Nsomba yotulutsidwa Ndi njoka yopanda ululu, yayitali kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'mayiko ena osiyanasiyana, amasakidwa khungu lake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe komanso kugulitsa monga chiweto. Ndi imodzi mwa njoka zitatu zolemera kwambiri komanso zazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Akuluakulu amatha kufikira 10 m kutalika. Koma nthawi zambiri mumatha kukumana ndi chinsalu chotalika 4-8 mita. Zolemba zomwe zimakhala kumalo osungira nyama zidafika mamita 12.2. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri, onani nkhaniyi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kutulutsa Python
Nsombazi zidafotokozedwanso koyamba mu 1801 ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany I. Gottlob. Dzinalo "reticulatus" ndichilatini la "reticulated" ndipo limatanthawuza mtundu wamagulu ovuta. Dzina lodziwika bwino la Python lidakonzedwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe wachi France F. Dowden mu 1803.
Mu kafukufuku wa DNA yemwe adachitika mu 2004, zidapezeka kuti nsombayo ili pafupi ndi nsato yam'madzi, osati ku kambuku wa kambuku, monga momwe amaganizira poyamba. Mu 2008, a Leslie Rawlings ndi anzawo adawunikanso za morphological ndipo, ataziphatikiza ndi ma genetic, adapeza kuti mtundu womwe udapezekansowo ndi mphukira wa mbadwa za nsato zam'madzi.
Kanema: Python Yotchulidwa
Kutengera ndi maphunziro amtundu wamankhwala, chinsombacho chidalembedwa mwalamulo pansi pa dzina la sayansi la Malayopython reticulans kuyambira 2014.
Mwa mtundu uwu, ma subspecies atatu amatha kusiyanitsidwa:
- malayopython reticulans reticulans, yomwe ndi taxon yosadziwika;
- malayopython reticulans saputrai, omwe amapezeka ku chilumba cha Sulawesi ndi Chilumba cha Selayar ku Indonesia;
- malayopython reticulans jampeanus amapezeka kokha pachilumba cha Jampea.
Kukhalapo kwa subspecies kungafotokozedwe ndikuti nsombayi imagawidwa m'malo akulu akulu ndipo ili pazilumba zosiyana. Njoka izi ndizodzipatula ndipo palibe kusakanikirana kwamtundu ndi ena. Subpecies yachinayi yomwe ingakhale, yomwe ili pachilumba cha Sangikhe, ikufufuzidwa pano.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsato yayikulu yolemba
Nsato yotchukayi ndi njoka yayikulu ku Asia. Kutalika kwakuthupi ndi kunenepa kwambiri ndi 4.78 m ndi 170 kg, motsatana. Anthu ena amatha kutalika kwa 9.0 m ndi kulemera kwa 270 kg. Ngakhale kuti mimbulu yotalikirapo kuposa 6m ndiyosowa, ndi njoka yokhayo yomwe ilipo yomwe imapitilira kutalika kotere malinga ndi Guinness Book of Records.
Chinsombacho ndi chachikaso chofiirira mpaka kofiirira ndi mizere yakuda yomwe imachokera kudera lamkati lamaso moyang'ana kumutu. Mzere wina wakuda nthawi zina umakhala pamutu wa njoka, kuyambira kumapeto kwa mkoko mpaka kumunsi kwa chigaza kapena occiput. Mtundu wa python wonyezimira ndimapangidwe ovuta omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Msana nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasinthasintha owoneka ngati daimondi ozunguliridwa ndi zikwangwani zazing'ono zokhala ndi malo owala.
Chochititsa chidwi: Kusiyana kwakukulu pamitundu, mitundu, ndi zolemba ndizofala kudera lonse la mitunduyi.
M'malo osungira nyama, mtundu wa utoto ungamveke ngati wolimba, koma m'nkhalango yamdima, pakati pamasamba ndi zinyalala, zimagwetsa nsombayo pafupifupi kutha. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu iyi yawonetsa kuti akazi amakula kwambiri kuposa amuna kukula ndi kulemera. Amayi ambiri amatha kukula mpaka 6.09 m ndi 90 kg mosiyana ndi yamphongo, yomwe imakhala pafupifupi 4.5 m kutalika mpaka 45 kg.
Tsopano mukudziwa ngati nsato yomwe ili ndi poizoni kapena ayi. Tiye tione kumene njoka yaikulu ija ikukhala.
