Ku Russia, mbalame yokongolayi idawonedwa ngati mbalame yoseketsa ndipo imasungidwa m'nyumba modzifunira, ikuphunzitsa nyimbo zotchuka. Bullfinch mwaluso kwambiri amatsanzira mawu ndikumveka kuti amatchedwa "parrot waku Russia".
Kufotokozera kwa bullfinch
M'dziko lathu, bullfinch wamba (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) wochokera ku mtundu wa Pyrrhula, womwe ndi gawo la banja la finch, amadziwika... Dzina lachi Latin la Pyrrhula limamasuliridwa kuti "moto".
Dzinalo la Russia "bullfinch" lili ndi mitundu iwiri yoyambira. Malinga ndi woyamba uja, mbalameyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa imawulukira zigawo zakumwera kuchokera kumadera akumpoto komanso chisanu choyamba ndi chisanu. Malongosoledwe achiwiri amatanthauza "snig" waku Turkic (wamabele ofiyira), yemwe adasinthidwa kukhala liwu lakale lachi Russia "snigir", kenako ku "bullfinch" yodziwika.
Maonekedwe, mtundu
Woyambitsa ma bullfinches ndi Pyrrhula nipalensis, mtundu wakale kwambiri womwe umapezeka ku South Asia ndipo nthawi zambiri umatchedwa kuti njuchi zofiirira / Nepalese. Mtundu wa Pyrrhula nipalensis umafanana ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono zamphongo zomwe zidatuluka posachedwa pachisa. Kuchokera ku mitundu iyi yaku Asia, pafupifupi mitundu isanu yamasiku ano yasintha, yokongoletsedwa ndi "kapu" yapadera ya nthenga zakuda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chipewa chodziwikiratu (chikakhala chakuda mozungulira mlomo / maso komanso pamwamba pamutu) chimangowonekera mwa akulu okha ndipo sichipezeka mu anapiye, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira.
Ng'ombe zamphongo ndi mbalame zowirira komanso zokhathamira, kuposa mpheta zazikulu ndikukula mpaka masentimita 18. Mu chisanu choopsa, zimawoneka ngati zakulimba, popeza, potenthedwa, zimakhwimitsa nthenga zawo zowirira. Mtundu wapadera wa ng'ombe zamphongo ndikugawana bwino mitundu yoyambirira pamwamba pa nthenga, pomwe kulibe mabala, mawanga, mizere ndi zina.
Phokoso, komanso makulidwe amtundu wamkati mwamthupi, zimatsimikizika ndi mtundu wa bullfinch ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mchira ndi nthenga zouluka nthawi zonse zimakhala zakuda ndimtambo wachitsulo wabuluu. Zogulitsa pansi ndi m'chuuno ndi zoyera. Ng'ombe yamphongo imakhala ndi mulomo wolimba - wokulirapo komanso wakuda, wosinthidwa kuti uphwanye zipatso zolimba ndikupeza mbewu kuchokera kwa iwo.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ma Bullfinches amakhala molingana ndi zikhalidwe za matriarchy: amuna amamvera mosavomerezeka akazi omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chotsutsana. Ndiwo omwe amayambitsa mikangano yabanja ndikupambana mwa iwo, komabe, osabweretsa mikangano pankhondo. Akangoona milomo yotseguka ndikumva kulira kosadziwika bwino, ng'ombe zamphongo zimadutsa, ndikupereka kwa anzawo nthambi zokhala ndi mbewu zochuluka komanso masango obiriwira kwambiri a mabulosi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala othamanga komanso osayenda kuposa akazi.
Mbalame m'nyengo yozizira mkati mwa malire a malo obisalira (kupita kumalo ndi minda), nthawi zina zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ng'ombe zamphongo zizioneka. Pafupi ndi kasupe, m'malo mwake, amayesa kubisala kuti asayang'ane, omwe amasamukira kunkhalango.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kumapeto kwa dzinja komanso masika, ndi nthawi yoimba, pomwe amuna amayesa mawu awo, atakhala tchire kapena korona wapamwamba. Amayi amaimba kangapo konse. Munthawi yobzala, manambala onse amawu amatha.
