Bombardiers ndi mtundu wa kafadala kakulidwe komwe kanalandira dzina lawo chifukwa cha njira yoyambirira yodzitchinjiriza: kuchokera kumatenda kumapeto kwa mimba, kafadala amaponyera madzi otentha ndi otentha kulinga kwa mdani.
Maluso a kachilomboka amaopseza adani, koma amakopa asayansi. Akatswiri ofufuza tizilombo anafufuza mwatsatanetsatane za kuwombera, koma chiyambi chake chimatsutsanabe.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Bombardier kachilomboka - tizilombo, 5-15 mm kutalika. Maonekedwe ndi kufanana kwake ndi kanyama komwe kamakhala komwe kamakhala. Thupi la kachilombo kakang'ono ndilolitali, lalitali. Mitundu yonse imakhala yakuda ndi chitsulo chosalala; ziwalo zina za thupi nthawi zambiri zimajambulidwa ndimayendedwe ofiira ofiira.
Mutu umabwezeretsedwanso mu prothorax, yomwe imakhala yopingasa, kutsetsereka pang'ono. Zimathera mnyumba zazing'ono zooneka ngati chikwakwa, zosinthidwa kuti zigwire ndikung'amba nyama - tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono. Ma palps amapangidwa ndi magawo atatu.
Maso ndi achikulire msinkhu ndipo amafanana ndi moyo wokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Seti imodzi ya supraorbital ili m'mphepete mwa maso. Palibe maso owonjezera. Nyongolotsi zomwe zili m'banja laling'ono la Brachininae, tinyanga timakhala ndi magawo 11.
Gawo loyamba lili ndi bristle, ma bristles angapo ofanana tsitsi amatha kuwoneka pagawo lomaliza la tinyanga. Tizilombo toyambitsa banja la Paussinae tili ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Mutu ndi pronotum, tinyanga, ndi ziwalo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiira.
Miyendo yake ndi yayitali, yosinthidwa kuti ayende pamtunda wolimba. Kapangidwe ka miyendo ndi kovuta. Iliyonse ili ndi magawo asanu. Mwa mtundu wawo, iwo ndi othamanga. Kutsogolo kuli mawonekedwe apatsogolo: pali notch pamiyendo yakumunsi - chida chotsukira tinyanga.
Elytra ndi yolimba, nthawi zambiri imaphimba thupi la kachilomboka kwathunthu, koma m'mitundu ina ndiyofupikitsa thupi. Mapeto awo ali amitundu itatu: kuzungulira, "kudula" mozungulira pakati pa thupi, kapena kuloza mkati. Elytra ya chikumbu ndi yamtambo, yobiriwira, nthawi zina yakuda. Amakhala ndi malo osanjikiza.
Mapikowo amakula moyenera, ndi maukonde amitsempha yama caraboid. Bombardiers amakhulupirira miyendo yawo kuposa mapiko awo. Amathawa adani, amagwiritsa ntchito ndege kuti apange madera atsopano. Tizilombo tina mwa anthu ena otsekedwa, makamaka oyandikana nawo, asiya ndege.
Mimba ya kachilomboka ili ndi ma sternites 8, magawo wandiweyani am'magulu azigawo. Amuna ndi akazi amafanana kunja. Amuna amakhala ndimagawo owonjezera pamapazi awo, omwe amapangidwa kuti azisunga azimayi mukamacheza.
Mabomba odziwika bwino kwambiri akung'ung'uza, amakhala ku Europe ndi Asia, ku Siberia mpaka ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Kumpoto, mndandanda wa kafadala umathera mu subpolar tundra. Kumwera kwake kumafikira kuzipululu ndikuwotcha ma steppes owuma. Chikumbu cha bombardier chimakhala ndi moyo osati pamalo athyathyathya, amatha kupezeka m'mapiri, koma samafika kudera lachisanu lamuyaya.
Nthawi zambiri, kafadala amakonda dothi louma mopepuka. Amakhala usiku. Masana amabisala pansi pamiyala ndi malo ena obisalamo, nthawi yamadzulo ndipo usiku amayamba kudyetsa. Pachimake pantchito yophulitsa bomba imagwera dzuwa litalowa. Amakonda nthawi ino osati kungofunafuna chakudya, komanso kukhazikika.
Kutha kuuluka kumawonetsedwa makamaka ndi tizilombo tating'ono tomwe tatuluka kumene kuchokera ku chibayo. Chibadwa chokhazikitsa magawo atsopano chimayambitsidwa. M'tsogolomu, chidwi chouluka pakati pa omwe adalemba zigoli chimatha.
