambiri. Zimazindikira kuti malo oyera oyera amakhala ochulukirapo ndipo mtundu wa nthengayo ndi wakuda. Zotira zazing'ono m'matumba zimakhala zofiirira, ndipo mimba ndi mmero ndizotuwa pang'ono.

Kodi khola limakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Coot ku Russia

Malo okhala mapazi ndi otakata kwambiri, amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, amakhala m'malo:

• Australia;
• Europe;
• Kumpoto kwa Africa;
• South America;
• New Zealand;
• Papua New Guinea.

Mbalamezi zafalikira m'madera onse kuyambira ku Atlantic mpaka ku Pacific Ocean. Ku Europe, asankha Norway, Sweden, Finland. Ku Scandinavia ndipo pang'ono kumpoto sikupezekanso. Ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe amakhala kuzilumba za Faroe, Labrador ndi Iceland. Ku Asia, mbalameyi yazika mizu m'malo a Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Iran, Bangladesh, India. Ku kontrakitala waku Africa, amakonda kukhala mbali yakumpoto.

Ku Russia, chovalacho chimakhala kumadera a Perm ndi Kirov, Karelian Isthmus. Mbalame zambiri zimakonda Siberia. Zofunda sizimalowa m'nyanjayi, koma zakhazikika kum'mwera kwa Siberia, zikukhazikika m'malo oyandikana ndi madzi. Ku Far East ndi Sakhalin, mbalame zimakhala mdera la Amur.

Chosangalatsa: Malire apadera amagawo azigawo sangathe kudziwika, chifukwa mbalame sizimakonda maulendo ataliatali, panjira amatha kusankha chilumba chomwe amakonda panyanja ndikulembetsa kumeneko kwamuyaya, ngati nyengo ikuloleza.

Zofunda zomwe zimakhala mdera lokhala ndi nyengo yotentha zitha kutchedwa kuti zangokhala, nthawi zina zimangoyenda pandege zazifupi. Mbalame zimachoka pakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ena amathamangira ku Africa, ena kumalire akumadzulo kwa Europe, Asia, Syria. Nkhukundembo. Zozizira zokhala ku Russia zimaulukira ku India nthawi yachisanu. Coots amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi amchere komanso amchere pang'ono, okhala m'nyanja ndi mitsinje yamadzi osefukira, nyanja, mitsinje.

Mbalame zimakonda kupanga chisa m'madzi osaya, sizimakonda mafunde owopsa, zimasankha malo okhala ndiudzu:

• mabango;
• bango;
• kuphwanya;
• sedge.

Kodi khola limadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Bakha wokulira

Menyu yambiri yazakudya imakhala ndi masamba azomera. Amadya mosangalala masamba azomera zosiyanasiyana zapansi pamadzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amadyetsa mbewu, mphukira zazing'ono, zipatso, ndere zobiriwira. Pofunafuna chakudya, khola limalowetsa mutu wake m'madzi kapena limatha kulowa m'madzi, litapita kuya kwa mita ziwiri.

Mbale amakonda kudya:

• sedge;
• nyanga;
• bango laling'ono;
• pini;
• rdest;
• mitundu yonse ya ndere.

Zakudya zanyama zimaphatikizidwanso pazakudya za nkhuku, koma zimangokhala gawo limodzi la magawo khumi a chakudya chonse.

Nthawi zina kuzizira kumadya:

• tizilombo zosiyanasiyana;
• nsomba zazing'ono;
• nkhono;
• mwachangu;
• nsomba caviar.

Zimakhalanso kuti zimbalangondo zimakonda kuwononga malo okhala mbalame zina kuti zidye mazira awo, koma izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri. Coots amapikisana ndi chakudya cha bakha wamtchire, swans, drakes, chifukwa mumakhala mu biotopes omwewo ndipo mumakonda zokonda zomwezo. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikangano pakati pawo potengera chakudya.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale khandalo ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuposa tsekwe, limatengera chakudya kwa iye ndi bakha wakutchire, nthawi zina limachita malonda akuba. Makina achinyengo amatha kuchita mgwirizano ndi ma drakes kuti agwire ntchito limodzi polimbana ndi abakha ndi ma swans. Zomwe simungathe kuchita chifukwa chongoyeserera.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Coot waterfowl

Zikopa zimagwira ntchito, makamaka, masana. M'masika okha ndi pomwe amatha kukhala ogona usiku, ndipo nyengo yakusamukira kwawo amakonda kuyenda madzulo. Zili pamadzi kuti zigawe gawo la mkango m'moyo wawo wa mbalame, chifukwa chake zimasambira bwino, ndizosiyana ndi abale awo abusa. Pansi, amawoneka osawoneka pang'ono, akasuntha, amakweza mawoko awo oseketsa komanso okwera. Pakusambira, chovalacho chimagwedeza mutu wake, kenako chimatambasula, kenako ndikumenyetsa khosi lake. Mchira uli pansi pamadzi.

