Parrot imvi Ndimakonda kwambiri nkhuku zambiri. Ali ndi luso lapadera lomwe limamusiyanitsa ndi abale ake ambiri. Mtundu utali wa nthengawo umakwaniritsidwa chifukwa chotsanzira maluso a anthu komanso kulira kwa mbalame zambiri.
Jaco amaphunzira mawu ndi ziganizo zopitilira zana. Komabe, ngakhale chiweto chathanzi kwambiri komanso chosangalala kwambiri chimangokhala phokoso komanso phokoso. Pali umboni woti ma grays anali osungidwa ndi Agiriki akale, Aroma olemera, komanso ndi a King Henry VIII komanso oyendetsa sitima aku Portugal.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Parrot Zhkao
Parrot imvi kapena imvi (Psittacus) ndi mtundu wina wa mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zaku Africa mu banja laling'ono la Psittacinae. Muli mitundu iwiri: chinjoka chofiira (P. erithacus) ndi chinjoka chofiirira (P. timneh).
Chosangalatsa: Kwa zaka zambiri, mitundu iwiri ya mbalame zotchedwa chinkhwe choyera imasankhidwa kukhala tinthu tating'ono ta mtundu womwewo. Komabe, mu 2012, BirdLife International, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi loteteza mbalame komanso kusamalira malo awo okhala, idazindikira ma taxa ngati mitundu yosiyana potengera kusiyana kwa majini, morphological komanso mawu.
Ma parrot amtundu wambiri amapezeka m'nkhalango zam'maphunziro oyambira ndi sekondale ku West ndi Central Africa. Ndi imodzi mwamitundu yanzeru kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kukonda kutsanzira mawu ndi mamvekedwe ena kunapangitsa kuti Grays ziweto zodziwika bwino. Parrot imvi ndi yofunikira kwa anthu aku Africa aku Yoruba. Nthenga zake ndi mchira wake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maski ovala pamwambo wachipembedzo komanso wachikhalidwe ku Gelede.
Kanema: Parrot Wofiirira
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa mbalame zaku Africa zakuda kumadzulo kunachitika mu 1402, pomwe France idalanda zilumba za Canary, komwe mitundu iyi idatulutsidwa kuchokera ku Africa. Pomwe ubale wamalonda waku Portugal ndi West Africa udayamba, mbalame zochulukirapo zinagwidwa ndikusungidwa ngati ziweto. Zithunzi za mbalame yotchedwa parrot imvi imapezeka pazojambula za Peter Rubens mu 1629/30, Jan Davids de Heem mu 1640-50, ndi Jan Steen mu 1663-65.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kuyankhula Parrot Grey
Pali mitundu iwiri:
- red-tailed imvi parrot (P. erithacus): Umenewu ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri, wokulirapo kuposa chinkhanira chofiirira, chotalika pafupifupi masentimita 33. Mbalame yokhala ndi nthenga zotuwa pang'ono, mlomo wakuda kwathunthu ndi mchira wofiira. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi michira yakuda, yopepuka kumapeto kwake isanafike molt yawo yoyamba, yomwe imachitika pakatha miyezi 18. Mbalamezi zimayambanso kukhala ndi imvi yoyera ya diso, yomwe imasintha mtundu kukhala wachikasu pomwe mbalameyo imakhala ndi chaka chimodzi;
- Parrot wa mchira wofiirira (P. timneh) ndi wocheperako pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mbalame zotchedwa red-tailed parrot, koma luntha ndi luso loyankhula zimafananabe. Amatha kutalika kwa masentimita 22 mpaka 28 mulitali ndipo amawerengedwa kuti ndi mbalame zazing'ono zamkati. Browntail imakhala ndi makala akuda kwambiri, mchira wakuda wa burgundy ndi dera lowoneka ngati nyanga mpaka pachibwano chapamwamba. Ndizofala pamitundu yake.
Brown-tailed Grays nthawi zambiri amayamba kuphunzira kulankhula kale kuposa Grays-tailed Grays chifukwa nthawi yakukhwima ndiyachangu. Izi mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zili ndi mbiri yochepetsetsa komanso yotengeka mosavuta kuposa zoyera.
Jaco amatha kuphunzira kuyankhula mchaka choyamba, koma ambiri samalankhula mawu awo oyamba mpaka miyezi 12-18. Ma subspecies onsewa amawoneka kuti ali ndi kuthekera komanso chizolowezi chofanana chobereka mawu amunthu, koma kutulutsa mawu ndi kuthekera kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa mbalame. Ziwombankhanga zakuda zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Parrot yotchuka kwambiri imvi ndi Nkisi, yemwe mawu ake anali ndi mawu opitilira 950 ndipo amadziwikanso chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo.