Bombardier kafadala ndi gawo limodzi la mabanja achikumbu ndipo amawoneka ofanana kwambiri nawo.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, kufupikitsa tsikulo, ntchito ya tizilombo imachepa. Ndi nyengo yozizira, kafadala amagwera mu mtundu wa hibernation, amakhala ndi nthawi, momwe njira zamagetsi mthupi zimachepetsedwa pafupifupi zero. Mofananamo, gulu la kachilomboka likhoza kuthandizira chilala cha chilimwe.
Powona moyo wa tizilombo, asayansi apeza kuti masana, pansi pamiyala, kafadala amakumana m'magulu omwe samangokhala ochulukirapo, komanso osakanikirana. Poyambirira, malo owerengeka okhala amalingaliridwa kuti ndi omwe amachititsa kuti gulu lizisangalala.
Kusiyanasiyana kwamagulu am'maguluwa kumawonetsa kuti nkhawa ndizachitetezo pagululi. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha omwe akuphulitsa bomba amatha kuteteza kwambiri akaukira. Pachikuto cha "artillery" ndikosavuta kubisalira adani amtundu wina wa kafadala omwe alibe bombardier.
Nthawi zina omwe amaphulitsa bomba amapanga timagulu tating'ono ndi tizinthu tina tating'ono.
Njira yotetezera adani
Bombardier kachilomboka kamadzitchinjiriza m'njira yoyambirira kwambiri. Chitetezo chake sichingafanane ndi tizilombo. Pozindikira kuti mdani akuyandikira, kafadala kamalozera komwe kuli kachilombo kamene kali ndi fungo lonunkha, kotentha ndi madzi ndi gasi.
M'mimbamo yam'mimba muli ma gland awiri - chida chowombera chowombelera. Chosakanikirana cholimbana chimasungidwa m'malo "osakanikirana". Maseti awiri amankhwala amakhala m'matenda awiri, lililonse limagawika magawo awiri. Chipinda chimodzi (chosungira) chimakhala ndi ma hydroquinones ndi hydrogen peroxide, china (chipinda choyankhira) chimakhala ndi ma enzymes (catalase ndi peroxidase).
Kuphatikiza kosakanikirana kumapangidwa nthawi yomweyo kuwombera kusanachitike. Chule kapena nyerere zikawoneka, ma hydroquinones ndi hydrogen peroxide yochokera mu thanki yosungira amafinyira mchipindacho. Oxygen imatulutsidwa kuchokera ku hydrogen peroxide pansi pa michere.
Podziteteza, kafadala yemwe amaphulitsa mabomba amaponyera adani
Mankhwalawa amachitika mwachangu kwambiri, kutentha kwa chisakanizocho kumakwera mpaka 100 ° C. Kupsyinjika mchipinda chakuphulika kumawonjezeka nthawi zambiri komanso mwachangu. Chikumbu chikuwombera mfuti, ndikuika pamimba kuti mugunde adani. Bombardier kachilomboka pachithunzichi akuwonetsa kuthekera kwake kuwombera kuchokera m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Makoma a chipinda amakhala ndi zotchingira - cuticle. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu azigawo zama enzyme ozungulira amakhala mozungulira makoma. Kusakanikirana kwamadzimadzi ndi gasi kutuluka pamphuno sikuti kumangotentha komanso kununkhiza, kumatulutsa mawu okweza omwe amalepheretsa.
Ndege yoyendetsedwa ikuzunguliridwa ndi mtambo wa zida zomwazika bwino. Imachita nawo gawo loteteza kachilomboka - imasokoneza wankhanza. Malo ogulitsirawo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera omwe amasintha kukhala bomba lokwanira. Zotsatira zake, kuwongolera kwa kuwombera kumadalira momwe thupi limakhalira ndikuwongoleredwa pogwiritsa ntchito zowunikira.
Mitunduyi imasinthanso: kachikumbu kamatulutsa mpweya wamafuta osakanikirana ndimadontho osiyanasiyana. Mlengalenga wokhala ndi madontho akuluakulu amauluka pafupi, chisakanizo chabwino chikuwombera patali.
