Khwangwala iyi ndi mbalame yokutidwa ndi nthano zambiri. Fano lake amapezeka nthawi zambiri mu miyambo ya anthu osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. M'nthano zina, adawoneka ngati wodziwika bwino wamavuto, mwa ena ndi mlangizi wanzeru. M'chifaniziro chilichonse chomwe amawonekera pamaso pathu, nthawi zonse pamakhala mantha komanso ulemu kwa mbalameyi. Kodi tikudziwa chiyani za khwangwala?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Raven
Khwangwala ndiye membala wamkulu kwambiri m'banja la corvidae. Banja ili ndi m'modzi mwa oimira gulu lalikulu la opitilira. Liwu la khwangwala ndilokweza komanso mwamphamvu, ndikumanjenjemera kofananira. Kuphatikiza pa kulira kodziwikiratu komanso kaphokoso, mbalame imatha kupanga mawu osiyana, osamveka bwino komanso kutsanzira mawu ena. Chiyambi cha dzinali khwangwala, chidachokera ku mawu akuti khwangwala, kutanthauza kuti wakuda. Pali nthano zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndikupeza kwamtundu wopanda khwangwala wotere.
Khwangwala mosakayikira ndi chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndi kovuta kupeza mbalame ina yotere, yomwe ingaperekedwe ngati nthano zambiri ngati khwangwala. Amalambiridwa ndikuwopedwa ndi Amwenye aku America, aku Scandinavi ankhanza, mafuko aku Africa komanso anthu akumpoto. Pali maumboni angapo onena za khwangwala m'mipukutu yakale.
Kotero cuneiform, ya m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, imasimba za woyendayenda amene adathawa m'ngalawa pamadzi osefukira. Malinga ndi nthano, adamasula nkhunda ndi nkhumba m'ngalawa yake kuti apeze malo ndi chakudya. Mwa mbalame zonse, khwangwala yekha ndi amene adapeza malo. Malingaliro ofulumira a khwangwala ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino komanso chosatsutsika.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Raven
Khwangwala ndi mbalame yomwe aliyense wawona ndi kumva. Koma sikuti aliyense adzatha kusiyanitsa khwangwala weniweni ndi abale ake apafupi. Iwo omwe nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa cha khwangwala amasanduka khwangwala kapena khwangwala. Sikovuta konse kusiyanitsa khwangwala weniweni, ingoyang'anirani. Khwangwala ndi mbalame yayikulu, kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufikira masentimita 70. Kutalika kwa mapikowo kumakhala mpaka masentimita 47. Pakatalika, mapiko amatha kufikira masentimita 140. Akazi amakhala ochepa kuposa amuna, koma kupatula kukula kwake, zikwangwani zakunja sizimadziwika. Mlomo ndi wakuthwa, wokulirapo komanso wokulirapo.
Kanema: Khwangwala
Chosiyana ndi khwangwala ndi nthenga zosongoka, zopindika pakhosi ngati "ndevu", zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri nthawi yomwe "kuimba" kwa mbalameyi. Khwangwala wamkulu ndi wakuda kwathunthu ndi utoto wabuluu. Mapiko a khwangwala ndi aatali komanso omata, ndi mchira woboola pakati. Zikhadabo za mbalamezi ndi zamphamvu, zakuthwa, zakuda kwathunthu. Mbalame yomwe ikuuluka imathanso kusiyanitsidwa, mapiko amapewa ndi osowa kwambiri kuposa owimira ena apafupi. Njira yomwe khwangwala amauluka ndiyabwino; amatha kuuluka m'mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali ngati chiwombankhanga.
Kutalika kwa makungubwe m'chilengedwe kumakhala zaka 15. Mu ukapolo, pomwe kulibe kwathunthu kwa adani akunja ndi zakudya zokhazikika, nthawiyo imakwera mpaka zaka 40-50.
Chosangalatsa: Ku London, kudera la Tower Castle, akhwangwala ali pantchito yachifumu ya Royal Royal, komwe amatetezedwa kwambiri.
Kodi khwangwala amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Black Raven
Chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa kwake pachakudya ndi nyengo, khwangwala amatha kupezeka kulikonse. Itha kukhala gombe la Arctic komanso ngakhale tundra. Kumpoto kwakumpoto, kumakhala kofala kwambiri pagombe lamiyala komanso m'zigwa za mitsinje momwe muli masamba. Pakatikati, imakonda madera okhala ndi nkhalango kapena nkhalango zowirira. Malire okhala ndi malo otseguka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi ndi mathithi. Akhwangwala amayesetsa kupewa mosalekeza mafunde a taiga. Pafupi ndi madera akumwera, mbalameyi imakhazikika mosavuta m'mapiri, samanyalanyaza chisumbucho komanso nkhalango zomwe zimasefukira mkati mwa zitunda.
