Wopanga chitoliro Ndi nyongolotsi yocheperako, yopatuka, yomwe kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita 20. Chiwerengero cha magawo amthupi chimatha kuyambira 34 mpaka 120 ndipo mbali iliyonse chimakhala ndi tuft kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa ma chitini (ma bristles) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poika maliro. Nyongolotsi ikhoza kukhala yofiira chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa pigment hemoglobin. Mtundu uwu ndi hermaphrodite wokhala ndi njira zovuta zoberekera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Pipeman
Tubifex, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti nyongolotsi yamatope kapena nyansi zonyansa, ndi mtundu wa nyongolotsi yofanana ndi nyongolotsi yomwe imakhala munyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje m'maiko angapo. Tubifex mwina imaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo, koma ndizovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pawo chifukwa ziwalo zoberekera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira mitundu, zimabwezeretsedwanso pambuyo pokwatirana, komanso chifukwa mawonekedwe akunja kwa nyongolotsi amasintha ndi mchere.
Zosangalatsa: Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mphutsi zonyansa, ma tubuleworm ndi ma annelids amadzi am'madzi a Naidid. Ngakhale amatchedwa asayansi monga Tubifex Tubifex, dzina lawo lodziwika limachokera kupezeka kwawo m'madzi owonongeka.
Kanema: Wopopera
Nyongolotsi izi ndizosavuta kulima, koma zimatenga mwezi kapena kupitilira apo kuti mbewu ifike pamlingo wokolola. Limnodrilus udekemianus ndi mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osangalatsa a aquarium. Thupi limatha kuyambitsa mavuto kwa anthu ena. Chifukwa chake, manja ayenera kutsukidwa atapereka chakudyachi.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma tubules omwe amakula ndikugulitsa ngati chakudya cha nsomba:
- red tubule (Tubifex tubifex), yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazaka pafupifupi 100. Chifukwa ma tubuler amadya mabakiteriya a anaerobic, amatha kuyambitsa m'matumbo mwa nsomba (poyizoni wazakudya, makamaka) ndi septicemia (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti poyizoni wamagazi);
- black tubifex, yomwe ndi mitundu yofananira koma yamdima wakuda. Black tubifex ndi yovuta, yolimbana ndi kuyanika ndipo siyimayambitsa matenda nsomba.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe wopanga chitoliro amawonekera
Machubu amakhala ogawanika, amitundu iwiri ofanana, nyongolotsi zazitsulo zokhala ndi malekezero. Nthawi zambiri, gawo lirilonse la thupi limakhala ndi ma tuft anayi a setae (setine setae yotuluka mthupi). Mitengoyi imasiyana mosiyanasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe, komanso pakati pa mabanja, chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podziwitsa.
Kuzindikiritsa molondola, komanso mawonekedwe amkati, kumafunikira kuwunika kochepetsetsa, komanso kuyenera kulabadira ziwalo zoberekera zovuta. Chiwerengero cha ma gonads, momwe gonad imodzi imagwirizira ndi inayo, komanso magawo amthupi omwe amapezeka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauzira mabanja. M'mabotolo, mawonekedwe amtundu wamwamuna amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe mtunduwo.
Makhalidwe a chubu ndi awa:
- yaitali, woonda, segmented nyongolotsi;
- malingaliro akusowa;
- mayesero mu gawo la thupi X ndi ma pores amphongo mu gawo XI;
- thumba losunga mazira m'chigawo cha thupi XI ndi spermatheca (kuponyera minyewa kwa khoma la thupi kuti lipeze umuna mukamakondana) mu gawo X;
- Tsitsi lokhazikika kumutu ndi pectinate setae zimachokera pagawo lachiwiri la thupi;
- setae yaubweya (yopyapyala komanso yopindika) ndi ma pectinate setae (awiri omalizidwa ndi angapo mano apakatikati apakati pa mfundo ziwiri) amapezeka pamiyendo yam'miyendo yam'mutu;
- magulu awiri (omalizidwa) omwe amapezeka mumayendedwe amkati mwa ma setae;
- tsitsi limatha kusokonekera;
- palibe maliseche pazithunzi zokhwima;
- miyendo ya mbolo ndi yaifupi, yamachubu, yopyapyala ndi yamakwinya.