Mbalame ikamawopsezedwa, imayesetsa kulowa pansi kapena kubisala m'nkhalango zamabango, koma ngati zoopsa sizingayambe kuwuluka, mbalamezi sizifulumira kuuluka mosafunikira. Ngati mukuyenera kuchita izi, ndiye kuti mbalame zimathamanga pamtunda wamamita asanu ndi atatu, kenako nkumanyamuka mwachangu. Zikuwoneka kuti khosilo likuuluka mwamphamvu osati mofunitsitsa. Iye sakudziwa momwe angayendetsere pouluka, koma akupeza liwiro labwino. Mbalame yamitengoyi nthawi zambiri imafika pagombe, koma nthawi zambiri imakwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, momwe imakonza kuyeretsa nthenga.

Chikhalidwe cha zikhomo chimadalira kwambiri komanso sichidziwa zambiri, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri mbalame zimavutika, chifukwa lolani anthu ndi olanda kuyandikira pafupi. Mwambiri, mbalame yamtendere iyi imakhala yosangalatsa komanso yolimba mtima, chifukwa imalowa munkhondo yosafanana ndi swans ngati chikho chokoma chili pachiwopsezo. Chidwi chakubowoleza chimapezekanso m'matumba, chifukwa nthawi zina amapita kunja, kuwononga zisa za anthu ena ndikubera chakudya kuchokera kwa omwe amakhala nawo nthenga (swans ndi abakha).

Monga tanenera kale, nthawi yosamuka, mbalame zimayenda usiku nthawi zina zokha, nthawi zina timagulu tating'ono. Kufika pamalo achisanu, matumba amasonkhana m'magulu akulu, omwe amatha kuwerengera mbalame mazana angapo.

Chosangalatsa: Makola ali ndi dongosolo losamuka losamveka bwino komanso losamveka. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zomwe zimakhala mdera lomweli zimawulukira kwina kumadzulo kwa Europe, mwina ku Africa kapena ku Middle East.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Anapiye otsekemera

Zophika zimatha kutchedwa mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimapanga mgwirizano wanthawi yayitali. Nyengo yakukhwimirana m'malo otsekemera siyikudziwika bwino, imatha kuchitika munthawi zosiyanasiyana, zimadalira nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa zakudya zanyumba. Kwa mbalame zosamukira kwina, nyengo yaukwati imayamba atangobwerera kumene nyengo yachisanu. Phokoso ndi phokoso pamadzi zimamveka panthawiyi kuchokera kumbali zonse, nkhondo za abambo amphongo nthawi zambiri zimachitika, chifukwa aliyense ali ndi nsanje kwambiri ndi chidwi chawo.

Chosangalatsa: Masewera okwatirana amakhala akadaulo, pomwe ma ballets onse amakonzedwa pamadzi. Mkwati ndi mkwatibwi amayandikira wina ndi mnzake, kwinaku akufuula mokweza. Atasambira moyandikira, mbalame zimayambanso kubalalika kapena kusuntha molumikizana, zikumamatirana ndi mapiko awo.

Chotengera chodziwika bwino pamadzi m'mabango kapena bango. Chisa chimamangidwa kuchokera kunkhalango zowuma chaka chatha ndi masamba, zikuwoneka ngati mulu wosalala wa udzu. Kusala kumatha kukhala kwamitundu iwiri: mwina pansi kapena pazomera zam'madzi. Pakati pa nyengoyi, wamkazi amatha kupanga mikoko itatu, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi mazira 16, omwe amakhala ndi mchenga waimvi ndipo amakhala ndi timitengo ta burgundy. Zimazindikira kuti nthawi zonse mumakhala mazira ambiri kuposa ena onse. Nthawi yosamalitsa imakhala pafupifupi masiku 22, ndipo akazi ndi abambo amtsogolo amatenga nawo mbali pachilichonse. Podikirira ana, banja lolira limakhala laukali kwambiri ndikusamala mosamala malo obisalapo.

Ana obadwa amawoneka okongola ndipo amafanana ndi bakha wonyansa. Nthenga zawo zimayang'aniridwa ndi utoto wakuda, ndipo mulomo uli ndi utoto wofiyira walanje, mdera la mutu ndi khosi mutha kuwona kutulutsa kwa kamvekedwe kofanana ndi kamwa. Pasanathe tsiku limodzi, makandawo amatuluka m'chisa chawo, ndikutsatira makolo awo. Kwa milungu iwiri, mayi ndi bambo wachikondi amadyetsa ana awo osowa chochita ndikuwaphunzitsa maluso ofunikira. Makolo ozindikira usiku amatenthetsa anapiyewo ndi matupi awo ndi kuwateteza kwa anthu osafunira zoipa.

