Sterkh - mitundu yosowa kwambiri ya cranes, ndi mbalame yoyera komanso yaying'ono yoyera yomwe imangokhala m'malo awiri kumpoto kwa Russia, ndipo nthawi yachisanu imapita ku China kapena India. M'zaka za zana la 20, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri, ndipo tsopano ma Cranes aku Siberia amafunikira thandizo laumunthu kuti apulumuke - mapulogalamu osamalira ndi kuswana kwawo akupezeka ku Russia ndi mayiko ena.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sterkh
Mbalame zinachokera ku archosaurs - zinachitika pafupifupi zaka 160 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ingapo yapakatikati idapulumuka kuti ifufuze chisinthiko choyambirira, koma mbalame zoyambirira zidasunga mawonekedwe omwe amawalumikiza ndi abuluzi. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, zasintha ndipo mitundu yawo ikukula.
Mwa mbalame zamakono, dongosolo lofanana ndi kireni, lomwe limaphatikizapo Siberia Crane, ndi imodzi mwazoyambirira. Ofufuzawo akukhulupirira kuti ndizotheka kuti adawonekeratu asanafike tsoka lomwe lidachitika zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo ndikupangitsa kutha kwa anthu ambiri, pomwe mitundu yambiri yazinyama, kuphatikiza ma dinosaurs, adasowa.
Kanema: Sterkh
Banja la cranes lomwe lidaphatikizidwa ndi dongosololi lidapangidwa pambuyo pake, kale ku Eocene, ndiye kuti, kalekale. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti izi zidachitika ku America, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo ma cranes adakhazikika m'makontinenti ena. Pang'onopang'ono, komanso kukulira kwa mitunduyi, mitundu yatsopano yambiri inayamba kupezeka, kuphatikizapo Siberia Crane.
Malongosoledwe awo asayansi adapangidwa ndi wasayansi waku Germany P. Pallas mu 1773, adalandira dzina lenileni la Grus leucogeranus ndipo adaphatikizidwa ndi mtundu wa cranes. Pomwe kufotokozera kunachitika, ma Cranes aku Siberia anali ofala kwambiri, pafupifupi kumpoto kwa Russia, tsopano kuchuluka kwawo ndi anthu kuchepa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Crane Bird Siberia
Iyi ndi mbalame yayikulu, yayikulu kwambiri kuposa imvi - imatha kutalika kwamamita 1.4 ndipo ili ndi mapiko opitilira 2 mita. Unyinji wake nthawi zambiri umakhala 6-10 kilogalamu. Mtunduwo ndi woyera, nsonga za mapikowo ndi zakuda. Achinyamata amatha kukhala ofiira ofiira, kapena oyera, koma ndi mabala ofiira.
Mbali yakumutu yamutu siimapiko nthenga, imakutidwa ndi khungu lofiira lofananako ndipo miyendo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kwake. Mlomo ulinso wofiira komanso wautali kwambiri - wokulirapo kuposa wamtundu wina uliwonse wa kireni, mathero ake amatenthedwa ngati macheka. Zinyama zazing'ono zimathanso kusiyanitsidwa ndi khungu lakumutu kwawo lowala, lachikaso kapena lalanje.
Diso la diso limakhala lotuwa kapena limakhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Anapiye ali ndi maso a buluu. Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake, kupatula kuti oyambawo amakhala okulirapo, ndipo milomo yawo ndi yayitali.
Chosangalatsa: Gulu la cranes likapita m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zonse amakhala pamzere. Pali mitundu iwiri ya chifukwa chake zimauluka ngati mphero. Malingana ndi woyamba, mbalame zimangouluka pambuyo pa mtsogoleri, ndipo chiwerengero chimenecho chimadzipangira chokha. Koma silifotokoza chifukwa chake mbalame zazikulu zokha zomwe zimauluka zimapanga ziwerengerozi, pomwe zazing'ono zimauluka molakwika.
Chifukwa chake, mtundu wachiwiriwu ndiwotsimikizika kwambiri: kuti ndizosavuta kuti kireni ziwuluke motere, popeza sizimasokonezedwa ndi mafunde ampweya omwe mamembala ena a gululo. Kuchokera ku mbalame zazing'ono, mafunde ngati awa samawonekeratu, chifukwa chake safunikira kukhala pamzere.
