Njoka ya steppe, pakuwona koyamba, sizimasiyana kwambiri ndi abale awo. Koma njokayo ili ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi njoka zina. Kuphatikiza apo, steppe njoka nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana amayiko a CIS, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe njoka yakupha iyi imawonekera komanso mawonekedwe ake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Njoka ya steppe
Njoka ya steppe ndi ya mtundu wa mphiri zowona (njoka) za banja la mphiri. Oimira amtunduwu amatha kupezeka pafupifupi m'maiko onse padziko lapansi, omwe samasiyana pakatentha kochepa kwambiri. Njoka ndi chokwawa chomwe chafalikira padziko lonse lapansi.
Mtundu wa mphiri ndizosiyanasiyana modabwitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzigawa. Ndikothekanso kuti posachedwa mtunduwo ugawika m'magulu angapo chifukwa chakusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njoka za mtunduwo. Zimakhalanso zotsutsana kuti genera lina limatha kulumikizana, ndikupanga ana atsopano.
Kanema: Njoka ya steppe
Njoka zenizeni ndi njoka zazing'ono zochepa. Mu njoka zina, mutu wake umasiyana pang'ono ndi thupi: umaphimbidwa ndi mbale zomwe zimateteza njokayo. Njoka zonse, mosasankha, ndizodya usiku, ndipo masana zimakonda kugona m'malo obisika, okutidwa ndi mpira.
Ma Vipers amangodya nyama zamagazi ofunda - ndikofunikira kuti amve kufalikira kwa magazi ndikumva kwawo kununkhiza. Amathamangitsa nyama pang'onopang'ono, posankha kukabisalira. Njoka zamphongo ndizocheperako kuposa zazikazi, zimakhala ndi thupi lalifupi komanso locheperako - kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 66, pomwe akazi amatha kufikira 75 kapena 90 cm.Malamulo, maso a mphiri ndi ofiira, ndipo njoka imatha kudziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake mamba.
Njoka zonse ndi zakupha, koma mosiyanasiyana. Kuluma kwa ena kumatha kupulumuka, koma kuluma kwa njoka ina yamtundu womwewo kumakhala koopsa ngati simupereka chithandizo choyamba. Monga lamulo, poyizoni amatuluka pachilondacho ngati sipakhala kuvulala pakamwa - apo ayi poizoniyo amalowanso m'magazi.
Chosangalatsa: Achipwitikizi amakhulupirira kuti munthu amene walumidwa ndi mphiri ayenera kumamwa mowa wochuluka kwambiri kuti athane ndi poyizoni mthupi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka ya steppe
Nyani wamkazi wa ku mapiri otsika amatha kukhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 55 mpaka 63 cm, kuphatikiza kutalika kwa mchira. Kutalika kwa mchira wa mphiri pafupifupi ndi masentimita 7-9. Mutu wa njokayo uli ndi mawonekedwe otambalala (owulungika), m'mphepete mwa mphuno mwakwezedwa. Pamwamba pamutu pamalimbikitsidwa ndi zikopa zazing'ono zosasunthika, zomwe zimaphimbanso kotseguka kwammphuno, komwe kumakhala kumapeto kwa chishango cha mphuno.
Amakhulupirira kuti, pafupifupi, pamakhala njoka zam'mimba pafupifupi 120-152 pamphiri, 20-30 mapaipi am'miyendo yam'munsi ndi mizere 19 yazakudya pakati pa thupi. Mtundu wa njoka umabisa: kumbuyo kuli utoto wofiirira kapena imvi, pakati pambuyo pamakhala mopepuka pang'ono kupatula thupi lonse. Mzere wokhotakhota umadutsa pakati pa thupi, womwe m'ma subspecies ena umagawika tating'onoting'ono. Pali malo obisika m'mbali mwa thupi omwe amalola kuti njokayo isadziwike muudzu.
Mbali yakunja yamutu wa mphiriyo yakongoletsedwa ndi mtundu wakuda. Mimba yake ndi yotuwa kapena yamkaka. Maso a njoka ndi yofiira kapena yakuda bulauni, yofiirira, ndi mwana wochepa thupi wokhazikika. Zimatetezedwa ndi nsidze. Mtundu wonse wa njoka yotereyi cholinga chake ndi kubisala ndi kusokoneza nyama: poyenda, mawanga ake ndi mikwingwirima zimaphatikizana mwanjira yovuta kuti izindikire njokayo.