Kodi nsato yofotokozedwayo imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njoka yotulutsa nsato
Python imakonda nyengo zotentha ndipo imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi madzi. Poyamba ankakhala m'nkhalango ndi madambo. Maderawa akayamba kuchepa chifukwa chodula, chinsombacho chimayamba kuzolowera nkhalango zachiwiri komanso minda yaulimi ndikukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu. Mowonjezeka, njoka zazikulu zimapezeka m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono, komwe zimayenera kusamutsidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, nsombayi imatha kukhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndipo imapezeka m'malo okhala mitsinje yapafupi ndi nyanja. Ndiwosambira wabwino kwambiri yemwe amatha kusambira kupita kunyanja, ndichifukwa chake njokayo idalamulira zilumba zazing'ono zambiri momwe zimakhalira. Chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, nsato yomwe idatchulidwako akuti imakonda kuchezera, ngakhale ku Bangkok.
Mtundu wa chinsomba chotambasulira umafalikira ku South Asia:
- Thailand;
- India;
- Vietnam;
- Laos;
- Cambodia;
- Malaysia;
- Bangladesh;
- Singapore;
- Burma;
- Indonesia;
- Philippines.
Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyi ikupezeka kuzilumba za Nicobar, komanso: Sumatra, gulu la zilumba za Mentawai, zilumba 272 za Natuna, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Lombok, Sumbawa, Timor, Maluku, Sumba, Flores, Bohol, Cebu, Leite, Mindanao, Mindoro, Luzon, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Tavi-Tavi.
Python yolembedwamo imalamulira nkhalango zam'malo otentha, madambo, ndi nkhalango zam'madzi, kumtunda kwa mamita 1200-2500. Kutentha kofunikira pakubereketsa ndi kupulumuka kuyenera kuyambira ≈24ºC mpaka ≈34ºC pakakhala chinyezi chochuluka.
Kodi nsato yojambulidwa imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsato yotuwa
Monga mimbulu yonse, yodziwika bwino imasakasaka pamalo obisalira, kudikirira kuti wovulalayo abwere patali, asanatenge nyamayo ndi thupi lake ndikupha pogwiritsa ntchito kupanikizika. Amadziwika kuti amadyetsa nyama zakutchire komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zomwe zimakhalamo.
Zakudya zake zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo:
- anyani;
- ziphuphu;
- makoswe;
- zoimbira;
- ungulates ang'ono;
- mbalame;
- zokwawa.
Nthawi zambiri amasaka ziweto: nkhumba, mbuzi, agalu ndi mbalame. Zakudya zachizolowezi zimaphatikizapo ana a nkhumba ndi ana olemera makilogalamu 10-15. Komabe, mlandu umadziwika pamene nsato yojambulidwa imameza chakudya, cholemera kuposa makilogalamu 60. Imasaka mileme, kuwagwira akuthawa, ikukhazikitsa mchira wake pazinthu zododometsa m'phanga. Anthu ang'onoang'ono mpaka 3-4 m amatidyetsa makamaka makoswe, monga makoswe, pomwe akuluakulu amatengera nyama zazikulu.
Chosangalatsa: Nsato yomwe imatulutsidwa imatha kumeza nyama mpaka kotala ndi kutalika kwake. Zina mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zolembedwa ndi 23 kg, chimbalangondo cha ku Malawi chosowa chakudya, chomwe chidadyedwa ndi njoka 6.95 m ndipo chidatenga pafupifupi milungu khumi kuti chigayike.
Amakhulupirira kuti nsato yomwe imalembedwa imatha kugwira anthu chifukwa cha ziwopsezo zambiri zakutchire komanso za eni nyumba za nsato. Pali mlandu umodzi wodziwika pomwe Python reticulatus adalowa m'nyumba yamunthu m'nkhalango ndikutenga mwana. Pofuna kupeza nyamayo, nsato yotchedwa retry yogwiritsa ntchito njombazi imagwiritsa ntchito maenje omvera (ziwalo zapadera zamtundu wina wa njoka) zomwe zimazindikira kutentha kwa nyama. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitha kupeza nyama yolumikizana ndi kutentha kwake poyerekeza ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha ichi, chinsato chotchedwa python chomwe chimafotokozedwanso chimazindikira nyama ndi adani popanda kuwawona.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kutulutsa Python
Ngakhale kuti anthu ali pafupi kwambiri, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pamakhalidwe a nyamazi. Nsato yotchukayi imayenda usiku ndipo imakhala tsiku lonse pogona. Mtunda womwe nyama zimayenda nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo, kapena ngati ali ndi magawo osakhazikika, sanawerengedwe bwino. Nsato yomwe ili ndi zilembo zakutchire imakhala yokhayokha yomwe imangokhudza kukololana nthawi yokomerana.