Ngati kale ankakhulupirira kuti khwangwala amapewa malo okhala ndi munthu, ndiye kuyambira pakati pa zaka zapitazi pakhala pali chizolowezi chokhazikika choti mbalame isunthire pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, mbalame zinayamba kukhazikika m'misasa. Kuphatikiza likulu lalikulu ngati St.Petersburg, komwe sanakumanekoko kale. Khwangwala anayamba kusamala kwambiri za munthuyo, ngakhale kuti anali kumusamala nthawi zonse. Milandu yokhazikika pa nyumba zosanjikizana m'mizinda yayikulu yakhala ikuchuluka.
Nthawi zambiri, akhwangwala amayandikira pafupi ndi anthu ndikumayamba kwa dzinja. Chifukwa cha chivundikiro chachikulu cha chisanu komanso kuchepa kwa zolengedwa zamoyo, kumakhala kovuta kupeza chakudya m'chilengedwe. Mumzindawu, akhwangwala nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo otayira zinyalala.
Kodi khwangwala amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Raven
Khwangwala ndi mbalame yopatsa chidwi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mwadongosolo mwachilengedwe, momwemonso. Khwangwala amatchedwanso wofunafuna kudya. Inde, mbalameyo imadya mosangalala nyama zakugwa, koma nthawi yomweyo nyama yatsopano, nyama yowola imachita chidwi nayo. Sachita manyazi kusaka nyama iliyonse yaying'ono, pomwe amatha nthawi yayitali, akuwuluka mlengalenga. Maso a khwangwala ndi akuthwa ndipo, atasankha wovulalayo, amamuthamangira ngati khanda.
Khwangwala nyama yakutchire nthawi zambiri amakhala:
- abuluzi;
- achule;
- njoka;
- makoswe;
- anapiye a mbalame zina;
- kafadala wamkulu ndi mphutsi.
Nkhuku zimachokera kwa iye, zomwe anthu am'mudzimo samamukonda kwambiri. Khwangwala akapeza wina wagwira mazira kapena anapiye, sangachite bwino. Kuphatikiza pa zolengedwa zonse, mbalameyi imakondwera kudya chakudya chomera: mbewu, zipatso za zipatso. Chifukwa chake minda yakhitchini imatenganso. Khwangwala ndi mbalame yanzeru komanso yozindikira, ndipo siziika pachiswe pachabe. Amatha kuwona chinthu chosaka kapena ochita nawo mpikisano kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo atadikirira mphindi yabwino kuti atenge nyama yake.
Nthawi yomweyo, khwangwala sangatchedwe mbalame yadyera. Nthawi zambiri, atapeza nyama yakufa, khwangwala amayitanitsa abale ake, pomwe kukula kwake sikulibe kanthu. Akhwangwala nthawi zambiri amabisa zotsalira za chakudya poika m'manda. Kuyika ndi kukumba ndi imodzi mwazomwe amakonda kwambiri khwangwala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Raven ikuthawa
Khwangwala ndi imodzi mwa zolengedwa zanzeru kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zimadziwika kuti asanachite kanthu khwangwala amalingalira momwe zinthu zilili molondola. Ndipo imakhala yothandiza momwe zingathere, kupatula mayendedwe osafunikira. Asayansi aphunzira mobwerezabwereza luso la mbalame. Kuyesera luso kunawapangitsa kuganiza kuti khwangwala ali ndi luntha. Zinapezeka kuti mbalameyo imapeza mayendedwe ake movutikira. Kuyesa kochitidwa ndi akatswiri a ornithologists kumafotokozedwa bwino.
Chofunika cha kuyesera chinali motere. Khwangwala adapatsidwa chotengera chopapatiza chowoneka ndi madzi, pomwe chakudya chokoma ngati nyongolotsi chimayandama. Mwala wamiyala anauyala pafupi. Khwangwala, yemwe samatha kufikira nyongolotsi, adazindikira mwachangu kuti ndizotheka kuponya miyala m'madzi, potero amakweza madzi. Kuphatikiza pamiyala, panali zinthu zina pamulu zomwe sizinamire m'madzi.
Khwangwala anaganiza zowakokolola kuti asalowe m’njira. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyo idalandira chithandizo mwachangu. Poyera pa kuyesaku, kuyesaku kunabwerezedwa, ndipo ndi akhwangwala ena ndipo zotsatira zake zinali chimodzimodzi. Kwawonedwa kuti khwangwala nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangika kuti apeze chakudya.
Kutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kumafalikira kwa akhwangwala achichepere, poyang'ana achikulire, chifukwa chake sitinganene kuti ndi obadwa nawo. Njira yomwe khwangwala amamwa imatsimikiziranso kuti ali ndi nzeru zambiri. Ngati mbalame zambiri zimatunga madzi mkamwa ndikutukula mitu kuti ipange galasi, ndiye khwangwala amachita mosiyana. Amayika mlomo wake wamadzi pamadzi, kwinaku akutembenuzira mutu wake kumbali imodzi, chifukwa chake, madziwo amayenda kulowa m'mimbamo, amangowameza.
Ngakhale kuti kakhwangwala amaoneka bwino kwenikweni, ndi mbalame yomwe imasewera kwambiri. Achinyamata akhwangwala amakhala okonzeka kusewera ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuwabisa atasewera mokwanira. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zina zimatha kutenga nawo gawo ngati chosangalatsa chawo, pomwe zikuyang'anira chenjezo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Raven
M'malo awo achilengedwe, akhwangwala amakhala okhulupirika kwambiri kwa anzawo. M'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, khwangwala amafikira kukhwima. Mabanja omwe adapangidwa amasunga ubalewo kwa nthawi yayitali. Nyengo yokhwima ya akhwangwala imayamba m'nyengo yozizira mu February. Kukondana kumayendetsedwa ndi maulendo ataliatali pazomwe munthu akufuna. Nthawi yomweyo, akhwangwala samangouluka, koma amachita ma aerobatics osiyanasiyana, kuwonetsa luso lawo. Onse awiri amatenga nawo gawo pomanga chisa, amamanga nyumba, nthawi zambiri pamtengo wamtali wokhala ndi korona wandiweyani.
Chifukwa chake - m'malo ena kufikako kwa adani. Chimango cha chisa chimapangidwa ndi nthambi zokulirapo zomwe zimalumikizana. Mabowo akulu amalukidwa ndi nthambi zochepa; dothi limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangira. Kuchokera mkati, zinyalala zimakhala, zomwe zimagwiranso ntchito ngati chotenthetsera. Zinthu zilizonse zoyenera izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutchinjiriza. Zinadziwika kuti posankha zinyalala, akhwangwala amaganizira momwe nyengo ilili. Chisa cha khwangwala chimatha kutalika mita imodzi.
Marichi ndi nthawi yoyikira mazira. Khwangwala wamkazi amaikira mazira 2-6 amtundu wamtambo wamtambo wokhala ndi zigamba zofiirira. Nthawi yolumikizira imatenga masiku 20 mpaka 23, ndipo onse awiri nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo mbali. Anapiye omwe amawoneka ali ndi chilakolako chabwino kwambiri, onse okwatirana amayeneranso kudyetsa, koma nthawi zambiri amuna amachita izi. Pamene anapiye aswa, nyengo imakhala yozizira kwambiri, makamaka usiku. Khwangwala wamkazi samasiya anapiye ake kwa masiku oyamba, kupitiliza kuwalimbikitsa.
Pafupifupi masiku 10 atabadwa, akhwangwala ang'onoang'ono amayamba kuphunzira kuuluka. Choyamba, akuwuluka kupita kunthambi yapafupi, ndipo ali ndi masiku pafupifupi 40, amayimirira kale pamapiko. Mpaka nthawi yozizira, amapitilizabe kukhala ndi makolo awo, ndikuphunzira maluso opulumuka.
Zosangalatsa: Khwangwala ndiwokhulupirika kwambiri kwa ana ake. Nthawi zina ngakhale khwangwala wovulala amapitilizabe kukulira ana ake.
Adani achilengedwe akhwangwala
Chithunzi: Raven nyama
Khwangwala ndi mbalame yayikulu komanso yamphamvu, komabe amakhala ndi adani achilengedwe okwanira. Adani akuluakulu a khwangwala m'chilengedwe ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu monga ziwombankhanga ndi akabawi. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, kadzidzi ndi ngozi yayikulu. Nyama yamtchireyi imangokhala usiku ndipo imangoyalutsa zisa zawo kwinaku mbalamezi zikugona. Zowopsa zazikulu kwa ana, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala mbalame yayikulu. Zina mwaziwopsezo zapadziko lapansi pali ankhandwe, mimbulu, afisi, mimbulu, olusa gulu lankhondo longa la marten.
Pofunafuna nyama zakufa, khwangwala ayenera kukhala limodzi ndi ziwombankhangazi ndipo, ngati chidwi chatayika, iyenso akhoza kukhala nyama yawo. Ponena za ziwopsezo kwa khwangwala m'matawuni, ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zakutchire. M'madera okhala m'tawuni, kuyandikira kwa munthu nthawi zonse kumachepetsa mphamvu ya khwangwala pangozi zowopsa. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi agalu osochera komanso amphaka. Koma zoterezi ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa china chomwe chimapangitsa makungubwe kusamukira kumalire amzindawu. Mdani wofunikira kwambiri wa khwangwala nthawi inayake anali munthu.