Ali ndi zaka 9 mpaka masabata 11, nyama zazing'ono zimalandira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ndikuyamba kugwiranagwirana, kukonzekera ulendo wopita kumadera otentha. Zoyala zazing'ono zimakhwima mchaka chamawa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pambuyo poti nthawi yovundikira itatha m'matumba okhwima, njira zosungunulira zimayamba, mbalamezo sizingathe kuwuluka ndikukhala m'mabango.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Makina akuluakulu komanso anyanga, omwe amakhala m'malo otentha, amakhala ndi malo okhala zisa zambiri. Chiphonachi, chimawoneka ngati bwalolo loyandama, lokhala ndi ma mita anayi ndi kutalika kwake pafupifupi masentimita 60. Mbalame yamanyanga ikumanga chisa pogwiritsa ntchito miyala yomwe imatha kugubuduka ndi mlomo wake. Unyinji wa dongosolo chimafika matani imodzi ndi theka.

Adani achilengedwe amtundu

Chithunzi: Mbalame yotentha

Zowopsa zambiri zimayembekezera matanga m'malo ovuta. Mbalame zodya nyama sizigona ndipo zimachita kuukira mlengalenga, makamaka pa anapiye ndi ana osadziwa zambiri.

Mlengalenga, ngozi imatha kubwera kuchokera:

• ziwombankhanga;
• zotchinjiriza dambo;
• ming'oma;
• makumi anayi;
• khwangwala;
• ma perecine falcons;
• Ziwombankhanga.

Kuphatikiza pa mbalame zolusa, khwangwala amatha kudwala nkhandwe, nguluwe zakutchire, minks, ferrets, muskrats, otters. Ankhandwe ndi nkhumba zamtchire nthawi zambiri zimadya mazira a mbalame, zotsalazo zimangopita m'madzi osaya, kufunafuna magulu angapo a mbalame.

Masoka achilengedwe osiyanasiyana amathanso kuchitika chifukwa cha zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimasokoneza moyo wa mbalame. Izi zimaphatikizapo chisanu chakumapeto ndi mvula yambiri. Frost ndiowopsa pachowombera choyamba cha nkhuku, chomwe chimapangidwa koyambirira kwamasika. Mvula yamvula imatha kusefukira zisa pamwamba pamadzi. Chifukwa chake, kusunga mazira otetezeka komanso omveka sichinthu chophweka.

Mdani wa khola limakhalanso munthu amene amavulaza mbalame mosadziwa, kuwukira malo omwe amatumizidwa kwamuyaya ndikuipitsa matupi amadzi, ndipo mwadala, kusaka mbalamezi, chifukwa nyama yawo ndiyokoma kwambiri. Pakachitika zoopsa, the coot imatha kudumphira pamadzi, kumenya pamwamba pake ndi mapiko ndi miyendo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma splash olimba. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imamenya mdaniyo mwamphamvu kapena pakamwa mwamphamvu. Nthawi zina, powona mdani, amatenga zisa pafupi, amalumikizana ndikuukira wolowererayo ndi gulu lonse, lomwe limakhala ndi mbalame zisanu ndi zitatu nthawi imodzi.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chilengedwe chayesa kutalika kwazitali zokhazokha, pokhapokha m'malo ovuta mbalame sizimakhala ndi ukalamba, chifukwa popita pali adani ndi zopinga zambiri. Asayansi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolira, adapeza kuti zotupa zimatha kukhala zaka 18, womwe unali m'badwo wakale kwambiri, wogwidwa, wokhala ndi mapiko a chiwindi.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Mbalame yotentha

Chiwerengero cha malo odziwika bwino ndiochulukirapo, monganso dera lomwe amakhala. Mwachiwonekere, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti mbalamezo zimakhala zachonde komanso zimasinthasintha malo okhala. Mbalameyi sichingakhale chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mbalame zosowa, imapezeka kawirikawiri. Mwambiri, pafupifupi mitundu yonse yazomata sizimayambitsa nkhawa pakati pa mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kolimba komanso kosoweka pachiwopsezo.

Miphika yakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula madera ozungulira ndi ozungulira. Zachidziwikire, pali zinthu zingapo zoyipa zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Izi zikuphatikizapo kukhetsa madamu, kudula nkhalango zamiyala, kusamuka kwa mbalame ndi anthu omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, komanso kusaka mbalame zodabwitsa izi. Zonsezi zoyipa zimachitika, koma mwamwayi, sizikhala ndi mphamvu zowonekera pazambiri, zomwe ndizolimbikitsa kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, zotsekera wamba ndizoyimira zambiri za banja la abusa, zomwe siziwopsezedwa kuti zitha, ndipo mbalamezi sizikusowa zoteteza, zomwe sizingasangalatse. Chofunikira ndichakuti mchitidwe wabwino ngatiwu wokhudza kukula kwa mbalame uyenera kupitilirabe mtsogolo.

Pamapeto pake, zatsalira kuwonjezera kuti, pakati pa mbalame zina zam'madzi, zokhala Zikuwoneka ngati zachilendo, zopanda mawonekedwe akunja amoyo pamadzi.Ngakhale zonsezi, adasinthiratu kukhalapo kwawo ndipo amakhala olimba mtima kwambiri pamadzi kuposa mlengalenga, zomwe ndizosangalatsa komanso zodabwitsa.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.07.2019

Tsiku lowonjezera: 07/05/2020 nthawi ya 11:19