Kodi Crane Siberia amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Crane ya Siberia, kapena White Crane
Ndi mbalame yosamuka yomwe imayenda pafupifupi makilomita 6,000 - 7,000 pakusintha kwanyengo, chifukwa chake, malo opangira zisa ndi nyengo yozizira amaperekedwa. Chisa cha Siberian Cranes kumpoto kwa Russia, pali anthu awiri osiyana: kumadzulo (Ob) ndi kum'mawa (Yakut).
Amakhala mu:
- Dera Arkhangelsk;
- Komi;
- kumpoto kwa Yakutia pakati pa mitsinje ya Yana ndi Indigirka.
M'madera atatu oyamba pamndandanda wawo, anthu akumadzulo amakhala, ku Yakutia, kum'mawa. M'nyengo yozizira, ma cranes ochokera ku Yakut amathawira kuchigwa cha Yangtze - komwe kumatentha kwambiri, koma kumakhala anthu ambiri, osakhala aufulu komanso otakasuka, pomwe ma Siberia Cranes amakonda mtendere. Ndi m'nyengo yozizira kumene ma crane ambiri akuluakulu amafa.
Ma Cranes a Siberia ochokera pagulu la Ob amakhalanso ndi malo ozizira osiyana: ena amauluka kupita kumpoto kwa Iran, ku Nyanja ya Caspian, ina ku India - kumeneko adapangidwa kukhala malo abwino, ndipo malo osungirako a Keoladeo adapangidwa kuti awateteze pamalo pomwe amafikirako nthawi zonse.
Kumpoto, amakonda kukhala munyumba yamvula komanso kumpoto kwa nyanjayi - m'mbali mwa madzi, m'chipululu chosakhalamo. Moyo wawo wonse umalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi madzi, ngakhale momwe miyendo yawo ndi milomo yawo imapangira kuti izi ndi mbalame zam'madzi.
Afika m'malo obisalira mu Meyi - pofika nthawi ino kasupe weniweni wayamba kumene kumpoto. Pofuna kumanga zisa, zotchedwa zotchinga zimasankhidwa - malo okhala ndi madzi pafupi ndi zitsime, pomwe pali tchire laling'ono - mawonekedwe a mamitala ambiri ozungulira ndiabwino kwambiri, omwe ndi ofunikira kutetezera chisa.
Gawo lodana ndi Siberian Cranes chaka chilichonse limasankhidwa chimodzimodzi, koma chisa chatsopano chimakhazikitsidwa mwachindunji, ndipo chimatha kukhala patali kakale. Cranes amamangidwa kuchokera masamba ndi mapesi a udzu, kukhumudwa kumapangidwa pamwamba. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimamizidwa m'madzi.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe Siberia Crane amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi Crane ya ku Siberia imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Crane ya Siberia ku Russia
Pomwe amakhala kumpoto, amadya nyama zambiri, mumndandanda wawo:
- makoswe;
- nsomba;
- amphibiya;
- tizilombo;
- mbalame zazing'ono, anapiye ndi mazira.
Ngakhale ma crane samalumikizidwa ndi nyama zowopsa, amatha kukhala achiwawa kwambiri ndipo amatha kuwononga zisa za mbalame zazing'ono - amakonda kudya mazira ndi anapiye, ndipo ngati makolo awo amateteza zisa, amathanso kuzipha.
Amatha kulanda nsomba mwakathithi m'madzi ndi milomo yawo - amawaukira mwachangu kotero kuti alibe nthawi yochita chilichonse. Ma Cranes aku Siberia nawonso amawopsezedwa ndi zamoyo zina zomwe zimakhala m'madzi, mwachitsanzo, achule ndi tizilombo. Amasaka makoswe okhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, monga mandimu.
Ngakhale chakudya cha nyama ndi chabwino kwa iwo nthawi yotentha, amadyabe masamba, chifukwa samathera nthawi yambiri akusaka. Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi udzu womwe umamera m'madzi - udzu wa thonje, sedge ndi ena. Cranes ku Siberia nthawi zambiri amadya gawo lamadzi lokhalo lamtengo, komanso mizu ndi tubers za zomera zina. Amakondanso cranberries ndi zipatso zina.
