Nilgau Kodi ndi antelopes akulu aku Asia, koma osati akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mitunduyi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu, yapadera. Akatswiri ena a zinyama amakhulupirira kuti amaoneka ngati ng'ombe zamphongo kuposa agwape. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa antelope wamkulu waku India. Chifukwa chofanana ndi ng'ombe, nilgau amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama yopatulika ku India. Lero adazika mizu ndipo adakwaniritsidwa bwino mu nkhokwe ya Askanya Nova, komanso adziwitsidwa kumadera ena ambiri padziko lapansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nilgau
Nilgau kapena "ng'ombe yamtambo" imapezeka kudera laling'ono la India. Ndi yekhayo membala wa mtundu wa Boselaphus. Mitunduyi idafotokozedwa ndipo idadziwika ndi dzina lake kuchokera kwa katswiri wazanyama waku Germany a Peter Simon Pallas mu 1766. Dzinalo "Nilgai" limachokera pakuphatikizika kwa mawu ochokera mchilankhulo cha Chihindi: zero ("blue") + gai ("ng'ombe"). Dzinalo lidalembedwa koyamba mu 1882.
Kanema: Nilgau
Nyamayo imadziwikanso kuti antelope yoyera-yoyera. Dzinalo lotchedwa Boselaphus limachokera ku kuphatikiza kwa Latin bos ("ng'ombe" kapena "ng'ombe") ndi Greek elaphos ("nswala"). Ngakhale mtundu wa Boselafini tsopano ulibe oimira ku Africa, zotsalira zakale zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mtunduwu ku kontinentiyo kumapeto kwa Miocene. Mitundu iwiri ya antelope yamtunduwu yalembedwa kuti ili ndi zikhalidwe zofanana ndi mitundu yoyambirira monga Eotragus. Mitunduyi idayamba zaka 8.9 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo imayimira "ng'ombe" zakale kwambiri kuposa ng'ombe zonse zamoyo.
Mitundu yomwe ilipo komanso yatha ya mtundu wa Boselaphus ili ndi kufanana pakukula kwa chimake cha nyanga, gawo lake lamkati lamfupa. Ngakhale akazi a Nilgau alibe nyanga, abale awo akale anali ndi akazi okhala ndi nyanga. Achibale akalewa adayikidwapo mu banja laling'ono la Cephalophinae, lomwe pano limangophatikiza ma duikers aku Africa.
Zakale za Protragoceros ndi Sivoreas kuyambira kumapeto kwa Miocene zidapezeka osati ku Asia kokha komanso kumwera kwa Europe. Kafukufuku wa 2005 adawonetsa kusamukira kwa Miotragoceros kupita ku East Asia zaka pafupifupi eyiti miliyoni zapitazo. Nilgau amakhalabe pachibwenzi kuyambira ku Pleistocene amapezeka ku Kurnool Caves kumwera kwa India. Umboni ukusonyeza kuti adasakidwa ndi anthu nthawi ya Mesolithic (zaka 5000-8000 zapitazo)
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Nilgau
Nilgau ndi mphalapala zazikulu kwambiri pakati pa Asia. Msinkhu wake wamapewa ndi mita 1-1.5. Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 1.7-2.1 mita. Amuna amalemera 109-288 kg, ndipo zolemera zolemera kwambiri zinali 308 kg. Akazi ndi opepuka, olemera makilogalamu 100-213. Zoyipa zakugonana zimatchulidwa munyama izi.
Ndi mphalapala yolimba yokhala ndi miyendo yopyapyala, mmbuyo mopendekeka, khosi lakuya lokhazikika ndi malo oyera pakhosi ndi mane waubweya wam'mbuyo kumbuyo komanso kumbuyo kumapeto kumapeto kwa mapewa. Pali madontho oyera oyera awiri kumaso, makutu, masaya ndi chibwano. Makutu, utoto wakuda, ndi wautali wa masentimita 15 mpaka 18. Mane wa tsitsi loyera loyera kapena loyera, loyera pafupifupi masentimita 13, lili pakhosi la nyama. Mchirawo umakhala wotalika masentimita 54, uli ndi mawanga angapo oyera komanso wachikuda. Miyendo yakutsogolo nthawi zambiri imakhala yayitali ndipo nthawi zambiri imadziwika ndi masokosi oyera.
