Merlin Ndi nyama yolusa yoopsa, mbalame yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imalamulira nyanja zopanda madzi komanso magombe amchipululu kumtunda kwa Arctic. Kumeneko amasaka mbalame zazikuluzikulu, ndikuzipeza mwamphamvu kwambiri. Dzina la mbalameyi lakhala likudziwika kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 12, pomwe lidalembedwa mu "Lay of Igor's Host." Tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse ku Europe ku Russia.
Chiyambi chake chimalumikizidwa ndi liwu lachihungary "kerechen" kapena "kerecheto", ndipo latsikira kwa ife kuyambira nthawi yomwe Pramagyar amakhala mmaiko a Ugra. Nthenga zake zimasiyanasiyana kutengera komwe kuli. Monga ma falcons ena, imawonetsa mawonekedwe azakugonana, wamkazi kukhala wokulirapo kuposa wamwamuna. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, gyrfalcon amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zosaka.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Krechet
Gyrfalcon idasankhidwa mwapadera ndi wasayansi waku Sweden a Karl Linnaeus mu 1758 mu kope la 10 la Systema Naturae, komwe limaphatikizidwa ndi dzina lodziwika bwino. Ma Chronospecies analipo mu Late Pleistocene (zaka 125,000 mpaka 13,000 zapitazo). Zakale zomwe zidapezeka zidatchedwa "Falcon Swarth". Pakadali pano, zidafanana kwambiri ndi gyrfalcon, kupatula kuti mtunduwu ndi wokulirapo.
Kanema: Krechet
Chronospecies yakhala ikusintha nyengo yozizira yomwe idakhalapo munthawi yachisanu chomaliza. Mitundu yakale imawoneka ngati anthu amakono aku Siberia kapena phiri laku prairie. Anthu otchire oterewa anali oti azisaka nyama ndi nyama m'malo mwa mbalame zam'nyanja ndi mbalame zapamtunda zomwe zimapanga gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha America cha gyrfalcon masiku ano.
Chosangalatsa: Gyrfalcon ndi membala wa malo a Hierofalco. Mu gululi, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo ya nkhono, pali umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuphatikizidwa ndi kusakwanira kwa mizere, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kusanthula momwe DNA ilili.
Kupezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini ndi machitidwe pagulu la hierofalcons kudachitika pamiyambo yomaliza ya Mikulinsky pakati pa anthu kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Ma Gyrfalcons apeza maluso atsopano ndikusintha malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, mosiyana ndi anthu akumpoto chakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa, omwe asanduka Saker Falcon. Ma Gyrfalcons adasakanizidwa ndi Saker Falcons m'mapiri a Altai, ndipo kutuluka kwa jini uku kumawoneka ngati komwe kumayambitsa mphekesera za Altai.
Kafukufuku wa chibadwa adazindikira kuti anthu aku Iceland ndiopadera poyerekeza ndi ena akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Greenland, Canada, Russia, Alaska ndi Norway. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini yomwe imayenda pakati pa masamba azitsanzo zakumadzulo ndi kum'mawa adapezeka ku Greenland. Ntchito inanso imafunika kuzindikira zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza magawowa. Ponena za kusiyanasiyana kwa nthenga, kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa anthu awonetsa kuti kuwerengera nthawi za kukaikira mazira kumatha kuthandizira kufalitsa utoto wa nthenga.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Gyrfalcon
Ma Gyrfalcons ali ofanana kukula ndi akhungubwe akuluakulu, koma amalemera pang'ono. Amuna amatalika masentimita 48 mpaka 61 ndipo amalemera magalamu 805 mpaka 1350. Kulemera kwake ndi 1130 kapena 1170 g, mapiko otalika masentimita 112 mpaka 130. Akazi ndi okulirapo ndipo amakhala ndi masentimita 51 mpaka 65, mapiko otalika masentimita 124 mpaka 160 , thupi lolemera kuyambira 1180 mpaka 2100 g. Zinapezeka kuti akazi ochokera ku Eastern Siberia amatha kulemera 2600 g.
Zina mwazoyeserera ndi izi:
- mapiko ake ndi 34.5 mpaka 41 cm:
- mchira ndi kutalika kwa 19.5 mpaka 29 cm;
- mapazi kuchokera pa 4.9 mpaka 7.5 cm.
Gyrfalcon ndi yayikulupo ndipo ili ndi mapiko otakata komanso mchira wautali kuposa nkhono ya peregrine yomwe imasaka. Mbalameyi imasiyana ndi khungubwe wam'mapiko osongoka.