M'nyengo yozizira, kumwera, ngakhale kuli nyama zing'onozing'ono, amasintha makamaka kubzala chakudya: makamaka tubers ndi mizu yaudzu yomwe ikukula m'madzi. Samasiya madamu, ngati ma crane ena nthawi zina amawononga mbewu ndi minda m'minda yapafupi, ndiye kuti ma cranes samawayang'ana ngakhale pang'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulu la ma cranes oyera
Moyo wonse wa Siberia Crane umadutsa m'madzi kapena pafupi nawo: mbalameyi siyingasunthireko kupatula pakasamukira kumwera, ndipo ngakhale kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri. Amadzuka pafupifupi usana ndi usiku - amafunikira maola awiri okha kuti agone. Nthawi yonseyi amayimirira ndi mwendo umodzi, atabisa mitu yawo pansi pa mapiko. Tsiku lonselo ma Cranes aku Siberia akugwira ntchito: kufunafuna chakudya, kusamalira anapiye, kumasuka m'madzi. Kumbali inayi, amachita nkhanza kuzinyama zazing'ono, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale abale. Mbali inayi, ndi amanyazi komanso osamala, amayesetsa mwadala kusankha malo okhala, opanda anthu okhalamo.
Anthu amakanidwa, ndipo ngakhale atawawona patali, ndipo sawonetsa chiwawa chowonekera ndipo samayandikira konse, atatsala patali mamitala mazana angapo, ma Siberia Cranes amatha kuchoka pachisa osabwereranso. Izi zimachitika ngakhale itakhala ndi mazira kapena anapiye. Pofuna kupewa izi, ndizoletsedwa kusaka nyama iliyonse, komanso nsomba, pafupi ndi malo osungiramo nyama za Siberia Cranes. Koma ngakhale helikopita ikauluka pamwamba pa chisa, mbalamezo zimachokapo kwakanthawi, komwe kumabweretsa ngozi yakuwonongedwa ndi zolusa, ndikungoziziritsa sikupindulitsa mazira.
Nthawi yomweyo, ma Cranes aku Siberia amakhala mdera komanso amateteza katundu wawo kwa adani ena - kuti aukiridwe, akuyenera kukhala pamtunda wokhala ndi Siberia Crane, ndipo ngati nyama ina yayandikira chisa, amakwiya. Liwu la ma Cranes aku Siberia limasiyana ndi mawu amizere ina: ndi yayitali komanso yosangalatsa. Amakhala m'chilengedwe mpaka zaka 70, ngati atapulumuka nthawi yowopsa - zaka zoyambirira atabadwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chick ya Siberia Crane
Nyengo yakukhwimitsa imayamba mchaka, nthawi yomweyo ndegeyo itatha. Ma Cranes a Siberia adagawika awiriawiri, opangidwa kwa nyengo yopitilira imodzi - amakhala okhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri mpaka kumwalira kwa cranes imodzi. Akamalumikizananso, amayimba ndikukonzekera "magule" olumikizana - amalumpha, amapinda mbali zosiyanasiyana, amapiza mapiko awo ndi zina zotero. Achichepere aku Siberia akufunafuna wokwatirana naye koyamba, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi amagwiritsanso ntchito kuyimba ndi kuvina - amuna amakhala ngati gawo logwira ntchito, amayenda mozungulira azimayi omwe adawasankha ngati anzawo, akudandaula mokweza komanso mosangalatsa, kudumpha ndikuvina. Mkazi amagwirizana ndi chibwenzi ichi kapena amawakana, kenako wamwamuna amapita kukayesa mwayi ndi mnzake.
Ngati awiri apanga, ndiye kuti chachimuna ndi chachikazi pamodzi chimamanga chisa: ndichachikulu kwambiri, chifukwa chake muyenera kuphunzitsa ndikupondaponda udzu wambiri. Mkazi amapanga clutch koyambirira kwa chilimwe - iyi ndi imodzi kapena nthawi zambiri mazira awiri. Ngati alipo awiri, ndiye kuti amasungidwa ndi kuswa masiku angapo. Mkazi amachita nawo makulitsidwe, koma wamwamuna amatha kulowa m'malo mwake kwakanthawi kochepa. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndiyosiyana - imateteza chisa kwa iwo omwe akufuna kudya mazira, kuwaukira panjira. Pakadali pano, ma Cranes aku Siberia amakhala achiwawa kwambiri, choncho nyama zazing'ono zimayesetsa kukhala kutali ndi zisa zawo.