Chosangalatsa: Pakati pa njoka, pali maalubino komanso anthu akuda kwathunthu.
Njokayo imayenda ngati njoka wamba, yothinana ndi thupi lonse ndikukankhira pansi ndi minofu yolimba. Koma minofu yake siyopangidwa mokwanira kuti ingokwera mapiri okwera komanso kukwera mitengo, ndipo izi zimatsimikizira momwe njokayo imakhalira.
Kodi mphiri wa steppe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njoka ya steppe mdera la Rostov
Makamaka mtundu uwu wa njoka zimapezeka m'maiko akumwera kwa Europe, omwe ndi:
- gawo lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia;
- Greece;
- Hungary;
- Germany;
- France;
- Italy;
- Ukraine;
- Romania;
- Bulgaria;
- Albania.
Mutha kupezanso kudera la Russia m'malo oponderezedwa komanso nkhalango. Ambiri amapezeka m'dera la Perm, m'chigawo cha Rostov, m'chigawo cha South Siberia. Nthawi zina mumatha kukumana ndi njoka yamphepete kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Russia - dera la Volga-Kama ndi Altai.
Malo omwe mungakumane ndi mphiri wa steppe nthawi zambiri ndi malo athyathyathya. Mbali imeneyi imasiyanitsa njoka yovutayi ndi ena oimira mtundu wina wa njoka zenizeni, zomwe zimakonda kukhala kumapiri, kubisala m'mabowo amiyala. Njoka ya steppe ndi yopanda ulemu m'malo okhalamo: imakhala m'malo ochepa pansi kapena ikukwawa pansi pa miyala yosowa.
Sizachilendo kuwona njoka yanthete pafupi ndi nyanja, nthawi zambiri m'malo amiyala. Amakonda kukwawa kuthengo kapena kupondaponda usiku, komwe amadzibisa ndikudikirira nyama. Njoka iyi ndi yoopsa makamaka ikamanga zisa zake msipu ndi minda, chifukwa imatha kutenga munthu yemwe akuyandikira kuti amuopseze, chifukwa chake imamugunda nthawi yomweyo.
Chosangalatsa: Njoka za steppe, mosiyana ndi njoka wamba, sizipanga zisa zazikulu za njoka, zogawidwa mofananamo, osangoyang'ana malo amodzi.
M'madera akumwera kwa malo okhala njoka, imapezekanso m'mapululu ndi m'chipululu: njokayo imamva bwino kutentha kwambiri, ndipo ikatenthedwa kwambiri, kuwopsa kapena kubisalira, imadzibisa mumchenga, ndikuphatikizana nayo mothandizidwa ndi machitidwe.
Kodi steppe njoka amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Njoka yamphezi ya Crimea
Zakudya zamankhwalawa zimasiyana, koma amangodya chakudya chamoyo. Popeza njoka zimatsogoleredwa ndi fungo ndi phokoso, zimasankha nyama zomwe zimayendera magazi komanso momwe zimanunkhira bwino njokayo. Koma chodziwika bwino cha mamba ndi chakuti imakonda kudya tizilombo, osati mbalame kapena nyama.
M'nyengo yotentha, mphiri wa nkhondoyi imagwira ziwala, njenjete, dzombe, ndi ntchentche. Chobisika pakati pa mchenga, nthaka kapena miyala, chimapanga kuponya mwachangu, molondola, chimagwira nyama ndipo nthawi yomweyo chimameza chonse. Mosiyana ndi njoka zina, zomwe zimadya nyama zikuluzikulu, njoka imafunika kudya kangapo patsiku, motero njokayo nthawi zambiri imayenda uku ndi uku posaka nyama yatsopano.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa nyamayo, njoka za steppe pafupifupi sizigwiritsa ntchito poizoni, kumangomeza wovutitsidwayo.