Kodi wopanga mapaipi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Wogwira ntchito payipi m'madzi
Tubifex imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyongolotsi, koma imapezeka kwambiri m'madzi kapena malo okhala chinyezi. Chifukwa cha malo omwe amapezeka, tubifex ndichonyamula matenda ambiri opatsirana. Wogwira ntchito payipi amakhala mwachilengedwe m'madzi, makamaka mu zimbudzi ndi ngalande zotseguka zokhala ndi organic.
Zosangalatsa: Machubu amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana am'madzi, kuphatikiza zonyansa. Nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi madzi odekha okhala ndi zinyalala zambiri komanso zinthu zowola. Ambiri amatha kulekerera mpweya wambiri wosungunuka komanso zowononga zachilengedwe zambiri.
Chifukwa chake, amatha kukhala chizindikiro cha kuchepa kwamadzi. Akamatsitsa akatswiri azachilengedwe amawapeza m'magulu awo, amakhala ndi chizindikiro choti china chake sichingafanane ndi kusakanikirana. Ma tubifexes akachuluka, amatha kuphimba madera akuluakulu, ndikupatsako utoto wofiyira m'matope. Nthawi zina amamatira kuzomera zam'madzi ndi zinthu zina. Mpweya wa oxygen ukakhala wochepa kwambiri, amatha kubwera pamwamba.
Tubifex imakhala m'matope ogwirizana m'malo osiyanasiyana ndipo imalekerera kuchepa kwa mpweya. Ndizofala kwambiri m'malo okhala ndi zodetsa komanso malo okhala m'mbali mwake omwe mulibe mitundu ina yambiri, mwachitsanzo, kumtunda komwe kuli mchere wambiri wochepera 5%.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe wopanga chitoliro amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nyongolotsi iyi imadya.
Kodi wopanga chitoliro amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Tubifex worm
Ziphuphu zam'madzi zimalumikizidwa ndi detritus, matope, madzi akadali, komanso kutsika kwama okosijeni - makamaka, madzi abwino. Komabe, mofanana ndi abale awo, mavuvu, amatsitsimutsa zakudya, kutsuka timitengo ta algal tomwe timayamba kuwola, ndipo amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri mgulu la chakudya. Monga mbozi (zomwe zimadya dothi), ma tubules ndi nyongolotsi zomwe zimadya chilichonse chomwe amakuliramo.
Mitengo yambiri yolimidwa yomwe imagulitsidwa imakulira m'matope kuchokera ku dziwe la trout, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amakhala ndi manyowa a nsomba. Mosakayikira, izi zimawapangitsa kukhala otsogola opatsirana matenda a bakiteriya kapena majeremusi. Koma nsomba za m’madzi abwino zimakonda timachubu ndipo timasangalala tikamakolola bwino.
Tubifex imatha kukhala m'madzi odetsedwa kwambiri. Imakwiriritsa mutu wake m'matope kuti idye, zomwe zimapangitsa mchira kugwedezeka panthawiyi. Monga nyongolotsi yapadziko lapansi, nyongolotsi yam'madzi yam'madzi imadyetsa makamaka zomera zakufa. Ngati pali nyama yakufa yowuma kwambiri pafupi, imafunanso, kuti isapite patali kwambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wogwira ntchito payipi kunyumba
Anthu abwinobwino ndi abale awo amakonda kubisala mitu yawo m'machubu zazing'ono m'matope, pomwe matupi awo ena onse amakweza m'mwamba, uku akuponya madzi. Kusinthanitsa kwa mpweya (kupuma) kumachitika mwachindunji kudzera pakhungu, pomwe pakamwa pamadyetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zakuthupi kuchokera pagawo. Zinyalala zawo zimakhuthulidwa m'madzi, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi ma tubifexes "amatembenuza" matope mofanana ndi mavuvi.