Patatha mwezi umodzi makulitsidwe, anapiye amaswa. Ngati alipo awiri, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kumenya nkhondo - anapiye omwe abadwa kumene amakhala achiwawa, ndipo nthawi zambiri kulimbana kotere kumatha ndikufa kwa m'modzi wawo. Mwayi wopambana ndi waukulu kwambiri kwa wobadwa woyamba. Patatha mwezi umodzi, nkhanza zazing'ono za ku Siberia zimachepa, chifukwa chake nthawi zina makolo awo amangopatukana koyamba - mwana wankhuku limodzi amaleredwa ndi mayi, winayo ndi bambo. Ndipo akamakula pang'ono, makolo amawabweretsa pamodzi - koma tsoka, si onse omwe amadziwa kuti amachita izi.
Sabata yoyamba anapiye amafunika kudyetsedwa, ndiye kuti amatha kudzifunira okha chakudya - ngakhale amapempha kwa milungu ingapo, ndipo nthawi zina makolo amawadyetsabe. Amaphunzira kuuluka mwachangu, amakwanitsa masiku 70-80 atabadwa, ndipo kugwa amapita kumwera ndi makolo awo. Banja limasungidwa nthawi yachisanu, ndipo Crane wachichepere ku Siberia pamapeto pake amasiya mwana wake wachinyamata wa ku Siberia kumapeto kwa kasupe wotsatira, atabwerera kumalo osungira nyama - ndipo ngakhale makolo amayenera kuthamangitsa.
Adani achilengedwe a Siberia Cranes
Chithunzi: Crane ya Siberia kuchokera ku Red Book
Zowononga, zomwe Siberia Crane ndichimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri, kulibe m'chilengedwe. Komabe, zina zomwe zimawopseza zidakalipo ngakhale kumpoto: choyambirira, izi ndi mphalapala zakutchire. Ngati kusamuka kwawo kumachitika nthawi yofanana ndi kusakaniza mazira ndi Siberia Crane, ndipo izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri, gulu la mphalapala limatha kusokoneza banja la crane.
Nthawi zina gwape amapondaponda chisa chomwe mbalame zidamuthawa mwamantha, osangodziwona. Koma ndipamene zowopseza kumpoto zatsala pang'ono kutha: m'malo okhala ma Siberia Cranes, nyama zolusa zazikulu monga zimbalangondo kapena mimbulu ndizosowa kwambiri.
Pang'ono pang'ono, koma zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kuzilombo zazing'ono zomwe zingawopseze anapiye ndi mazira. Zimachitika kuti zisa zawo zidaphulikabe, mwachitsanzo, ndi mbalame zina kapena mbalame zina zolira, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Zotsatira zake, kufa chifukwa cha nyama zina kumpoto sichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamavuto ndi anthu aku Siberia.
M'nyengo yozizira, pakhoza kukhala mavuto ambiri, onse okhudzana ndi zilombo zomwe zimawaukira - zoterezi zimapezeka ku China ndi India, komanso mpikisano wapa chakudya kuchokera kumagulane ena - mwachitsanzo, crane yaku India. Ndi yayikulu ndipo, ngati chaka chauma, mpikisano wotere ungathe kuwononga Crane ya Siberia.
Posachedwa, mpikisano walimba kwambiri m'malo okhala ndi zisa - amapangidwa ndi Crane yaku Canada, tundra swan ndi mbalame zina. Koma nthawi zambiri ma Cranes aku Siberia amafa chifukwa cha anthu: ngakhale zoletsedwa, amawomberedwa m'malo opangira zisa, nthawi zambiri - pakuwuluka, amawononga zachilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Crane white chick
Kumadera akum'mawa kuli anthu pafupifupi 2,000. Chiwerengero chakumadzulo ndichotsika kwambiri ndipo chimangokhala ochepa. Zotsatira zake, ma Cranes aku Siberia adatchulidwa pamabuku apadziko lonse komanso ku Russian Red Book, m'maiko omwe mbalamezi zimazizilirira, amatetezedwanso.
M'zaka zana zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa ma Cranes aku Siberia kwatsika kwambiri, ndiye tsopano ali pachiwopsezo cha kutha. Vuto ndiloti 40% yokha ya anthu amatenga nawo mbali pakubereka. Chifukwa cha ichi, ngati anthu akum'mawa angathebe kusungidwa, ndiye kuti kumadzulo, zikuwoneka, kubwezeretsanso kokha kumathandiza.
Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe ma Cranes aku Siberia atsala pang'ono kutha. Ngati ziwopsezo sizikupezeka m'malo opangira zisa, ndiye kuti nthawi yakuthawa amasakidwa, makamaka ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan - Cranes za Siberia zimawonedwa ngati chikho chamtengo wapatali. Kumalo ozizira a mbalame, chakudya chimachepa, matupi amadzi amauma ndipo amakumana ndi poyizoni wamankhwala.
Cranes a ku Siberia, ngakhale atakhala oyenera, amaberekana pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa nthawi zambiri mwana wankhuku amaswedwa, ndipo ngakhale sizimakhalako chaka choyamba. Ndipo zinthu zikasinthiratu, kuchuluka kwawo kumatsika mwachangu - ndizomwe zidachitika.
Chosangalatsa: Magule a Crane amatha kuwonedwa osati nthawi yopanga chibwenzi, ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti mothandizidwa nawo ma Cranes aku Siberia amachepetsa kupsyinjika komanso nkhanza.
Kuteteza ma Cranes aku Siberia
Chithunzi: Crane bird kuchokera ku Red Book
Popeza mitunduyi ili pachiwopsezo chotha, mayiko omwe akukhalamo ayenera kuteteza. Izi zikuchitika pamlingo wosiyanasiyana: ku India ndi China, mapulogalamu osungira anthu akuchitika, ku Russia, kuwonjezera apo, mbalamezi zimakulira m'malo opangira, ophunzitsidwa ndikuwunikira m'chilengedwe. Mapulogalamuwa akukhazikitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi memorandamu, yomwe imafotokoza njira zofunikira zotetezera Siberia Crane, yomwe idasainidwa mu 1994 ndi mayiko 11. Mabungwe oyang'anira mbalame ochokera m'maiko awa amachitika pafupipafupi, komwe amakambirana njira zina zomwe angatengere komanso momwe angatetezere mitunduyi mwachilengedwe.
Ambiri mwa ma Siberia a Cranes nthawi yozizira ku China, ndipo vuto ndiloti chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Yangtze, komwe amafikako, chimakhala ndi anthu ambiri, malowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngatiulimi, ndipo nyumba zamagetsi zamagetsi zingapo zamangidwa. Zonsezi zimalepheretsa ma cranes kuti asamachite nyengo yozizira. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe akuluakulu a PRC akhazikitsa malo osungira zachilengedwe pafupi ndi Nyanja Poyang, yomwe gawo lake limatetezedwa. Izi zathandizira kuteteza kuchuluka kwa cranes - m'zaka zaposachedwa kwadziwika kuti nthawi yachisanu ku China, amawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo zidatheka kubwezeretsanso anthu. Zomwezi zidachitikanso ku India - Keoladeo Nature Reserve idapangidwa.
Malo osungirako zachilengedwe angapo apangidwanso ku Russia; Kuphatikiza apo, nazale yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 1979 popanga ndi kubwezeretsanso pambuyo pake za Siberia Cranes. Mbalame zambiri zinatulutsidwa, ndipo anthu akumadzulo anapulumuka chifukwa cha ntchito yake. Pali nazale yofananira ku USA; anapiye ochokera ku Russia adasamutsidwira kumeneko. Pali chizolowezi chotsitsa dzira lachiwiri pachilumba cha ma Siberia Cranes ndikuyika mu chofungatira. Kupatula apo, mwana wankhuku yachiwiri nthawi zambiri samakhala mwachilengedwe, koma nazale imaleredwa bwino ndikutulutsidwa kuthengo.
M'mbuyomu, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adatulutsidwa ku Siberia Cranes anali okwera kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo - mpaka 70%.Kuti muchepetse izi, pulogalamu yophunzitsira ma Cranes achichepere ku Siberia idasinthidwa, ndipo amawatsogolera pasadakhale njira yosamukira mtsogolo mothandizidwa ndi oyendetsa magalimoto ngati gawo la pulogalamu ya Flight of Hope.Sterkh - gawo limodzi la nyama zakutchire, oimira okongola kwambiri a crane, omwe ayenera kusungidwa. Titha kungokhulupirira kuti kuyesetsa kuwabereka ndi kuwabwezeretsanso ku Russia, United States ndi mayiko ena zikhala ndi zotsatirapo zake ndikulola kuti anthu achire - apo ayi atha kufa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 pa 10:16