Chochititsa chidwi: Alonda ena mbalame amazindikira mtundu wachitatu ndi wachinayi, koma ndizovuta kusiyanitsa pakufufuza kwasayansi kwa DNA.
Kodi parrot imvi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Parrot ya mtundu wa Grays
Malo okhala mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zofiirira ku Africa zimakwirira lamba wa nkhalango ku Central ndi West Africa, kuphatikiza zilumba zam'madzi za Principe ndi Bioko (Gulf of Guinea), komwe amakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri pamtunda wa mamita 1900. Ku West Africa, amapezeka m'maiko agombe.
Malo okhala imvi akuphatikizapo mayiko otsatirawa:
- Gabon;
- Angola;
- Ghana;
- Cameroon;
- Cote d'Ivoire;
- Congo;
- Sierra Leone;
- Kenya;
- Uganda.
Ma subspecies awiri odziwika bwino a ma parrot amtundu waku Africa ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Psittacus Erithacus erithicus (Red-tailed Gray) amakhala m'mizere yoyambira Kenya mpaka kumalire akum'mawa kwa Ivory Coast, kuphatikiza zilumba za anthu. Psittacus Erithacus Timneh (Brown-tailed Grays) amayambira kumalire akum'mawa kwa Cote d'Ivoire mpaka Guinea Bissau.
Malo okhala mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zouma zouluka mu Africa ndi nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, ngakhale kuti zimapezekanso pamalo okwera mpaka 2200 m kum'mawa kwa nkhalangoyi. Nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'malo otsetsereka, nkhalango zowoneka bwino, mangrove, nkhalango zamatabwa, malo olimapo ndi minda.
Ma parrot amvi nthawi zambiri amayendera malo otseguka pafupi ndi nkhalango, amakhala mumitengo pamwamba pamadzi ndipo amakonda kugona kuzilumba zamtsinje. Amakhala m'mapanga a mitengo, nthawi zina amasankha malo omwe mbalame zasiya. Ku West Africa, mitunduyi imasuntha nyengo zina nthawi yadzuwa.
Kodi parrot imvi imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Parrot Gray kuchokera ku Red Book
Ma parrot amtundu waku Africa ndi mbalame zodyetsa. Kuthengo, amadziwa maluso osiyanasiyana. A Jaco amaphunzira kulekanitsa chakudya chothandiza ndi choizoni, momwe angapezere madzi abwino, komanso momwe angayanjanenso ndi mabanja awo akasiyana. Amakonda kudya zipatso zosiyanasiyana, amakonda mafuta a mgwalangwa (Elaeis guinensis).
Kumtchire, Grays amatha kudya izi:
- mtedza;
- zipatso;
- masamba obiriwira;
- Nkhono;
- tizilombo;
- mphukira yowutsa mudyo;
- mbewu;
- mbewu;
- khungwa;
- maluwa.
Malo odyetserako zakudya amakhala kutali kwambiri ndipo amakhala pamapiri okwera. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimalowa m'minda ndi chimanga chosapsa, zomwe zimakwiyitsa eni munda. Amawuluka pamtengo ndi mtengo, kuyesera kupeza zipatso zakupsa ndi mtedza. A Jaco amakonda kukwera nthambi m'malo mouluka.
Chosangalatsa: Mndende, mbalameyo imatha kudya mapeleti a mbalame, zipatso zosiyanasiyana monga peyala, lalanje, makangaza, apulo ndi nthochi, ndi masamba monga kaloti, mbatata zophika, udzu winawake, nkhaka, kabichi watsopano, nandolo ndi nyemba zobiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, imvi imafunikira kashiamu.
Ma parrot amtundu amadyera pang'ono pansi, chifukwa chake pali maluso angapo omwe mbalame zimachita zisanadzale ndikudya mosamala. Magulu a mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe amasonkhana mozungulira mtengo wosabalawo mpaka utadzaza ndi mbalame mazana ambiri zomwe zimatsuka nthenga, kukwera nthambi, kumveka, ndi kulankhulana. Kenako mbalamezo zimatsikira pansi ndi mafunde. Gulu lonse silimakhala padziko lapansi nthawi yomweyo. Akakhala pansi, amakhala tcheru kwambiri, akamachita chilichonse kapena kuwomba kulikonse.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mbalame zotuwa zimadya, tiyeni tiwone momwe zimakhalira m'malo ake achilengedwe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Parrot yakunyumba imvi
Ma parrot amtchire aku Africa amanyazi kwambiri ndipo samalola kuti anthu aziwayandikira. Ndi mbalame zachikhalidwe komanso zisa m'magulu akulu. Nthawi zambiri zimawoneka pagulu laphokoso, likufuula mokweza m'mawa, madzulo komanso pothawa. Ziweto zimakhala ndi mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zongotuwa zokhazokha, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zomwe zimapezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Masana, amagawikana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndikuuluka mtunda wautali kuti apeze chakudya.