Njoka izi zimakhala m'malo omwe mumapezeka madzi. Mukuyenda, amatha kulumikizana ndi minofu ndipo nthawi yomweyo amawamasula, ndikupanga kayendedwe ka njoka. Chifukwa cha kuyenda kwamizeremizere ndi kukula kwakukuru kwa nsato zomwe zimatulutsidwa, mtundu wa kuyenda kwa njoka momwe imapanikizira thupi lake ndikusunthira motsatira kumakhala kofala kwambiri chifukwa imalola anthu akuluakulu kuyenda mwachangu. Pogwiritsa ntchito sikwashi ndi kuwongola, nsombayo imatha kukwera mitengo.
Chosangalatsa: Kugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe ofanana mthupi, mimbulu yomwe imangotulutsa mawu, monga njoka zonse, imakhetsa khungu lawo kuti ikonze mabala kapena munthawi yakukula. Kutaya khungu, kapena kuwuluka, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse thupi lomwe likukula nthawi zonse.
Nsomba yotulutsa pafupifupi pafupifupi sikumva phokoso ndipo imawoneka pang'ono chifukwa cha zikope zosayenda. Chifukwa chake, chimadalira mphamvu yake ya kununkhiza ndi kukhudza kuti ipeze nyama komanso kupewa adani. Njokayo ilibe makutu, m'malo mwake, ili ndi chiwalo chapadera chomwe chimalola kuti imve kugwedezeka pansi. Chifukwa chakusowa kwa makutu, njoka ndi zina zamatsenga ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kulimbitsa thupi kuti zizipanga momwe zimalumikizirana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsato yayikulu yolemba
Nthawi yoswana ya nsato yochokera mu February mpaka Epulo. Nyengo yachisanu ikangotha, nsato zimayamba kukonzekera kuswana chifukwa cha kutentha kwachilimwe. M'madera ambiri, kuyamba kwa nyengo kumakhudzidwa ndi malo. Chifukwa chake, nsato zimachulukana kutengera kusintha kwanyengo mdera linalake lokhalamo.
Malo oberekerako ayenera kukhala ndi nyama zambiri kuti mkazi abereke ana. Zakudya zobisalira zimafunikira malo osakhalamo kuti azitha kuberekana kwambiri. Mphamvu ya mazira imadalira kuthekera kwa amayi kuteteza ndi kusasakaniza, komanso chinyezi chambiri. Mimbulu yachikulire nthawi zambiri imakhala yokonzeka kuswana pamene yamphongo ifika pafupifupi 2.5 mita m'litali ndi pafupifupi 3.0 mita kutalika kwa akazi. Amafika mpaka zaka 3-5 kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Zosangalatsa: Ngati pali chakudya chochuluka, chachikazi chimabala ana chaka chilichonse. M'madera momwe chakudya chimasowa, kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu kumachepetsedwa (kamodzi zaka 2-3). Mu chaka choswana, mkazi m'modzi amatha kutulutsa mazira 8-107, koma nthawi zambiri mazira 25-50. Kulemera kwa thupi kwa ana pakubadwa ndi 0,15 g.
Mosiyana ndi zamoyo zambiri, nsato yachikazi yomwe imatulutsidwa nthawi zambiri imakhala yophimbidwa pamwamba pa mazira oswedwa kuti apeze kutentha. Kudzera pakuchepetsa minofu, mkazi amatenthetsa mazira, ndikupangitsa kuchuluka kwa makulitsidwewo komanso mwayi wopulumuka wa ana. Atabadwa, nsato zazing'ono zomwe zimalembedwa sizikhala ndi chisamaliro cha makolo ndipo zimakakamizidwa kudziteteza ndi kufunafuna chakudya.
Adani achilengedwe a mimbulu
Chithunzi: Nsato yotulutsidwa mwachilengedwe
Zakudya zobisalira sizikhala ndi adani achilengedwe chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi mphamvu. Mazira a njoka ndi mimbulu yoswedwa kumene amakonda kugwidwa ndi zolusa monga mbalame (akokowe, ziwombankhanga, ntchentche) ndi nyama zazing'ono. Kusaka nyama zikuluzikulu za anthu achikulire kumakhala kokha ndi ng'ona ndi nyama zina zikuluzikulu. Mimbulu ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chowukira m'mphepete mwa madzi, pomwe ng'ona zingayembekezeredwe. Chitetezo chokha motsutsana ndi adani, kuphatikiza kukula, ndikuthana kwamphamvu kwa thupi la njoka, komwe kumatha kufinya moyo kuchokera kwa mdani mumphindi 3-4.