Koma njokayo ilibe chidwi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono - imangokhala ndi chidwi ndi akulu, anthu athanzi kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mchaka, pomwe tizilombo tidali tisanakule, njoka imasaka makoswe ang'onoang'ono, abuluzi, anapiye (omwe amatha kupeza popanda kukwera mitengo), imadya mazira a mbalame, imadyetsa akangaude ndi achule. Munthawi yamasika, njoka zambiri zimakana kudya, ndichifukwa chake sizimakhala mpaka chilimwe. Nyama ina yayikulu imatha kugayidwa mpaka masiku anayi, ndikusiya njokayo ikudzaza komanso yaulesi panthawiyi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka ya steppe yakummawa
Njoka ya steppe imakhala makamaka m'malo athyathyathya kapena pafupi nayo, ndikupita uko kukasaka. Amamanga zisa zake m'tchire, pansi pa miyala, m'miyala, pakati pa nkhalango zowirira. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chosowa chakudya, imatha kukwera mapiri mpaka 2700 mita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Njoka za steppe ndi njoka zokhazokha, koma nthawi zina munthu amatha kupeza masango pafupifupi mahekitala angapo. M'masiku a chilimwe, amagona zisa zawo, atadzipinditsa ndi mpira, ndipo usiku amapita kukasaka tizilombo todutsa usiku. Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kukwera tchire lotsika. M'ngululu ndi nthawi yophukira, amatuluka kukafunafuna pafupipafupi, amapezeka masana.
Nyengo yozizira imachitika motere: mwakachetechete kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, njoka zimasankha ming'alu, mbewa yamphongo kapena dzenje losaya, pomwe amapindirabe mpira. Salola kutentha kwambiri, motero njoka zambiri zimafa nthawi yachisanu. Koma nthawi yomweyo, amakhala osamala kwambiri ndi zisungunuka, choncho ngati m'nyengo yozizira kutentha kumakwera kufika madigiri 4, njoka zimatuluka.
Pakakhala bata, njoka imachedwa, koma pamalo athyathyathya imatha kuthamanga kwambiri. Amasambira bwino ndipo ndi wolimba mokwanira kusambira motsutsana ndi nyengoyi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mwa iwo okha, mphiri sizikhala zaukali, ndipo zikakumana ndi munthu kapena chilombo chachikulu, zimakonda kuthawa. Komabe, ndizowopsa kutenga nawo mbali, chifukwa njokayo imatha kutembenuka ndikuima pamalo otetezera, ndikukweza thupi lakumtunda pamwamba panthaka. Mukamuyandikira kwambiri, amenya. Njoka iyi imatha kulimbitsa minofu yathupi kotero kuti imadumphira nthawi yayitali kuti ifike kwa adani.
Komanso njoka zimachita nkhanza m'nyengo yokhwima komanso nthawi yomwe zimakhala zowalamulira. Njoka ya njoka ya njoka siipha, koma ndi yoopsa ku thanzi. Pamalo olumidwa, kufiira, kutupa kumawoneka; n`zotheka nseru, chizungulire, magazi mu mkodzo. Mukaluma, muyenera kuyamwa poyizoni pachilondacho kwa mphindi 5-7, mupatseni zakumwa zambiri ndikupereka kuchipatala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Njoka ya steppe ku Crimea
Kumayambiriro kapena mkatikati mwa Epulo, nyengo yokhwima imayambira njoka - ino ndi nthawi yoyesera kuthawa. Nyengo isanakwane, njoka zimakhala zokhazokha, sizimakonda kukhala m'magulu akulu, koma nthawi yakumasirana, amuna amafunafuna akazi m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Kwa mphiri imodzi yaikazi pali amuna 6-8 omwe amakonzekera masewera olowerera. Amakankhana mozungulira chachikazi mu mpira ndikusuntha m'matupi. Palibe opambana kapena otayika pamasewerawa - wamkazi amasankha wamwamuna yemwe amamukonda kwambiri.
Nthawi zina amuna amphamba atha kupanga masewera. Amayamba kulimbana, mutu utali ndikutsamira kumchira kwawo, kenako nkumenyanirana thupi ndi mutu. Izi sizopikisana ndimwazi, popeza njoka siziluma wina ndi mzake ndipo sizifunafuna kupha - njoka yamphamvu kwambiri imangovulaza mnzake ndikukweza mutu wake pansi.
Chosangalatsa: Mwambo wotere pakati pa njoka umatchedwa magule.