Jaco amakhala mumitengo pamwamba pamadzi ndipo amakonda kugona kuzilumba zamtsinje. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala m'mabanja awo kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka zingapo. Amalumikizana ndi anthu ena amsinkhu wawo m'mitengo ya nazale, koma amamatira ku gulu lawo. Mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zazing'ono zimasamaliridwa ndi mbalame zakale kufikira zitaphunzira ndi kukhwima mokwanira kuti ziyambe kukhala paokha.
Chosangalatsa: Achinyamata a Grays amawonetsa ulemu kwa anthu achikulire omwe ali mgululi. Amaphunzira momwe angakhalire m'malo osiyanasiyana, monga kupikisana ndi kuteteza malo azisa ndi kulera ana. Kupikisana kwa zisa m'nyengo yokhwima kumapangitsa mitunduyo kukhala yaukali kwambiri.
Mbalame zimapita kukagona usiku kuli mbandakucha ngakhale mumdima. Amaphimba njira zawo m'njira zodulidwazo, akumathamanga mwachangu komanso mosapita m'mbali, nthawi zambiri akumagwetsa mapiko awo. M'mbuyomu, ziweto zausiku zinali zazikulu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe 10,000. M'mawa kwambiri, dzuwa lisanatuluke, timagulu tating'onoting'ono timachoka pamsasawo ndikupita kukadyetsa ndi kufuula.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Parrot Gray
Ma parrot amtundu waku Africa ndi mbalame zokonda kucheza. Kuberekana kumachitika m'madera aulere, gulu lililonse limakhala ndi mtengo wake. Anthu amasankhidwa mosamala ndipo amakhala ndiubwenzi wokhalira limodzi womwe umayamba msinkhu, wazaka zapakati pa zitatu mpaka zisanu. Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika za chibwenzi kuthengo, koma maulendo owonera kuzungulira zisa awonedwa ndikujambulidwa.
Zosangalatsa: Amuna amadyetsa anzawo (kudyetsa mating) ndipo onse amatulutsa phokoso losasangalatsa. Pakadali pano, wamkazi adzagona chisa, ndipo wamwamuna amateteza. Ali mu ukapolo, amuna amadyetsa akazi atagwirana, ndipo amuna ndi akazi onse amatenga nawo gawo pakumvina komwe amatsitsa mapiko awo.
Nthawi yobereketsa imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo, koma imawoneka kuti ikugwirizana ndi nyengo yadzuwa. Ma parrot amtundu waku Africa amaswana kamodzi kapena kawiri pachaka. Zazikazi zimaikira mazira atatu kapena asanu ozungulira, amodzi nthawi 2 mpaka 5 masiku. Zazikazi zimafungatira mazira ndipo zimadyetsa kwathunthu chakudya chobweretsa champhongo. Makulitsidwe amatenga pafupifupi masiku makumi atatu. Anapiye amachoka pachisa ali ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zakubadwa.
Anapiye achichepere atasiya chisa, makolo onse awiri amapitiliza kuwadyetsa, kuwalera ndi kuwateteza. Amasamalira ana awo kwa zaka zingapo mpaka atakhala odziyimira pawokha. Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 40 mpaka 50. Ali mu ukapolo, mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zaku Africa zimakhala ndi moyo zaka 45, koma zimatha kukhala zaka 60. Kumtchire - zaka 22.7.
Natural adani a mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe
Chithunzi: Parrot Gray
Mwachilengedwe, ma parrot amvi ali ndi adani ochepa. Amalandira kuwonongeka kwakukulu kuchokera kwa anthu. M'mbuyomu, mafuko am'deralo amapha mbalame kuti apeze nyama. Anthu okhala ku West Africa amakhulupirira zamatsenga za nthenga zofiira, motero imvi idawonongedwa chifukwa cha nthenga. Pambuyo pake, mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zinagwidwa zikugulitsidwa. Jaco ndi mbalame zobisalira, zosamala, kotero ndizovuta kugwira munthu wamkulu. Aborigine mofunitsitsa adagwira anapiye achichepere muukonde kuti apeze ndalama.
