Chomga kapena the great grebe (P. cristatus) ndi mbalame yochokera pagulu la ziweto. Amapezeka m'madzi ndi m'madziwe pafupifupi ku Eurasia konse. Mbalame itatu kukula kwa bakha. Ngakhale linali ndi dzina lonyoza, lolandilidwa chifukwa cha nyama yopanda tanthauzo ndi fungo lonunkhira la fetid, grebe iyi ndi mbalame yachilendo kwambiri yomwe imamanga zisa zodabwitsa. Anthu ambiri amapezeka ku Russia.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chomga
Ma Grebes ndi gulu losiyana kwambiri la mbalame potengera momwe zimakhalira. Poyamba amaganiziridwa kuti ndi ofanana ndi ma loon, omwe amayendanso mbalame zam'madzi, ndipo mabanja onsewa adasankhidwa kukhala dongosolo limodzi. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, ichi chinadziwika ngati chitsanzo cha kusintha kosinthika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mwayi wosankha mitundu yamitundu yosagwirizana yomwe imagawana moyo womwewo. Loons ndi Grebes tsopano amadziwika kuti ndiodula Podicipediformes ndi Gaviiformes.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wama molekyulu ndi kusanthula kwamayendedwe samathetsa mokwanira ubale wa ma grebes ndi mitundu ina. Komabe, kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti mbalamezi zimapanga mzere wakale wosinthika kapena zimapanikizika ndi mamolekyulu, osasunthika ndi anyani.
Kafukufuku wopambana kwambiri wa mbalame phylogenomics, wofalitsidwa mu 2014, adawonetsa kuti ma grebes ndi ma flamingo ndi mamembala a Columbea, nthambi yomwe imaphatikizaponso nkhunda, ma hazel grouses, ndi mesites. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wapanga kulumikizana ndi ma flamingo. Ali ndi mawonekedwe osachepera khumi ndi anayi omwe mbalame zina zilibe. Zambiri mwazizindikirozi zidadziwika kale m'ma flamingo, koma osati mu grebes. Zotsalira zakale kuchokera ku Ice Age zitha kuwerengedwa kuti ndizosintha pakati pa ma flamingo ndi ma grebes.
Ma grebes enieni amapezeka m'mafossil mu Late Oligocene kapena Miocene. Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri isanachitike yomwe idatheratu. Thiornis (Spain) ndi Pliolymbus (USA, Mexico) adayamba nthawi yomwe pafupifupi mibadwo yonse yomwe idalipo idalipo kale. Popeza ma grebes anali otalikirana ndi chisinthiko, adayamba kupezeka mu zotsalira za Northern Hemisphere, koma mwina adachokera ku Southern Hemisphere.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri
Ma Grebes ndi ziphuphu zazikulu kwambiri ku Europe. Nthenga kumbuyo ndi m'mbali mwake ndi zofiirira motley. Kumbuyo kwa khosi kuli kofiirira pomwe kutsogolo kwa khosi ndi kumunsi kumakhala koyera. Ali ndi khosi lalitali ndi nthenga zofiira-lalanje zokhala ndi maupangiri akuda pamutu pawo. Nthenga izi zimangokhala munthawi yoswana, zimayamba kukula m'nyengo yozizira ndipo zimakula bwino pofika masika. Mbalamezi zimakhalanso ndi mizere yakuda erectile pamwamba pa mitu yawo, yomwe imakhalapo chaka chonse. Crested Grebe ali ndi michira yayifupi ndi miyendo yakumbuyo kumbuyo kwakuti kusambira koyenera. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pamasaya awo.
Kanema: Chomga
Ma grebes okhala ndi ma Grebe amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 46 mpaka 52, mapiko a masentimita 59 mpaka 73. Amalemera magalamu 800 mpaka 1400. Kupondereza ena pazakugonana kumangotchulidwa pang'ono. Amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono ndipo amakhala ndi kolala yokulirapo pang'ono komanso chovala chotalikirapo. Mlomo ndi wofiira pazovala zonse zokhala ndi bulauni komanso pamwamba wowala. Iris ndi yofiira ndi mphete yowala ya lalanje yophimba mwana. Miyendo ndi ma lobes oyandama ndi obiriwira.