Pafupifupi azungu, ngakhale si maalubino, adawonedwa ku Sarishki National Park (Rajasthan, India), pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi mawanga oyera amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'malo osungira nyama. Amuna ali ndi nyanga zowongoka, zazifupi, zokakamira. Mtundu wawo ndi wakuda. Akazi alibe nyanga.
Ngakhale zazimuna ndi zachinyamata ndizofiirira-lalanje, amuna amakhala akuda kwambiri - malaya awo amakhala amtundu wabuluu. Mbali yamkati, ntchafu zamkati ndi mchira, mtundu wa nyama ndi woyera. Komanso, mzere woyera umachokera pamimba ndikukula pamene ukuyandikira dera lokongola, ndikupanga chigamba chokhala ndi tsitsi lakuda. Chovalacho ndi chotalika masentimita 23 mpaka 28, chofooka komanso chosalimba. Amuna amakhala ndi khungu lolimba pamutu ndi m'khosi lomwe limateteza ku masewera. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya sutetezera bwino kuzizira, chifukwa chake, chimfine chachikulu chimatha kupha nilgau.
Kodi nilgau amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Antelope ya Nilgau
Antelope iyi imapezeka ku Indian subcontinent: anthu ambiri amapezeka ku India, Nepal ndi Pakistan, pomwe ku Bangladesh adatha. Ziweto zazikulu zimapezeka m'chigwa cha Terai m'munsi mwa mapiri a Himalaya. Mimbulu imapezeka paliponse kumpoto kwa India. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku India chinali pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi mu 2001. Kuphatikiza apo, Nilgau adadziwitsidwa ku America.
Anthu oyamba adabweretsedwa ku Texas mzaka za 1920 ndi 1930s pa munda waukulu wa mahekitala 2400, umodzi mwamapulogalamu akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zotsatira zake zinali zakutchire zomwe zidalumphira kumapeto kwa ma 1940 ndipo pang'onopang'ono zidafalikira kuminda yoyandikana nayo.
A Nilgau amakonda madera okhala ndi zitsamba zazifupi komanso mitengo yobalalika m'ziyangoyango ndi zigwa. Amapezeka m'malo olimapo, koma sizimapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira. Ndi nyama yosunthika yomwe imatha kusintha malo osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti antelopes amangokhala ndipo samadalira kwenikweni madzi, amatha kusiya madera awo ngati madzi onse owazungulira adzauma.
Kuchepetsa ziweto kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana kudera lonse la India. Itha kukhala pakati pa anthu 0,23 mpaka 0,34 pa km² ku Indravati National Park (Chhattisgarh) ndi anthu 0.4 pa km² ku Pench Tigr Wildlife Refuge (Madhya Pradesh) kapena kuchokera pa 6.60 mpaka 11.36 pa 1 km² ku Ranthambore ndi 7 nilgau pa 1 km² ku Keoladeo National Park (onse ku Rajasthan).
Kusintha kwakanthawi kambiri kwadziwika ku Bardia National Park (Nepal). Kuchulukana ndi mbalame 3.2 pa kilomita imodzi nthawi yadzinja ndi mbalame zisanu pa kilomita imodzi mu Epulo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yadzuwa. Kummwera kwa Texas mu 1976, kuchulukaku kunapezeka kuti kuli pafupifupi anthu 3-5 pa kilomita lalikulu.
Kodi ningau amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nilgau
Nilgau ndi nyama zodyera. Amakonda udzu ndi zomera zomwe zimadyedwa m'nkhalango zowuma za India. Nyamazi zimatha kudyetsa udzu ndi mphukira zokha kapena pazakudya zosakanikirana zomwe zimaphatikizapo nthambi zamitengo ndi zitsamba. Nilgau amatha kupirira zovuta zodyetsa ziweto ndi kuwonongeka kwa zomera m'malo awo bwino kuposa mphalapala. Izi ndichifukwa choti amatha kufikira nthambi zazitali ndipo sizidalira zomera pansi.
Mbawala ya Sambar ndi nswala za Nilgau ku Nepal zili ndi zokonda zofananira. Zakudyazi zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Nilgau amatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali popanda madzi ndipo samamwa pafupipafupi ngakhale chilimwe. Komabe, pali milandu yolembedwa ku India komwe nilgau adamwalira, mwina chifukwa cha kutentha komanso kusowa kwamadzi.