Pambuyo pa magule oterewa, njoka zimakonda kupumula pabwalo tsiku limodzi kapena awiri, kumangokhalira kutentha padzuwa. Pakadali pano, njoka zimakumana ndi anthu nthawi zambiri, koma munthawi imeneyi ndizovuta kwambiri, popeza kupumula.
Kutengera ndi malo okhala, mimba ya mphamba imatha:
- Masiku 90 kumadera akumwera;
- Masiku 130 ku Russia ndi zigawo zakumpoto.
Mkaziyo amabweretsa ana amoyo, omwe amabadwira mu chipolopolo chofewa ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaswa kuchokera pamenepo. Mu clutch imodzi, monga lamulo, pali ana 5-6 okha, pafupifupi 12-18 cm.Moyang'aniridwa ndi amayi, amadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo posakhalitsa amasintha khungu - molting. Kale mchaka chachitatu cha njoka zimakula ndipo zimatha kubala ana.
Zosangalatsa: Nthawi zina mkazi amatha kuikira mazira 28 mu clutch.
Natural adani a steppe
Chithunzi: Njoka ya steppe mdera la Orenburg
Masambawa ali ndi zilombo zolusa, ndipo mphiri zimakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri kupatula zomwe zimakhudza anthu.
Adani odziwika kwambiri a mamba agalu ndi awa:
- kadzidzi amene nthawi zambiri kuukira njoka pamene kusaka usiku. Mbalame zimenyana ndi njokayo mosazindikira, imadumphira msanga kuchokera kutalika kwambiri, motero imakonda kufa nthawi yomweyo;
- chiwombankhanga - nthawi zambiri amasaka njoka chifukwa chosowa zakudya zina;
- loonie;
- adokowe akuda omwe amasamukira kumadera amenewa nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe;
- ma hedgehogs amaukira njoka zazing'ono komanso zofooka zapakatikati;
- nkhandwe;
- nguluwe zakutchire;
- mbira;
- ma ferrets.
Ngakhale kuti njoka imayamba kuthamanga kwambiri pamtunda, imakhala yocheperapo poyerekeza ndi nyama zambiri zomwe zimawopseza. Mukakumana ndi zoopsa, chinthu choyamba chomwe mphambawo amachita ndikukwawa, kuyesa kubisala pansi kapena kupeza mwala kapena dzenje loyenera. Icho chikukwawa, chikungoyenderera mwamphamvu mu mawonekedwe a S.
Ngati njoka ija sathawa, imatembenukira kwa chilombocho ndikukhala cholimba kwambiri. Mdani akafika pafupi mokwanira, amaponyera mwachangu. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zoponderezedwa zimaphunzitsidwa kusaka mamba, motero njokayo imatha. Pali milandu kuti kuluma chilombo, iye akadali amupezere chakudya, koma posakhalitsa amwalira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka ya steppe mdera la Volgograd
M'zaka za zana la 20, njoka ija idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ipeze poizoni, koma pano mchitidwewu wasiyidwa chifukwa chakufa kwambiri kwa anthu pambuyo potsatira izi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa mamba otsika kwatsika kwambiri, koma pakadali pano njokazo sizikutha. Izi ndichifukwa cha zomwe zimayambitsa matenda: kukula kwa nthaka yazomera kumabweretsa chiwonongeko cha njoka izi.
Kupatula madera ena, njoka iyi yatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa ku Ukraine chifukwa cholima nthaka. Ku Europe, njoka zam'madzi zimatetezedwa ndi Berne Convention ngati mtundu womwe ungathe. M'mayiko a ku Ulaya, njoka imazimiririka chifukwa cha kusintha kosasintha kwa nyengo, zomwe zimakhalanso chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Osati kale kwambiri, njoka yamphongo inali mu Red Book la Ukraine, koma anthu adabwezeretsedwanso kumadera akumwera.
M'madera momwe steppe mamba wafala, kuchuluka kwa anthu pa kilomita lalikulu kumatha kufikira 15-20. Kuchuluka kwa njoka padziko lapansi nkovuta kutchula, koma steppe njoka sichiwopsezedwa kuti chitha ndipo chimaberekanso bwino m'maiko aku Europe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/24/2019 nthawi 20:57