Chosangalatsa: Gyrfalcon ndi mtundu wa polymorphic kwambiri, chifukwa chake nthenga za subspecies zosiyanasiyana ndizosiyana kwambiri. Kujambula kumatha kukhala "koyera", "siliva", "bulauni" ndi "wakuda", ndipo mbalameyo imatha kujambulidwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira yoyera mpaka mdima wakuda.
Maonekedwe abuluu a gyrfalcon amasiyana ndi falcon ya peregrine popeza pali mikwingwirima ya zonona kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi korona. Maonekedwe akuda ali ndi gawo lakumunsi lowonekera kwambiri, osati kansalu kakang'ono ngati kabawi wa peregrine. Mitunduyi ilibe kusiyana kwakugonana kwamtundu; anapiye ndi akuda komanso obiriwira kuposa achikulire. Ma Gyrfalcons omwe amapezeka ku Greenland nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera kwathunthu kupatula zolemba zina pamapiko. Mtundu wakuda ndi ulalo wapakatikati ndipo umapezeka m'malo onse okhala, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mithunzi iwiri yathupi.
Ma Gyrfalcons amakhala ndi mapiko ataliatali ndi mchira wautali. Komabe, imasiyananso ndi mphamba zina zokulirapo, mapiko ofupikirapo omwe amatambasula mchira pakakola, ndi mapiko otakata. Mitunduyi imatha kusokonezedwa ndi nkhono wakumpoto.
Kodi gyrfalcon amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gyrfalcon pothawa
Malo atatu oberekera kwambiri ndi am'madzi, mitsinje ndi mapiri. Yafala kwambiri m'chigwa cha tundra ndi taiga, imatha kukhala kunyanja mpaka mamitala 1500. M'nyengo yozizira, imasamukira kuminda yamafamu ndi yaulimi, m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kumalo ake okhalamo.
Malo oberekerawa ndi awa:
- Madera akumadzulo kwa North America (Alaska, Canada);
- Greenland;
- Iceland;
- kumpoto kwa Scandinavia (Norway, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Sweden, kumpoto kwa Finland);
- Russia, Siberia ndi kumwera kwa Peninsula ya Kamchatka ndi Islands Islands.
Mbalame zachisanu zimapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Midwest ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States, Great Britain, Western Europe, kumwera kwa Russia, Central Asia, China (Manchuria), Chilumba cha Sakhalin, zilumba za Kuril, ndi Japan. Ngakhale anthu ena adalembedwapo kuti amakhala ndi zisa m'mitengo, ma gyrfalcons ambiri amakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri. Malo okonzera zisa nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa mapiri ataliatali, pomwe malo osakira ndi odyera zakudya amakhala osiyanasiyana.
Malo odyetserako chakudya atha kuphatikizira madera agombe ndi magombe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mbalame zam'madzi. Kugawika kwa Habitat sikuwopseza mtundu uwu, makamaka chifukwa chakukula kwakanthawi kochepa komanso nyengo yamderali. Popeza kapangidwe ka miyala sikasokonekera ndipo manda sakusintha kwakukulu, malo okhala mtundu uwu akuwoneka kuti ndi okhazikika.
Zima zimatha kuchititsa kuti mitundu iyi isamuke mchigawochi. Ali mdera lakummwera kwenikweni, amakonda minda yomwe imawakumbutsa za malo awo obadwira akumpoto, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pamwamba pamakoma ampanda.
Kodi gyrfalcon amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Gyrfalcon kuchokera ku Red Book
Mosiyana ndi ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwake kwakukulu kuti zigwire nyama, komanso mbalame zotchedwa peregrine falcons, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka kuti zizithamanga kwambiri, ma gyrfalcons amagwiritsa ntchito nkhanza kuti agwire nyama yawo. Amasaka mbalame makamaka m'malo otseguka, nthawi zina zimauluka m'mwamba ndikuwombera kuchokera kumwamba, koma nthawi zambiri amazifikira, zikuuluka pansi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi. Nthawi zambiri, maulendo othamanga otsika amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otseguka (opanda mitengo), pomwe ma gyrfalcons amawukira nyama mlengalenga komanso pansi.
Zakudya za gyrfalcons zimakhala:
- magawo (Lagopus);
- Agologolo a ku Arctic (S. parryii);
- arctic hares (Lepus).
Zinyama zina zimaphatikizapo nyama zazing'ono (mbewa, ma voles) ndi mbalame zina (abakha, mpheta, kubetcherana). Ikasaka, nkhonoyi imagwiritsa ntchito maso ake owoneka bwino kuti iwone nyama yomwe ingagwire, popeza pafupifupi nyama zonse zakumpoto zili ndi mitundu inayake kuti isazindikiridwe.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yoswana, banja la gyrfalcon limafunikira magawo awiri kapena atatu patsiku, omwe amakhala magawo a 150-200 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa kudzikongoletsa ndi kutha.