Mukachotsedwa ntchito, zida zonse za reagent sizidya. Amakhala okwanira kutulutsa mpweya wambiri wa caustic. Pakatha kuwombera 20, masheya azinthu amatha ndipo kachilomboka kamafunika theka la ola kuti apange mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri kachilomboka kamakhala ndi nthawi ino, chifukwa mpweya 10-20 wotentha komanso wowopsa ndi wokwanira kupha kapena kuthamangitsa mdaniyo.
Akatswiri ofufuza tizilombo kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi apeza mtundu umodzi womwe kuwombera kumakhala ndi michere ingapo. Kusakaniza kwa madzi ndi gasi sikupangidwe nthawi imodzi, koma kumakhala ndi zikhumbo 70 zowukira. Kubwerezabwereza kumakhala ma 500 pamphindikati, ndiye kuti, zimatenga masekondi 0.14 kwa 70 microexplosions.
Makaniko a kuwomberako amakhala ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo ya kuthamanga, kutentha ndi umagwirira thupi la wowomberayo - woponyayo.
Malinga ndi mtundu wina, kachilomboka kamapulumutsidwa ku chida chake poti kuphulika kumachitika kunja kwa thupi lake. Ma reagents alibe nthawi yoti achitepo kanthu, amaponyedwa kunja, potuluka m'mimba mwa tizilombo, amasakanikirana ndipo pakadali pano kuphulika kumachitika, ndikupanga chowotcha chowopsa, chowopsa.
Mitundu
Bombardier kachilomboka — tizilombo, a mabanja awiri: Brachininae ndi Paussinae. Nawonso ndi a banja la kachilomboka. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nthambi zonse ziwiri zimadzipangira zokha. Ena amati mabanjawo anali ndi kholo limodzi.
Zokambirana zokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwakudziyimira palokha ndikukula kwa chitetezo chofananira chimadutsa pamlingo wamavuto amachitidwe azamoyo ndipo nthawi zina zimapeza tanthauzo la nzeru. Banja laling'ono la Paussinae limasiyanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe ka ndevu. Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo timeneti nthawi zambiri timasankhidwa ndi nyerere, ndiye kuti, ndi myrmecophiles.
Kafadala omwe ali mgululi sanaphunzirepo kwenikweni. Coleoptera wochokera kubanja laling'ono la Brachininae amadziwika bwino ndikuphunzira. Mulinso mitundu 14. Brachinus ndiye mtundu woyamba wa kachilomboka kotchedwa bombardier kafadala wofotokozedwa ndikudziwitsidwa m'gulu lachilengedwe. Mtunduwo umaphatikizapo mitundu ya Brachinus crepitans kapena crackling bombardier.
Uwu ndi mtundu wamaina osanja; malongosoledwe ndi dzina la mtundu wonsewo (taxon) zimakhazikitsidwa ndi zambiri za izo. Kuphatikiza pa bomba lomwe likuphwanyaphwanyaphwanya, mtundu wa Brachinus umaphatikizaponso mitundu ina ya mitundu 300, 20 yomwe imakhala m'chigawo cha Russia ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo. Mitundu ina yamabomba ikupezeka kulikonse, kupatula m'malo omwe nyengo imakhala yovuta.
Ngakhale mapiko alipo, olemba zigoli amakonda kuyenda pansi
Zakudya zabwino
Bombardier kafadala ndi tizilombo tomwe timadya nthawi zonse. Kuyambira pomwe adabadwa mpaka kukhala ana asukulu, mphutsi zimakhala ndi moyo wanyama. Amadya ziphuphu zokhala ndi mapuloteni a kachilomboka.
Atakula, ophulitsa bomba amatenga nawo mbali zotsalira za chakudya pansi, pansi pamiyala ndi nkhono. Kuphatikiza apo, kafadala amafafaniza anzawo ochepa. Mphutsi ndi zilonda zamatenda aliwonse omwe bombardier amatha kuthana nawo amadya.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Masika, kafadala amaikira mazira kumtunda kwa nthaka. Nthawi zina chipinda chamazira chimamangidwa ndi matope. Ntchito ya mkazi ndikuteteza clutch ku kuzizira. Mazirawo ndi owulungika, mulitali mwake ndi 0,88 mm, lalifupi ndi 0,39 mm. Kakhungu ka miluza ndi koyera, kosasintha.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku angapo. Mphutsi zoyera zimatuluka m'mazira. Pambuyo maola 6-8, mphutsi zimada. Kapangidwe kawo kakhala ngati kachilomboka - ndi zolengedwa zazitali zokhala ndi miyendo yolimba. Pambuyo pa kutuluka, mphutsi zimapita kukafunafuna zilonda zamtundu wina.