Machubu amatha kuchita bwino m'malo opanda mpweya wabwino monga mayiwe oyeretsera madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa ali ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yopezera mpweya wosungunuka kuposa zamoyo zina zambiri. Nyongolotsi, zomwe zimakhala 1 mpaka 8.5 sentimita m'litali, zimapezeka m'mipope yamatope yomwe imapangidwa ndi matope ndi mamina. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amasiya magawo awo akunja kunja kwa machubu, kuwazungulira ndikuwapanga pakali pano yomwe imawalola kuti atolere zotsalira za mpweya wosungunuka.
Monga nyongolotsi zina, ma tubules amakhala ndi hemoglobin yokwanira komanso mawonekedwe ofiira. Amadziwika bwino kwa okonda ambiri am'madzi omwe nthawi zambiri amawagula ngati chakudya chambiri cha nsomba zomwe amakonda. Machubu amagulitsidwa achisanu, owuma, kapena amoyo, ngakhale kuti mchitidwewu ukukulira kwambiri. Ma tubifexes amoyo samapezeka pamalonda monga momwe amachitira kale chifukwa chodandaula kuti atha kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe adapeza m'madzi owonongeka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Common tubifex
Machubu sangathe kubwezeretsanso ziwalo zathupi ndipo sizigawika magawo awiri kapena kupitilira apo, ndikupanga anthu awiri kapena kupitilira apo. Sizochita kugonana, zolengedwa izi zimaberekana. Ziwalo zoberekera zili pafupi ndi mbali ya thupi.
Chosangalatsa: Ma tububu ndi ma hermaphroditic: aliyense amatulutsa umuna ndi dzira, ndipo nthawi yokwatirana, anthu awiri amapatsa mazira wina ndi mnzake.
Ma tubules okhwima ali ndi clitellum, mzere wozungulira wozungulira kapena woloza kutsogolo kwa thupi (nyongolotsi zili ndi chimodzimodzi). Clitellum imazungulira magawo awiri kapena atatu amthupi, kuphatikiza zigawo zomwe zimatulutsa mazira ndi umuna, ndipo imatulutsa koko wonenepa yemwe amateteza mazira mpaka ataswa. Ma Tubifexes alibe gawo lina losiyana ndi ziwombankhanga; ma juveniles ndi ochepa komanso osakhwima. Akamakula, kutalika kwawo kumawonjezeka chifukwa chopanga zigawo zatsopano nthawi yomweyo gawo lomaliza lisanachitike.
Pambuyo pakuphatikizana, komwe kumaphatikizapo kusamutsa umuna pakati pa anthu awiri, umunawo umasungidwa m'matumba omwe ali kuseli kwatsegulira ubereki. Mazira abuluwa amawakonza ngati chikuku. Mazira a chikuku amakula patatha masiku ochepa atayikidwa, pomwe kukula kwa nyongolotsi kumatha, kumakhala mphutsi yogwira bwino ntchito.
Adani achilengedwe a zotupa
Chithunzi: Momwe wopanga chitoliro amawonekera
Machubu ndi chakudya chofunikira kwa nsomba zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono komanso nyama zina zambiri zazing'ono zam'madzi. Ma aquarists amadziwa kuti ma tubules ndi chakudya chodziwika bwino cha nsomba. Nyongolotsi zimapezeka mu mawonekedwe amaundana. Nthawi zina amasandulika magalasi ang'onoang'ono - chakudya cha ziweto. Pakadali pano, pomwe amadzi amatulutsa ma tubules amoyo mu aquarium - yomwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka mumiyala yokutidwa ndi detritus - ichi ndi chizindikiro choti aquarium imafunika kuyeretsedwa. Nyongolotsi za oligochaete izi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakololedwa kuchokera kumatope oipitsidwa ndi zimbudzi, ndi chakudya chodziwika bwino cha nsomba zina zotentha.