Nyimbo za a Bullfinches ndizachete komanso zopitilira muyeso - zimadzazidwa ndi mluzu, kulira komanso kulira... Zolembazo zimaphatikizaponso "fu" yachidule, malikhweru omveka bwino "juve" ndi "zhiu", "chakumwa" chachete, "choyenera" ndi "pyut", komanso "bata, ngakhale". Gulu loyandikana la ng'ombe zamphongo zoyandikana limamvana wina ndi mnzake ndi malikhweru apadera, onse oimba komanso otsika (china ngati "ju ... ju ... ju ...").
Akakhuta, ng'ombe zamphongo zimakhala nthawi yayitali pamtengo wazakudya, zimadzitsuka pang'onopang'ono kapena, zitagundika, zimayitana "ki-ki-ki" mwadzidzidzi. Nthawi ina, gululo limamasuka ndikuuluka, ndikusiya zochitika zawo pachikondwerero cha chipale chofewa - zotsalira za mabulosi kapena zotsalira za mbewu. Umu ndi momwe moyo wachisanu wa ng'ombe zamphongo zikuwonekera, ukuyenda osayima kudutsa m'nkhalango zazing'ono, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, minda yazipatso ndi minda yamasamba.
Ndi ma bullfin angati amakhala
Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, ng'ombe zamphongo zimakhala zaka 10 mpaka 13, koma zazitali kwambiri mu ukapolo (mosamala) - mpaka zaka 17.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana mu bullfinches kumawonekera kokha mtundu, ndipo kumbuyo kwa mkazi, ndiye wamwamuna yemwe amawoneka wowala, chifukwa chomwe mtunduwo udapatsidwa dzina loti Pyrrhula ("wamoto").
Zofunika! M'mphongo, masaya, khosi ndi chifuwa zimadzazidwa ndi mawu ofiira owoneka bwino, pomwe mkaziyo amawonetsa chifuwa chofiirira chakuda komanso chakumbuyo kwakuda. Amuna amakhala ndi misana yabuluu komanso yoyera yoyera kumtunda / mchira.
Mwanjira ina, akazi ndi ofanana ndi amuna: onse ali ndi zisoti zakuda kuchokera pakamwa mpaka pa occiput. Utoto wakuda umaphimba pakhosi, dera lomwe lili pafupi ndi mulomo ndi mulomo womwewo, komanso utoto mchira ndi mapiko, pomwe, kuphatikiza, mikwingwirima yoyera imawonekera. Mdima wakuda sudutsa mitundu ina kulikonse ndipo umasiyana kwambiri ndi ofiira. Zingwe zazing'ono zamphongo zimakhala ndi mapiko / mchira wakuda, koma zilibe zisoti zakuda ndipo zimakhala ndi bulauni zisanagwe koyamba. Kusiyanitsa kwamitundu (mwa kugonana ndi msinkhu) kumawonekera kwambiri mukawona gulu la ng'ombe zamphongo zonse.
Mitundu ya ng'ombe zamphongo
Mtundu wa Pyrrhula uli ndi mitundu 9 ya ng'ombe zamphongo. Malinga ndi malingaliro a akatswiri ena a mbalame, omwe amawona mtundu wa imvi ndi Ussuri ngati mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ng'ombe, pali mitundu eyiti. Mtunduwo umagawidwanso m'magulu awiri - otsekedwa wakuda (mitundu 4-5) komanso zobisa ng'ombe zam'madzi (mitundu 4).
Gulu, pozindikira mitundu 9, likuwoneka motere:
- Pyrrhula nipalensis - bulauni ng'ombe;
- Pyrrhula aurantiaca - bullfinch wachikaso;
- Pyrrhula erythrocephala - mutu wamphongo wofiira;
- Pyrrhula erythaca - mutu wamphongo wamphongo wamphongo;
- Pyrrhula leucogenis - nkhokwe yamphongo;
- Pyrrhula murina - Azorean ng'ombe yamphongo;
- Pyrrhula pyrrhula - wamba bullfinch;
- Pyrrhula cineracea - imvi ng'ombe;
- Pyrrhula griseiventris - Ussuri bullfinch.