Malo osaka nyama ku Gyrfalcon nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana ndi malo achisanu. Wovutitsidwayo akazindikirika, kufunafuna kumayambira, komwe, wopwetekedwayo agwetsedwa pansi ndikumenyedwa mwamphamvu kwa zikhadabo, kenako ndikuphedwa. Ma Gyrfalcons ndi olimba mokwanira kupirira maulendo ataliatali panthawi yosaka ndipo nthawi zina amayendetsa nyama yawo mpaka kuwapeza kumakhala kosavuta. Pa nthawi yodzala, gyrfalcon imakhala ndi chakudya choti mugwiritse ntchito. Nthawi zina nkhunda (Columba livia) zimakhala nyama ya mphamba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: White Gyrfalcon
Ma Gyrfalcons amakonda kukhala kwaokha, kupatula nthawi yakuswana, akamagwirizana ndi anzawo. Nthawi yotsala yomwe mbalameyi imasaka, kumadya ndikukhazikika usiku wonse. Nthawi zambiri samasamukira, koma amayenda maulendo ataliatali, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, kupita kumadera oyenera kumene chakudya chimapezeka.
Ndi mbalame zamphamvu komanso zothamanga, ndipo ndi nyama zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimayesetsa kumuukira. Ma Gyrfalcons amatenga gawo lofunikira m'chilengedwe monga zolusa. Amathandizira kuwongolera nyama zodya nyama komanso kuthandizira kusamalira zachilengedwe zomwe akukhalamo.
Chosangalatsa: Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo omwe aphunzira za gyrfalcons kwazaka zambiri kale amaganiza kuti mbalamezi ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi malo, komwe zimapumira, kusaka komanso kusaka. Ngakhale izi zatsimikizika nthawi zambiri, zidapezeka mu 2011 kuti ma gyrfalcons ena amakhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja, kutali ndi dziko lililonse. Mwachidziwikire, mbalame zam'madzi zimadya mbalame zam'nyanja pamenepo ndikupumula pamafunde oundana kapena ayezi wanyanja.
Akuluakulu sakonda kusamukira makamaka ku Iceland ndi Scandinavia, pomwe achinyamata amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Kusuntha kwawo kumalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya, mwachitsanzo, mbalame zokhala ndi ma morphs oyera zimauluka kuchokera ku Greenland kupita ku Iceland. Ma gyrfalcons ena amayenda kuchokera ku North America kupita ku Siberia. M'nyengo yozizira, amatha kuyenda maulendo a 3400 km (kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Arctic Russia). Zinalembedwa kuti mtsikana wina anasuntha makilomita 4548.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Wild Gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcon nthawi zonse amakhala zisa pamiyala. Mitundu yoswana imadzipangira zisa zawo ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito thanthwe lowonekera kapena chisa chosiyidwa cha mbalame zina, makamaka ziwombankhanga zagolide ndi makungubwi. Amuna amayamba kuteteza zisa zawo kuyambira pakati pa nthawi yozizira, chakumapeto kwa Januware, pomwe akazi amabwera kumalo obisalira kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Kumangika kumachitika mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, mazira amayikidwa kumapeto kwa Epulo.
Chosangalatsa: Mpaka posachedwa, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika za malo obisalira, nthawi zamakulidwe, masiku obwera, komanso machitidwe oberekera a ma gyrfalcons. Ngakhale zambiri zapezedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa, palinso mbali zina zakubadwa zomwe ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa.
Mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito zisa zawo chaka ndi chaka, nthawi zambiri zotsalira za nyama zimadzikundikira, ndipo miyala imasanduka yoyera chifukwa cha guano wambiri. Ziphuphu zimatha kuyambira mazira 2 mpaka 7, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala 4. Wapakati kukula kwa dzira 58.46 mm x 45 mm; avareji yolemera magalamu 62. Mazira nthawi zambiri amasamalilidwa ndi yaikazi mothandizidwa ndi yamphongo. Nthawi yokwanira ndi masiku 35 pafupipafupi, ndipo anapiye onse amatuluka mkati mwa maola 24-36, akulemera pafupifupi 52g.
Chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, anapiye amakhala okutidwa ndi katundu wolemera. Mkazi amayamba kusiya chisa pakadutsa masiku 10 kuti agwirizane ndi yaimuna posaka. Anapiye amachoka pachisa pamasabata 7-8. Ali ndi miyezi 3 mpaka 4, gyrfalcon yomwe ikukula imadziyimira pawokha popanda makolo awo, ngakhale atha kukumana ndi abale awo m'nyengo yozizira yotsatira.