Tubule nthawi zambiri imapezeka ngati zakudya zouma, zozizira, kapena zowuma. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pachuma kwa anthu chifukwa chokhala ndi tiziromboti ta Myxobolus cerebralis, timene timayambitsa matenda m'matangadza. Sizikudziwika kuti nyongolotsi zina zimatha kukhala ndi tiziromboti. Chifukwa chake, chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa mukamadyetsa nsomba zamoyo zam'madzi ku nsomba zaku aquarium.
Tubule yogulitsidwa iyenera kukhala yotetezeka. Koma muyenera kusamala ndi opanga mapaipi otsika mtengo kapena katundu wakale. Chakudyachi chinali chotchuka kwambiri m'mbuyomu, koma kuyambira pomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapezeka mu nyongolotsi zamoyo, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi akhala osamala kuzigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo nyongolotsi zamoyo sizimagulitsidwa m'masitolo.
Tubifex ndi chakudya chochepa chokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti chikhale choyenera kwambiri ku nsomba zazing'ono komanso mwachangu. Koma muyenera kukhala osamala powadyetsa maipi a tule nthawi zonse, chifukwa palibe chakudya chimodzi chomwe chingakwaniritse zosowa zonse za nyama. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa tubifex ngati chakudya chamoyo cha nsomba zazing'ono kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yamafamu ndipo ndi chakudya chofunikira kubzala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Pipeman
Machubu ndi banja la mphutsi mumtundu wa annelid. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 17,000 yazakudya padziko lonse lapansi. Amaphatikizanso nyongolotsi zathu zomwe timazidziwa, komanso ziphuphu ndi nyongolotsi zam'madzi, masangweji ndi maipi, omwe amadziwika m'madzi amchere amchere. Izi zonse ndi nyongolotsi zofewa. Mu annelids, kupatula mutu ndi mchira, komanso njira yogaya chakudya, chingwe cha mitsempha, ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi ikuyenda motsatira nyama, thupi limapangidwa ndi magawo ataliatali ofanana.
Gawo lirilonse limakhala ndi ziwalo zake, monga enawo, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotchinga ngati khoma zolekanitsa gawo lililonse ndi oyandikana nawo awiri. Mitundu yambiri yamakwinya yozungulira thupi imagwirizana ndi septa pakati pazigawozo. Anthu okhala ndi ma tubifex mumtsinje wolemera amapezeka kuti amakhala ndi moyo wapachaka wokhala ndi nthawi yayitali yobereka m'nyengo yozizira komanso masika. Zikwama zimapangidwa makamaka kumapeto kwa dzinja komanso koyambirira kwamasika. Palibe zikopa zomwe zidapezeka mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala ndipo panali nyongolotsi zochepa panthaŵiyi.
Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu kunasiyana pakati pa 5420 m-2 mkatikati mwa Seputembala ndi 613,000 m-2 mkati mwa Meyi. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kunali 106 g yolemera kulemera m-2 (Marichi), ndipo ochepera anali 10 g wolemera m-2 (Seputembala). Zomwe zimapangidwa pachaka zinali 139 g zolemera m-2 ndipo pafupifupi biomass yapachaka inali 46 g yolemera kulemera m-2.
Wopanga chitoliro Ndi nyongolotsi yamadzi yokhala ndi gawo logawanika, thupi lofanana ndi nyongolotsi, lozungulira pamtanda (osasunthika). Ziphuphu zing'onozing'ono nthawi zina zimawoneka. Alibe miyendo, alibe mutu komanso alibe milomo yowonekera bwino. Pali mitundu yambiri yamachubu, yambiri imakhala yofiira, yofiirira kapena yakuda. Amayenda ngati nyongolotsi, kutambasula komanso kutambasula.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12/27/2019
Tsiku losintha: 11.09.2019 nthawi 23:42