Anapiye atsopano a chomga ali ndi mkanjo wamfupi komanso wonenepa. Mutu ndi khosi zimajambulidwa mu mizere yakuda ndi yoyera yomwe ili mbali yakutali. Mawanga a bulauni azithunzi zosiyanasiyana amapezeka pakhosi loyera. Kumbuyo ndi mbali zonse za thupi poyamba sizosiyana kwenikweni, zoyera-bulauni ndi zoyera zakuda. Thupi lakumunsi ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera.
Kodi grebe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Great crested grebe ku Russia
Mitengo ikuluikulu yakukhala kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, Great Britain ndi Ireland, madera akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa, Australia ndi New Zealand. Anthu amtundu amapezeka ku Eastern Europe, kumwera kwa Russia ndi Mongolia. Atasamuka, nyengo yozizira imapezeka m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Europe, kumwera kwa Africa ndi Australia, komanso m'madzi am'mwera konse kwa Asia.
Mitundu ya Great Crested Grebe imabereka m'malo am'madzi amchere amchere. P. subspecies ndi. Cristatus amapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia. Amakhala kumadzulo kwambiri kumadzulo kwake, koma amasamuka kumadera ozizira kupita kumalo otentha. Nyengo zamadzi amchere ndi malo osungira madzi kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ma subspecies aku Africa P. infuscatus ndi ma subspecies aku Australasia P. c. australis amakhala nthawi yayitali.
Zosangalatsa: Great Crested Grebes amapezeka m'malo am'madzi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza nyanja, matumba opangira madzi, mitsinje yoyenda, madambo, magombe ndi madambo. Malo oberekera amakhala ndimadzi osaya otseguka amadzi abwino kapena amchere. Payeneranso kukhala zomera m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'madzi kuti mupeze malo abwino okhala.
M'nyengo yozizira, anthu ena amasamukira kumadzi am'madera otentha. Nyanja ya Geneva, Lake Constance ndi Lake Neuchâtel ndi ena mwa nyanja zaku Europe komwe kumakhala ma Grebes ambiri m'miyezi yozizira. Amakhalanso m'nyengo yozizira pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Europe ku Atlantic, komwe amafika ambiri mu Okutobala ndi Novembala ndipo amakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa February kapena koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Madera ena ofunikira kwambiri ndi Nyanja ya Caspian, Nyanja Yakuda komanso madzi osankhidwa mkati mwa Central Asia. Ku East Asia, nyengo yachisanu kumwera chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa China, Taiwan, Japan ndi India. Apa amakhalanso m'mbali mwa nyanja.
Kodi crested grebe amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Grebe wamkulu wazachilengedwe
Grebes wamkulu amatenga nyama yawo ndikudumphira pansi pamadzi. Amakolola kwambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo, mwina chifukwa ndi pomwe owazunza amadzuka pafupi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwona nsomba ndikuwonetsanso kutalika kwa madzi.
Zakudya za Great Crested Toadstools zimakhala ndi:
- nsomba zazikulu;
- akangaude ndi tizilombo ta m'madzi;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- nkhono;
- achule achikulire ndi amphutsi;
- zatsopano;
- Mphutsi zopanda mafupa.
Nsomba zambiri zomwe Grebes angadye ndi masentimita 25. Nsomba zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi oyera ndizo: verkhovka, carp, roach, whitefish, gobies, pike perch, pike. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wasonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakapangidwe kazakudya pakati pa magulu amtunduwo.
Chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi pafupifupi 200 magalamu. Anapiye amadyetsa tizilombo poyamba. M'madera ozizira, Agiriki a Crested Grebes amadya nsomba zokha. M'madzi amchere a goby, hering'i, zomata, cod ndi carp zimapezeka, zomwe ndizambiri mwa zomwe amapezeka. Akuluakulu amadya nsomba zazikulu pamwamba pamadzi, kumeza mitu yawo kaye. Anthu ang'onoang'ono amadyedwa m'madzi. Amayenda pansi pamadzi kwa masekondi osachepera 45 kwinaku akusaka ndikusambira pansi pamadzi pamtunda wa mamita 2-4. Mtunda wokwanira kutsetsereka ndi mamita 40.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Zikuluzikulu sizigawo m'nyengo yozizira, zambiri ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala zokha. Mawonekedwe awiriawiri munthawi yoswana ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala kulumikizana pang'ono pakati pa awiriawiri. Madera osakhazikika, okhala ndi awiriawiri angapo, amapangidwa nthawi zina. Makoloni amatha kupanga ngati pali kuchepa kwa malo oyenera kuswana kapena ngati malo oyambilira oyambilira aphatikizidwa.