Chosangalatsa: Zadziwika kuti akhwangwala m'miyoyo yawo yonse, nthawi zambiri amapitilizabe kulankhulana ndi abale apafupi, akuwuluka kuti azichezerana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Raven
Kalelo, makamaka m'zaka za zana la 19, khwangwala ankazunzidwa ndi anthu. Amadziwika kuti ndi chizindikiro cha tsoka komanso chimbalangondo chamavuto, kuphatikiza pamenepo, khwangwala akuimbidwa mlandu wowononga mbewu. Zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti ayambe kuwononga mbalame, kuphatikiza ndi ziphe. Izi zidapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu. Pambuyo pake, maiko ena aku Europe adayamba kukonza izi potenga khwangwala atetezedwe. Njira zoterezi zidabala zipatso, ndipo akhwangwala adayamba kuchuluka.
Cholepheretsa kuchuluka kwa akhwangwala m'malo ena ndizovuta nyengo yachisanu, momwe zimakhala zovuta kupeza chakudya. Kukula kwa madera atsopano ndi anthu, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa khwangwala m'dera lino. Malongosoledwe ake ndiosavuta: pomwe pali munthu, padzakhala kuwonongeka kwa chakudya nthawi zonse. Khwangwala wakuda wakuda amadziwika kwambiri kwa onse okhala ku Europe. Koma dongosolo la akhwangwala ndilochulukirapo ndipo silimangokhala pa mitundu iyi yokha.
Mitundu yotsatirayi ya makungubwi amadziwika malinga ndi malo omwe amakhala:
- Antillean Raven;
- Khwangwala Novokoledonsky;
- Khwangwala Woyera;
- Khwangwala wakuda;
- American Raven;
- Khwangwala Piebald;
- Wowala Khwangwala;
- Khwangwala;
- Khwangwala waku Cuba;
- Cape Raven;
- Giant Raven;
- Khola Lalikulu;
- Khwangwala wa Bismarck;
- Mbalame ya Jamaican;
- Khwangwala wa Guam;
- Khwangwala Wam'chipululu;
- Khola La Lipenga;
- Khwangwala wamanja.
Mitundu ina yamtunduwu yomwe ili pamwambapa yakhala ikufalikira kudera lochepa ndipo anthu ake ndi ochepa. Ena, komabe, amakhala ambiri, koma nthawi zambiri mdziko lomwelo. Khwangwala wakuda wakale, yemwe amasinthidwa kukhala malo aliwonse, chifukwa chomwe timamudziwa momwe alili.
Raven mlonda
Chithunzi: Raven Red Book
Zimakhala zovuta kuti ena aganize kuti khwangwala ndi mtundu wosowa komanso wangozi wa mbalame. M'dera la Russian Federation panthawiyi, khwangwala wamba ngati mtundu wawo saopsezedwa kuti atha. Zomwe sizinganenedwe motsimikiza m'maiko ena akumadzulo kwa Europe.
M'mayiko ena, kuphatikiza Germany, khwangwala amatetezedwa ndi boma ndipo amalembedwa mu Red Book. Poyamba panali makungubwe ochuluka. Koma "zikomo" pagawo lalikulu lamalamulo ampingo potengera zikhulupiriro, khwangwala adayamba kuwonongedwa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti khwangwala ambiri kumadzulo kwa Europe awonongeke.
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi, akhwangwala adatetezedwa. Ku Alps aku Germany kuli malo okongoletsera, komwe kusuntha kwa akhwangwala kumayang'aniridwa ndikulira. Kuti mumve zambiri zokhudza mbalamezi, anthu ena amasungidwa m'manyumba akuluakulu.
Zambiri zidalandira thandizo pantchito yosamalira ndikuwonjezera khwangwala m'malo awo achilengedwe. Momwe Ajeremani amasamalirira nyama zamtchire pa chitsanzo cha mbalame yomwe siyosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi imayenera kulemekezedwa. Njira zonsezi zikubala zipatso, ndipo chiwerengero cha akhwangwala kumeneko chikukula pang'onopang'ono.
Nthawi zambiri sitizindikira omwe akutizungulira. Khwangwala - mbalame yodabwitsa, kuyang'anitsitsa komwe kumatha kubweretsa zabwino zambiri komanso kutulukira. Mbalame yomwe imakhala mwamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa mbalamezo. Kuti mumvetse izi, ndikwanira kuimitsa zochita zanu ndikumuwonera. Ndipo ndizotheka kuti khwangwala atiphunzitsanso china chatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, sangalalani ndi zinthu zazing'ono pamoyo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 18.09.2019 pa 10:43