Pamavuto awo, opeza mtsogolo adzadyetsedwa ndikukonzedwa. Pakadali pano, mtundu umodzi wokha wa kafadala amadziwika, omwe ziphuphu zake zimazunzidwa - awa ndi kachilomboka komwe kumachokera ku mtundu wa Amara (wotchedwa dusk kafadala). Mphutsi za Bombardier zimaluma kudzera mu chipolopolo cha zilonda ndikudya madzi omwe amatuluka pachilondacho.
Pambuyo masiku 5-6, omwe akuphulitsa mabomba amayamba gawo lachiwiri la mphutsi, pomwe chakudya chimasungidwa. Mphutsi imatenga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mbozi ya gulugufe. Pambuyo masiku atatu, gawo lachitatu limayamba. Mbozi imadya nyama yake. Nthawi ya kusayenda imayamba. Pambuyo pakupuma, ana a mphutsi, atatha masiku pafupifupi 10 tizilombo timatenga mawonekedwe a kachilomboka, ndipo gawo lalikulu limayamba.
Kusintha kwa dzira kukhala kachilombo wamkulu kumatenga masiku 24. Nthawi yomweyo, dzira loyala limalumikizidwa ndi mayendedwe amoyo a Amara ground kafadala (dusky kafadala). Kutuluka kwa mphutsi za bombardier m'mazira kumachitika panthawi yomwe dimples pupate.
Bombardiers, omwe amakhala m'malo omwe kumakhala kotentha komanso kozizira, amapatsa m'badwo umodzi pachaka. Kafadala omwe amadziwa malo otentha amatha kupanga clutch yachiwiri kugwa. Amayi amafunikira chaka chimodzi kuti amalize moyo wawo. Amuna amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali - mpaka zaka 2-3.
Kuvulaza kachilomboka
Pokhala odyetsa ophulika, ophulitsiratu samapweteketsa anthu. Mosiyana ndi izi, ngati mphutsi, mbozi kapena kachirombo kachilomboka, wophulitsa amawapha ndi kuwadya. Pakumenyana pakati pa munthu ndi tizirombo, omwe agoletsa zigoli ali mbali ya munthu.
Ndege ya bombardier imatuluka mwachangu kwambiri ndipo imatsagana ndi pop
Pakhala pali zoyeserera kuti zigwiritse ntchito zolanda anzawo. Ankafuna kuwatsogoza panjira yodyedwa ndi madona, yomwe masiku ano imafalitsa ntchito komanso imwazikana m'minda yolimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba.
Ophulika modabwitsa m'chilengedwe amadya mbozi za njenjete, mazira, mazira a ntchentche zamasamba, ndi zina zotero, koma lingaliro loti mafakitale opanga ma bombardiers sanakhalepo.
Zosangalatsa
- Khalidwe la kachilomboka, zomwe zimachitika pakuwombera sizimangophunziridwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo. Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera vutoli popanga zida zaluso. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesayesa kwapangidwa kuti apange makanema oyambitsanso injini za jeti zofanana ndi zoteteza za bomba.
- Bombardier sikuti imangowopseza adani ake ndi ndege yotentha, yoopsa. Nthawi zina kachilomboka sikakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira yochitira chiopsezocho ndipo chimamezedwa ndi chule. Bombardier amapanga "kuwombera" kwake m'mimba mwa chokwawa. Chule amakana, kulavulira zomwe zili m'mimba, kachilomboka kamakhalabe ndi moyo.
- Kachikumbumtima ka bombardier kakhala kotchuka kwambiri pankhani yokhudza chilengedwe. Chofunikira chake chimakhala chakuti zinthu zina zachilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri kuzilingalira ngati zotsatira za chisinthiko.
Otsatira malingaliro anzeru akuti malingaliro a chitetezo cha kachilomboka sakanatha kukula pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono. Ngakhale kupeputsa pang'ono kapena kuchotsa kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri ka "artillery" system ka kachilomboka kumabweretsa kusagwira kwathunthu.
Izi zimapereka chifukwa kwa omvera chiphunzitso chaluntha kuti zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bombardier zidawonekera kwathunthu nthawi yomweyo, popanda kusintha pang'ono pang'ono. Kuvomereza chilengedwe monga lingaliro la sayansi sikunena momveka bwino chiyambi cha chitetezo cha kachilomboka.