Ziweto zoswana zimateteza malo okhala ndi zisa. Kukula kwa dera lomwelo kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa awiriawiri komanso anthu. Amuna ndi akazi mwa onse awiri amateteza abale awo, chisa ndi anapiye. Pakati pa nyengo yoswana, kugundana pafupipafupi kumawonedwa pamalo amodzi oberekera. Kutetezedwa kwa gawoli kumaima pambuyo pobereka.
Zosangalatsa: Akuluakulu akudya nthenga zawo. Amazilowetsa nthawi zambiri chakudya chikakhala chochepa kwambiri, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yopangira ma pellets omwe amatha kuponyedwa kuti achepetse mawonekedwe a tiziromboti m'matumbo.
Akuluakulu amakonda mbalame zam'madzi ndipo amakonda kusambira ndikusambira m'malo mouluka. Amakhala pakati pa mbalame zobwera nthawi zambiri ndipo amayang'ana chakudya masana okha. Komabe, panthawi ya chibwenzi, mawu awo amamveka usiku. Mbalame zimapuma ndi kugona pamadzi. Pokhapokha m'nyengo yoswana pomwe nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito nsanja zazisa kapena zisa zomwe zatsala pambuyo poswedwa. Amadzuka m'madzi patadutsa kanthawi kochepa. Ndege imathamanga ndikumenya mwachangu mapiko. Paulendo, amatambasula miyendo yawo ndi khosi patsogolo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chomga chomga
Mbalame za Crested Grebe zimakula msanga msanga kuposa kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo, koma nthawi zambiri sizimabereka bwino mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo. Ali ndi nyengo yokwatirana yokhayokha. Ku Europe, amafika pamalo osinthira mu Marichi / Epulo. Nthawi yoswana imayamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Juni, nyengo ikuloleza, komanso mu Marichi. Kukula kuchokera kwa ana awiri mpaka awiri pachaka. Awiriwo amatha kuyamba kupanga Januware. Atafika pamalo oswana, a Grebes amayamba kuyesetsa kuswana pokhapokha pakafunika kutero.
Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira kuyamba kwa kubereka ndi:
- kuchuluka kwa malo okhalapo omanga zisa;
- nyengo yabwino;
- mulingo wamadzi m'madamu;
- kupezeka kwa chakudya chokwanira.
Ngati madzi ali okwera, zomera zambiri zozungulira zidzasefukira. Izi zimapereka chivundikiro chokwanira cha zisa zotetezedwa. Kutentha kwambiri komanso chakudya chambiri kumathandizanso kuti pakhale kuswana koyambirira. Zisa zimamangidwa ndi namsongole wam'madzi, mabango, nkhalango ndi masamba a algae. Zipangizi zimalukidwa muzomera zam'madzi zomwe zilipo kale. Zisa zimayimikidwa m'madzi, zomwe zimateteza zowomberazo kwa adani.
"Chisa chenicheni", pomwe mazira amaikidwiratu, chimatuluka m'madzi ndipo chimasiyana ndi nsanja ziwiri zoyandikana, imodzi yomwe itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizana pomwe inayo kupumula pakamakulira ndi kusakaniza. Kukula kwa clutch kumasiyana mazira 1 mpaka 9, koma pafupifupi 3 - 4. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 27 - 29. Amuna ndi akazi amakwirirana chimodzimodzi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waku Russia, a Grebes amasiya zisa zawo kwa mphindi 0.5 mpaka 28 zokha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Makulitsidwe amayamba dzira loyamba litayikidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa miluza ndi kutulutsa kwawo kukhala kovuta. Izi zimabweretsa utsogoleri wolowezana wa abale pamene anapiye aswedwa.
Chisa chimasiyidwa mwana wankhuku womaliza ataswa. Kukula kwa msuzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa anapiye 1 mpaka 4. Chiwerengerochi chimasiyana ndi kukula kwa clutch chifukwa cha mpikisano wa abale, nyengo yoipa, kapena kusokonekera pakumawaza. Anapiye achichepere amakwanitsa zaka 71 mpaka 79 zakubadwa.