M'dziko lathu, ng'ombe zotchuka zimapezeka, ndi ma subspecies atatu omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana a Soviet Union:
- Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula - Euro-Siberia wamba bullfinch, imakhalanso Eastern Europe (mawonekedwe amphamvu kwambiri);
- Pyrrhula pyrrhula rossikowi - Caucasus wamba bullfinch (amasiyana mosiyanasiyana, koma wonyezimira);
- Pyrrhula pyrrhula cassinii ndi wamba wa Kamchatka bullfinch (subspecies wamkulu).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Bullfinches amakhala ku Europe konse, komanso ku Western / East Asia (ndikugwidwa kwa Siberia, Kamchatka ndi Japan)... Madera akum'mwera kwa malowa amapitilira kumpoto kwa Spain, Apennines, Greece (kumpoto) komanso madera akumpoto kwa Asia Minor. Ku Russia, ng'ombe zamphongo zimapezeka kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa, m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango (mwina) madera omwe mitengo ikuluikulu imakula. Mbalame zimakonda nkhalango zamapiri ndi zigwa, koma zimanyalanyaza malo opanda mitengo.
Kuphatikiza pa nkhalango zokhala ndi nkhalango zowirira, ng'ombe zamphongo zimakhala m'minda yam'mizinda, m'mapaki ndi mabwalo (makamaka munthawi yosamukira nyengo). M'nyengo yotentha, ng'ombe zamphongo zamphongo zimawoneka osati m'nkhalango zowirira zokha, komanso m'nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimangokhala, zimangosamukira kunyengo yozizira kuchokera kumpoto kwa taiga. Malo omwe amasamukira amakhala mpaka kum'mawa kwa China ndi Central Asia.
Zakudya za Bullfinch
Oyang'anira mbalame olankhula Chingerezi amatcha ng'ombe zamphongo "zolusa mbewu", ponena za mbalame zomwe mopanda manyazi zimawononga mbewu popanda kuchitira chilichonse zabwino kumtengowo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Atafika ku zipatsozo, ng'ombe zamphongo zimaziphwanya, zimachotsa mbewu, kuziphwanya, kuzimasula ku zipolopolo, ndikudya. Ziphuphu ndi zotupa zimachita mosiyana - zimameza zipatso zonse, chifukwa zamkati zimakumbidwa, ndipo mbewu zimatuluka ndi zitosi kuti ziphukire masika.
Zakudya za bullfinch zimaphatikizapo zakudya zamasamba komanso ma arachnids nthawi zina (makamaka mukamadyetsa anapiye). Menyu yanthawi zonse imakhala ndi mbewu ndi zipatso, monga:
- Mbeu zamtengo / shrub - mapulo, hornbeam, phulusa, lilac, alder, linden ndi birch;
- zipatso za mitengo ya zipatso / zitsamba - phulusa lamapiri, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, irga, buckthorn, viburnum, hawthorn ndi ena;
- ma cones a hop ndi zipatso za mlombwa.
M'nyengo yozizira, ng'ombe zamphongo zamphongo zimasinthira masamba ndi mbewu zomwe zimapezeka nthawi imeneyo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Bullfinches amabwerera kumalo osungira (nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana) pofika pakati pa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo... Koma kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira, amuna amayamba kukopana ndi akazi. Pomwe kutentha kumayandikira, chibwenzi chimapitilira, ndipo maanja oyamba amapangika pagulu. The bullfinch amanga chisa pa wandiweyani spruce nthambi, kutali ndi thunthu, pa kutalika kwa mamita 2-5. Nthawi zina zisa kukhazikika pa birches, paini kapena pa mitengo ya mlombwa (pamwamba).