Munthu ndiye mdani wamkulu wa chinsato chotchulidwacho. Nyama izi zimaphedwa ndikudulidwa khungu popanga zinthu zachikopa. Akuti pafupifupi theka la miliyoni miliyoni amaphedwa chaka chilichonse chifukwa chaichi. Ku Indonesia, mimbulu yomwe imagwiritsidwanso ntchito imadyedwa ngati chakudya. Kusaka nyama ndizoyenera chifukwa anthu okhalamo akufuna kuteteza ziweto zawo ndi ana ku njoka.
Nsato yotchukayi ndi imodzi mwa njoka zochepa zomwe zimadya anthu. Kuukira kumeneku sikofala kwambiri, koma mitundu iyi ndi yomwe idapangitsa anthu angapo kuwonongeka, kuthengo komanso ukapolo.
Milandu ingapo imadziwika bwino:
- mu 1932, mnyamata wina ku Philippines anadya nsato 7.6 nsatoyo inathawa pakhomo, ndipo itapezeka, mwana wa mwini njoka uja anapezeka mkati;
- Mu 1995, nsato yayikulu yolembedwa idapha Ee Hen Chuan wazaka 29 waku boma lakumwera la Malaysia ku Johor. Njokayo idakutidwa ndi thupi lopanda moyo ija litamangidwa mutu m'nsagwada pomwe m'bale wake wa wophedwayo adapunthwa;
- mu 2009, mwana wazaka zitatu waku Las Vegas adakulungidwa mozungulira ndi nsato yayitali yokwana 5.5m.Mayiyo adapulumutsa mwanayo pobaya nsatoyo ndi mpeni;
- Mu 2017, thupi la mlimi wazaka 25 waku Indonesia lidapezeka m'mimba mwa nsombayo. Njokayo inaphedwa ndipo thupi linachotsedwa. Umenewu unali mlandu woyamba wa nsato yodyetsa anthu. Ndondomeko yobwezeretsa thupi idalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi ndi makanema;
- Mu Juni 2018, mayi wazaka 54 waku Indonesia adadyedwa ndi nsato ya 7 mita. Anasowa akugwira ntchito m'munda mwake, ndipo tsiku lotsatira gulu lofufuza linapeza nsato yokhala ndi chotupa pathupi pake pafupi ndi mundawo. Kanema wa njoka yamatumbo adaikidwa pa intaneti.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka yotulutsa nsato
Kuchuluka kwa chinsombacho kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Njoka izi ndizochuluka ku Thailand, komwe zimakwawira m'nyumba za anthu nthawi yamvula. Ku Philippines, ndi mtundu wofala ngakhale m'malo okhala. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Philippines chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chokhazikika komanso chikuwonjezeka. Zakudya zobisalira sizikupezeka ku Myanmar. Ku Cambodia, anthu nawonso adayamba kuchepa ndikugwa ndi 30-50% pazaka khumi. Mamembala amtunduwu ndi osowa kwambiri kuthengo ku Vietnam, koma anthu ambiri apezeka kumwera kwa dzikolo.
Zosangalatsa: Nsato yomwe ili ndi ziweto siili pachiwopsezo, komabe, malinga ndi CITES Zakumapeto II, kugulitsa ndi kugulitsa khungu lake kumayendetsedwa kuti zitheke. Mitunduyi sichidalembedwe mu IUCN Red List.
Zikuwoneka kuti nsato imakhala ikufalikira kumadera akumwera kwa dziko lino, komwe kumakhala malo abwino, kuphatikiza malo otetezedwa. Mwinanso kuchepa ku Laos. Kutsika kudutsa Indochina kunayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa nthaka. Nsato yotulutsidwayo idakali mitundu yofala m'malo ambiri ku Kalimantan. Anthu ambiri ku Malaysia ndi Indonesia ndi okhazikika ngakhale atawedza kwambiri.
Nsomba yotulutsidwa akudziwika kwambiri ku Singapore, ngakhale atakhala mumzinda, komwe kusodza nsomba zamtunduwu ndikoletsedwa. Ku Sarawak ndi Sabah, mitunduyi imapezeka m'malo okhala komanso zachilengedwe, ndipo palibe umboni wotsika wa anthu. Mavuto omwe amadza chifukwa chololedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malo okhala atha kuchepa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa minda yamitengo yamafuta, popeza njoka ya nsato yodzala ndi mizu imakhazikika bwino m'malo amenewa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 ku 21:17