Adani achilengedwe a grebe
Makolowo amakwirira mazirawo ndi zisa zawo asanachoke pachisa. Khalidweli limateteza ku nyama zomwe zimadya nyama, matumba (Fulica atra), yomwe imadya mazira. Pakakhala zoopsa, kholo limatseka mazira, kulowa m'madzi ndikusambira kumalo akutali ndi chisa. Khalidwe lina lotsutsa zomwe zimathandiza ma grebes kubisa mazira awo ndi kapangidwe ka zisa, zomwe zimayimitsidwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono m'madzi. Izi zimateteza mazirawo kuzilombo zilizonse zodya nyama.
Zosangalatsa: Pofuna kupewa kudya, achikulire amanyamula anapiye kumbuyo kwawo mpaka masabata atatu ataswa.
Khwangwala wakufa ndi anyani agalu amagwetsa ma grbes ang'onoang'ono akasiyidwa ndi makolo awo. Kusintha kwamadzi ndi chifukwa china chowonongera ana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana ku UK, kontinenti Europe ndi Russia, pali ana apakati pa 2.1 ndi 2.6 pa clutch iliyonse. Anapiye ena amafa ndi njala, chifukwa samatha kulumikizana ndi mbalame kholo. Nyengo zosasangalatsa zimasokonezanso kuchuluka kwa anapiye omwe apulumuka.
Chosangalatsa: Kutetezedwa kwa Greyhound m'zaka za zana la 19 kudakhala cholinga chachikulu cha Britain Animal Welfare Association. Nthaka zowoneka bwino, zopindika za pachifuwa ndi pamimba ndiye zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafashoni. Opanga mafashoni amapanga zidutswa zonga ubweya za makola, zipewa ndi maffe. Chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kuteteza RSPB, zamoyozi zasungidwa ku UK.
Popeza nsomba ndizo chakudya chachikulu cha grebe, anthu akhala akuzitsatira nthawi zonse. Choopsa chachikulu chimachokera kwa okonda kusodza, osaka nyama komanso okonda masewera am'madzi, omwe amayendera maulendo ang'onoang'ono amadzi ndi madera awo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, chifukwa chake mbalameyi, ngakhale yateteza zachilengedwe, ikuchulukirachulukira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bakha wamkulu
Chiwerengero cha a Grebes atachepa chifukwa chakusaka komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, padatengedwa njira zochepetsera kuwasaka, ndipo kuyambira kumapeto kwa ma 1960 pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyi yakulitsa kwambiri dera lake. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikukula kwa dongosololi kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwamadzi chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa michere, potero, chakudya chambiri, makamaka nsomba zoyera. Ntchito yomanga mayiwe ndi malo osungiramo nsomba inathandizanso.
Chosangalatsa: Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Europe kuyambira 300,000 mpaka 450,000 awiriawiri oswana. Anthu ochuluka kwambiri amapezeka ku Europe ku Russia, komwe kuli mitundu 90,000 mpaka 150,000 yoswana. Mayiko omwe ali ndi mitundu yopitilira 15,000 awiriawiri ndi Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Sweden ndi Ukraine. Ku Central Europe, 63,000 mpaka 90,000 awiriawiri oswana amabadwa.
Crested Grebe wakhala akusakidwa chakudya ku New Zealand ndi nthenga ku Britain. Saopsezedwanso ndi kusaka, koma atha kuopsezedwa ndi zovuta za anthropogenic, kuphatikiza kusintha nyanja, chitukuko chamatawuni, ochita mpikisano, zodya nyama, maukonde osodza, kutayika kwamafuta ndi chimfine cha avian. Komabe, pakadali pano ali ndi mwayi wosamala kwambiri malinga ndi IUCN.
Chomga imodzi mwazamoyo zomwe zidzakhudzidwe makamaka ndikusintha kwanyengo. Gulu lofufuzirali, lomwe likuphunzira za kagawidwe mtsogolo ka mbalame zoswana ku Europe potengera mitundu yazanyengo, akuti kuyerekezera kwamitunduyi kudzasintha kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Malinga ndi kuneneraku, gawo logawa lidzachepa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu ndipo nthawi yomweyo lidzasunthira kumpoto chakum'mawa. Madera omwe adzagawidwe mtsogolo akuphatikizanso Kola Peninsula, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 07/05/2020 nthawi ya 11:24