Zisa zokhala ndi zikopa zimapezeka kale mu Meyi, ana amphongo ndi anapiye othawa molimba mtima amayamba kuyambira Juni. Chisa cha bullfinch chimafanana ndi mbale yolumikizidwa pang'ono, yolukidwa ndi nthambi za spruce, zimayambira herbaceous, ndere ndi moss. Mu clutch mulibe mazira abuluu opitilira 4-6 (2 cm kukula), okhala ndi madontho / mabala osasinthasintha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mzimayi yekha ndi amene amachita mazira kwa milungu iwiri. Abambo amakumbukira kulera ana atanyamula mapiko awo. Banja lokhala ndi ana amphongo ndi ana 4-5 amawerengedwa kuti ndi abwinobwino mu ng'ombe zamphongo.
Anapiye, mpaka adziwe momwe angakhalire ndi chakudya paokha, amadyetsedwa ndi mbewu zazing'ono zosapsa, zipatso, masamba ndi arachnids. Kuyambira Julayi, ana pang'onopang'ono amayenda kutuluka m'nkhalango mu Seputembara - Okutobala, ndikuphatikizana ndi anthu akumpoto akuchoka kumwera.
Adani achilengedwe
Ng'ombe zamphongo, nthawi zambiri kuposa mbalame zina, zimakhala zosavuta kuzidya chifukwa cha mitundu yawo yokongola, kukula kwake komanso ulesi.
Adani achilengedwe a ng'ombe zamphongo ndi awa:
- mpheta;
- marten;
- kadzidzi;
- amphaka (zakutchire ndi zoweta).
Mbewu / zipatso, zokopa zamphongo nthawi zambiri zimakhala poyera ndipo zimawoneka bwino kwa adani awo. Vutoli limakulitsidwa ndi kusakhazikika: ng'ombe zamphongo sizidziwa momwe zingabisalire msanga m'nkhalango kapena kugona mozungulira mlengalenga, kuchoka kutali ndi mbalame zodya nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pofuna kudziteteza munthawi yakudya, ng'ombe zamphongo zimasonkhana m'magulu ndikuphatikizana ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimakhamukira (greenfinches, finches and thrush). Mfuu yolira ya ma thrush imakhala ngati chizindikiro cha kuthawa, pambuyo pake ma bullfinches amasiya nduwira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pazaka 10 mpaka 12 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa ma bullfinches kwatsika kwambiri: m'madera ena, achoka panjira yodziwika kufikira kawirikawiri. Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa anthu chimatchedwa kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala - osati ng'ombe zamphongo zokha, komanso mitundu ina imasowa madera akulu achilengedwe. Malinga ndi World Resources Institute, gawo la nkhalango zomwe sizinachitike ku Russia tsopano ndi 43%. Kulowerera kwa malo ozungulira maluwa kumakhudza mbalame zambiri, kuphatikizapo ng'ombe zamphongo, ngakhale sizinali kale kwambiri, mamiliyoni angapo a iwo adakhazikika m'nkhalango ya European gawo la Russian Federation.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza anthu a bullfinch:
- chitukuko cha nkhalango zachuma / zosangalatsa;
- kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe;
- kusintha kwa nkhalango - ma conifers kupita kwa omwe ali ndi masamba ochepa, pomwe mbalame sizimapeza chakudya ndi pogona;
- kutentha kwakukulu / kutsika pang'ono.
Mu 2015, Red List of Birds of Europe idasindikizidwa (kuchokera kumgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi woteteza zachilengedwe ndi mbalame BirdLife International), yomwe idazindikira kupambana kopanda malire kwa m'modzi mwa mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe mogwirizana ndi Azores bullfinch.
Mitunduyi inali pafupi kutha chifukwa cha zomera zakunja zomwe zidasefukira pachilumba cha San Miguel, komwe kumakhala Azores bullfinch. BirdLife SPEA idatha kubweza mitundu yachilengedwe yazomera pachilumbachi, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zamphongo kunachulukanso nthawi 10 (kuchokera pa 40 mpaka 400 awiriawiri), ndipo mitunduyo idasintha mawonekedwe ake - "ovuta" adasandulika "pangozi".