Kafukufuku wazakudya za nilgau ku Sarish Reserve mu 1994 adawulula kusiyana kwakunyengo pakusankha nyama, udzu umakhala wofunikira kwambiri nthawi yamvula, pomwe antelopes amadyetsa komanso:
- maluwa (Butea monosperma);
- masamba (Anogeissus pendula, Capparis sepiaria, Grewia flavescens ndi Zizyphus mauritiana);
- nyemba (Acacia nilotica, A. catechu ndi A. leukophlea);
- zipatso (Zizyphus mauritiana).
Mitundu yazitsamba yomwe amakonda ndi Desmostachia bi-pinnate, bristle bristle, chala cha nkhumba, ndi vetiver. Zomera zodyera zimaphatikizapo Nile mthethe, A. Senegalese, A. masamba oyera, mabulosi oyera, Clerodendrum phlomidis, Crotalaria burhia, Indigofera oblongifolia, ndi Ziziphus monetchaet.
Mbeu za Paspalum distichum zimapezeka ndowe za Nilgau pafupifupi chaka chonse. Mbeu za Nile acacia ndi Prozopis ng'ombe zimapezeka mchilimwe, ndipo zimakhazikika munthawi yamvula.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama za Nilgau
Nilgau antelope imagwira m'mawa ndi madzulo. Amuna ndi akazi samacheza ndi amuna pafupifupi chaka chonse, kupatula nthawi yokwatirana. Magulu azimayi ndi achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa ndipo amakhala khumi kapena kuposa pamenepo, ngakhale magulu a 20 mpaka 70 amatha kupezeka nthawi ndi nthawi.
Mu 1980 pakuwona ku Bardia National Park (Nepal), kuchuluka kwa ziweto kunali anthu atatu, ndipo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi antelopes ku Gir National Park (Gujarat, India), wochitidwa mu 1995, adalemba kuti ziweto zambiri zimasiyana kutengera nyengo.
Komabe, magulu atatu osiyana nthawi zambiri amapanga:
- imodzi kapena ziwiri zazikazi ndi ana a ng'ombe;
- kuyambira azimayi atatu mpaka asanu achikulire ndi azaka chimodzi ali ndi ana a ng'ombe;
- magulu amuna ndi mamembala awiri mpaka eyiti.
Ali ndi maso komanso makutu akumva, omwe ndiabwino kuposa nswala zoyera, koma alibe fungo labwino. Ngakhale kuti ninghau nthawi zambiri imakhala chete, imatha kubangula ngati mawu akamachita mantha. Akathamangitsidwa ndi zilombo, amatha kufika pamtunda wa makilomita 29 pa ola limodzi. A Nilgau amadziwika madera awo ndikupanga milu ya ndowe.
Nkhondo zimachitika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndipo zimakankhirana khosi kapena kumenya nyanga. Ndewu zili zamagazi, ngakhale khungu loteteza kwambiri, kuphulika kumatha kuchitika, komwe kumatha kubweretsa imfa. Mnyamata wamwamuna adawonedwa kuti akuwonetsa kugonjera ku Sarish Reserve, akugwada pamaso pa mwamuna wamkulu yemwe wayimirira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nilgau Cub
Kuthekera kwakubala kwazimayi kumawonekera kuyambira zaka ziwiri, ndipo kubadwa koyamba kumachitika, patatha chaka chimodzi, ngakhale nthawi zina akazi osakwana chaka chimodzi ndi theka amatha kukwatirana. Zazimayi zimatha kuberekanso patatha chaka chimodzi zitabereka. Amuna, kusasitsa kwachedwa kufika zaka zitatu. Amayamba kugonana ali ndi zaka zinayi kapena zisanu.
Kukhathamira kumatha kuchitika chaka chonse, ndi nsonga za miyezi itatu kapena inayi. Nthawi pachaka zomwe nsonga izi zimachitika zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo. Ku Bharatpur National Park (Rajasthan, India), nyengo yoswana imayamba kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Okutobala, pachimake mu Novembala ndi Disembala.
M'nyengo yokhwima, nthawi yamphongo, yamphongo imasuntha ikufuna zazikazi zikatenthedwa. Amuna amakhala aukali ndikumenyera ulamuliro. Pakumenyanako, otsutsa amakoka pachifuwa chawo ndikuwopseza mdani, akuthamanga ndi nyanga zawo molunjika kwa iye. Ng'ombe yamphongo yopambana imakhala mnzake wa mkazi wosankhidwa. Chibwenzi chimatenga mphindi 45. Mwamunayo amayandikira mkazi womvetsera, yemwe amatsitsa mutu wake pansi ndipo amatha kuyenda patsogolo pang'ono. Yamphongo imanyambita maliseche ake, kenako imakanikizana ndi yaikazi ndikukhala pamwamba.