Adani achilengedwe a gyrfalcons
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Gyrfalcon
Kukula kwakukulu komanso kuyendetsa bwino ndege zimapangitsa kuti Gyrfalcon wamkulu asatengeke ndi nyama zachilengedwe. Amatha kukhala ankhanza poteteza ana awo ndipo adzaukira ndikuwathamangitsa akadzidzi akulu, ankhandwe, mimbulu, nkhandwe, zimbalangondo, nkhandwe zazikulu ndi akadzidzi omwe amapha anapiye awo. Ma Gyrfalcons samachita nkhanza kwambiri kwa anthu, ngakhale kwa asayansi ofufuza omwe amaphunzira zisa kuti atole deta. Mbalame ziziuluka chapafupi, zimamveka, koma sizimenya.
Zosangalatsa: Ena a Inuit amagwiritsa ntchito nthenga za gyrfalcon pazinthu zamwambo. Anthu amatenga anapiye kuchokera ku zisa kuti apitilize kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati falconry mwa mawonekedwe otchedwa maso.
Zowononga zachilengedwe zokha zomwe zimawopseza gyrfalcon ndi ziwombankhanga za golide (Aquila chrysaetos), koma ngakhale sizimachita nawo nkhwangwa zowopsa izi. Ma Gyrfalcons amadziwika ngati nyama zotopetsa. Makungubwi wamba ndi okhawo odyetsa omwe amadziwika bwino omwe achotsa bwinobwino mazira ndi ana mchisacho. Ngakhale zimbalangondo zofiirira zinagwidwa ndikusiya zopanda kanthu.
Nthawi zambiri anthu amapha mbalamezi mwangozi. Zitha kukhala kugundana kwamagalimoto kapena poyizoni wamunthu wa nyama zodya nyama, zomwe zimawononga zomwe nthawi zina zimadya gyrfalcon. Komanso kupha mwadala mukasaka ndi komwe kumayambitsa kufa kwa ma gyrfalcons. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kuti zakula msinkhu zimatha kukhala zaka 20.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yodya nyama Gyrfalcon
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa anthu, Gyrfalcon sikuti IUCN ili pachiwopsezo. Mbalamezi sizinakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, koma kuipitsa, monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kudapangitsa kuchepa pakati pa zaka za 20th, ndipo mpaka 1994 adawonedwa ngati "wowopsa". Kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe m'maiko otukuka kwathandiza kuti mbalame zizichira.
Chosangalatsa: Zimaganiziridwa kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu pakadali pano kumangokhala kosasintha ndikusintha kwakanthawi m'kupita kwanthawi. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa choti kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala sichinthu chodetsa nkhawa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa umunthu ku chilengedwe chakumpoto.
Kuwunika mbalame zodya nyama kwachulukirachulukira, koma chifukwa chakutali kwawo komanso kupezeka kwawo, si madera onse omwe amaphimbidwa mokwanira. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalame zodya nyama ndizisonyezero zabwino zachilengedwe. Mukayang'ana ma gyrfalcons, munthu amatha kudziwa ngati zachilengedwe zikuchepa ndikuyesera kuzibwezeretsa.
Kuteteza ma gyrfalcons
Chithunzi: Gyrfalcon kuchokera ku Red Book
Kwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, kuchepa kwa anthu am'madera ena kwatsika, makamaka ku Scandinavia, Russia ndi Finland. Izi nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa ndikusintha kwachilengedwe mu chilengedwe + zosokoneza nyengo. Masiku ano zinthu mmaiko awa, kuphatikiza madera angapo aku Russia, zasintha ndikubwezeretsa anthu. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu ku Russia (ma 160-200 awiriawiri) adalemba ku Kamchatka. Gyrfalcon, imodzi mwamitundu yosawerengeka ya mphamba, yolembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Kuchuluka kwa gyrfalcon kumakhudzidwa ndi:
- kusowa kwa malo okhala ndi zisa;
- kuchepetsa mitundu ya mbalame yomwe imasakidwa ndi gyrfalcon;
- kuwombera gyrfalcon + kuwononga zisa;
- misampha yotchera nyama kuti agwire nkhandwe ku Arctic.
- mbalame zimachoka m'malo awo chifukwa cha zochita za anthu;
- kuchotsera anapiye zisa zawo + kugwira achikulire chifukwa cha malonda oletsedwa.
Kupha nyama mopanda chilolezo, monga kukola ndi kugulitsa mbalame kwa mapikisi, likadali vuto lalikulu. Chifukwa choletsedwa kunja, izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri. Mitunduyi imayikidwa Zowonjezera: CITES, Bonn Convention, Berne Convention. Mapangano asainidwa pakati pa USA, Russia, Japan pankhani yoteteza mbalame zosamuka. Kusowa kwa chidziwitso kumawononga mbalame alireza, kotero, ndikofunikira kuchita mayeso athunthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/13/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 10:17