Mdani wa imvi ndiye chiwombankhanga kapena chiwombankhanga (Gypohierax angolensis). Zakudya za chilombochi zimapangidwa makamaka ndi zipatso za kanjedza yamafuta. N'zotheka kuti khalidwe laukali la chiwombankhanga kwa imvi limakhala ndi mpikisano chifukwa cha chakudya. Wina akhoza kuwona momwe mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zotuwa zimamwazikira mwamantha mosiyanasiyana, ziukiridwa ndi chiwombankhanga. Mwinanso, inali chiwombankhanga choteteza malo odyetserako ziweto.
Zowononga zachilengedwe za mitundu iyi ndi monga:
- ziwombankhanga;
- mphungu ya kanjedza;
- anyani;
- nkhwali.
Mbalame zazikulu zimaphunzitsa ana awo momwe angatetezere gawo lawo, momwe angazindikire ndikupewa zolusa. Zimadyetsa nthaka, mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zouma zaku Africa zimakhala pachiwopsezo cha nyama zomwe zimadya pamtunda. Anyani amasaka mazira ndi anapiye achichepere. Mitundu yambiri ya mphamba imadyanso anapiye ndi akulu. Zapezeka kuti mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zotuwa mu ukapolo zimatha kutenga matenda a mafangasi, matenda a bakiteriya, zotupa zoyipa, matenda a milomo ndi nthenga, ndipo amatha kutenga kachilomboka ndi mphutsi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Parrot Gray
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa imvi adawonetsa zovuta za mbalameyo kuthengo. Kufikira 21% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi amagwidwa chaka chilichonse. Tsoka ilo, palibe lamulo loletsa kugwidwa ndi kugulitsa ma parrot. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwononga malo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kusaka nyama zakomweko kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi. Msampha wa mbalame zakutchire ndi womwe umathandizira kwambiri kutsika kwa mbalame zamtchire zaku Africa zakuda.
Chosangalatsa: Chiwerengero cha anthu amtchire kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 chidafika pa 13 miliyoni, ngakhale kafukufuku wowona anali osatheka chifukwa ma parrot amakhala kumadera akutali, nthawi zambiri osakhazikika pazandale.
Mvi imapezeka m'nkhalango zam'madera otentha ndi akumadzulo kwa West ndi Central Africa. Mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zimenezi zimadalira mitengo ikuluikulu, yakale yokhala ndi mabowo achilengedwe obisalira. Kafukufuku ku Guinea ndi Guinea-Bissau awonetsa kuti ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mitundu ya zachilengedwe ndi dera la nkhalango yayikulu ndiyofanana, pomwe nkhalango zikuchepa, momwemonso mitundu ya mbalame zotuwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, imvi ndi imodzi mwazinyama zosawerengeka zolembetsedwa ku CITES. Poyankha kuchepa kwa manambala, kugulitsa mopitirira muyeso komanso malonda osaloledwa komanso osaloledwa, CITES idaphatikizanso parrot wamvi ku Phase VI ya CITES Substantial Trade Survey mu 2004. Kuwunikaku kudapangitsa kuti zithandizire kupezeka kwa maiko akunja ndi lingaliro lokhazikitsa mapulani oyang'anira mitundu yazachilengedwe.
Kuteteza mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe
Chithunzi: Parrot Gray kuchokera ku Red Book
Kafukufuku wa 2003 wa United Nations Environment Programme adawonetsa kuti pakati pa 1982 ndi 2001, ma parrot pafupifupi 660,000 aimvi adagulitsidwa pamsika wapadziko lonse. Kupitilira muyeso kunawonetsa kuti mbalame zopitilira 300,000 zinafa pomangidwa kapena kunyamula.
Kulowetsa nyama zakutchire ku United States kudaletsedwa mu 1992 motsogozedwa ndi Wildlife Conservation Act. European Union idaletsa kulowetsa mbalame zakutchire mu 2007. Komabe, panali misika yayikulu yamalonda aku Africa Grays ku Middle East, East Asia ndi Africa komwe.
Chosangalatsa: Parrot imvi idalembedwa mu Zowonjezera II za Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Kutumiza kumayiko akunja kuyenera kutsagana ndi chilolezo choperekedwa ndi akuluakulu adziko lonse lapansi ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti kutumizako sikukuvulaza nyama zamtchire.
Parrot imvi zosowa kwambiri kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwa kale. Yasunthidwa kuchoka kuzinthu zochepa zomwe zatsala pang'ono kulowa ku 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti mpaka 21% ya mbalame zimachotsedwa kuthengo chaka chilichonse, makamaka chifukwa cha malonda a ziweto. Mu 2012, International Union for Conservation of Nature idakwezanso mkhalidwe wa imvi kufikira nyama zosatetezeka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.06.2019
Idasinthidwa: 22.09.2019 pa 23:46