Nthawi ya bere imatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu kapena isanu ndi inayi, pambuyo pake mwana wamphongo mmodzi kapena mapasa (nthawi zina ngakhale atatu) amabadwa. Pakafukufuku yemwe adachitika mu 2004 ku Sariska Nature Reserve, kubereka kawiri kunatenga 80% ya ng'ombe zonse. Ng'ombe zimatha kubwerera m'miyendo mkati mwa mphindi 40 kuchokera pakubadwa ndikudzidyetsa pakadutsa sabata yachinayi.
Amayi apakati amakhala okhaokha asanabadwe ndipo amabisa ana awo milungu ingapo yoyambirira. Nthawi yobisala iyi imatha kukhala mwezi umodzi. Amuna achimuna amasiya amayi awo ali ndi miyezi khumi kuti alowe nawo magulu azachinyamata. Nilgau amakhala ndi moyo wazaka khumi kuthengo.
Adani achilengedwe a nilgau
Chithunzi: Antelope ya Nilgau
Antelope amatha kuwoneka mwamantha komanso osamala akasokonezedwa. M'malo mofufuza, amayesetsa kuthawa ngozi. Nilgau nthawi zambiri amakhala chete, koma akasokonezeka, amayamba kutulutsa mabowo achidule. Anthu osokonezeka, makamaka ochepera miyezi isanu, amatulutsa mkokomo womwe umatha kwa theka lachiwiri, koma amatha kumveka mpaka 500 m.
Nilgau ndi nyama zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zazikulu, motero si nyama iliyonse yomwe imatha kuthana nayo. Chifukwa chake, alibe adani achilengedwe ambiri.
Adani achilengedwe akuluakulu a nilgau:
- Kambuku wamwenye;
- mkango;
- kambuku.
Koma nthumwi za nyama sizinyama zofunikira za mphalapala za Nilgau ndipo zimakonda kufunafuna nyama zing'onozing'ono, ndipo popeza kulibe ambiri mwachilengedwe, antelopes amenewa sanatsatiridwe konse. Kuphatikiza apo, agalu amtchire, mimbulu ndi afisi amizeremizere amayesa kusaka nyama zazing'ono m'gulu.
Akatswiri ena a zinyama akuwona momwe a Nilgau amatetezera ana, pokhala oyamba kuwukira adani ngati alibe chochita. Akukoka khosi lawo kumbuyo, mosazindikira amayenda mpaka nyama yobisalira ndikuukira mwachangu, kuthamangitsa mdani kunja kwa msipu, komwe kuli gulu la antelopes.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Nilgau
Chiwerengero cha a Nilgau pakadali pano sichiri pachiwopsezo. Amadziwika kuti Ali Pangozi Yowonongeka ndi International Union for Conservation of Natural and Natural Resources (IUCN). Ngakhale nyamayi ili ponseponse ku India, sikupezeka ku Nepal ndi Pakistan.
Zifukwa zazikulu zowonongera mayiko awiriwa ndikutha ku Bangladesh zinali zofala kusaka, kudula nkhalango ndi kuwononga malo, zomwe zidakulirakulira m'zaka za zana la 20. Ku India, nilgai amatetezedwa pansi pa Gawo III la Wildlife Conservation Act 1972.
Madera akuluakulu otetezedwa ku nilgau amapezeka ku India ndipo akuphatikizapo:
- Gir National Park (Gujarat);
- Malo a National Bandhavgarh;
- Malo osungira Bori;
- Phiri la Kanh;
- Sanjay National Park;
- satpur (Madhya Pradesh);
- Malo osungira zachilengedwe a Tadoba Andhari (Maharashtra);
- Malo osungira zachilengedwe a Kumbhalgarh;
- Sultanpur National Park ku Gurgaon;
- Nkhalango ya Ranthambore;
- Malo osungira nyalugwe a Saris.
Kuyambira mu 2008, kuchuluka kwa anthu achilengedwe alireza ku Texas kunali pafupifupi zidutswa 37,000. Mwachilengedwe, anthu amapezekanso m'maiko aku America a Alabama, Mississippi, Florida ndi boma la Tamaulipas ku Mexico, komwe adatha atathawa m'minda yachilendo. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi malire a Texas ndi Mexico akuti pafupifupi 30,000 (kuyambira 2011).
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 at 22:27
