Gulu - motley, kutsimikizira dzina lake, mbalame ya mtundu womwewo, chifukwa chake dzina lachi Latin lodziwika limatchedwa "Bonasa bonasia". Malongosoledwe ndi dzinali adaperekedwa ndi Linnaeus mu 1758. Uyu ndi munthu wamba wokhala m'nkhalango zokhazokha zaku Eurasia.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Grouse
Mbalame zimakhala ndi nkhuku zambiri. Achibale apafupi kwambiri ndi banja la pheasant. Awa ndiwo grouse yaying'ono kwambiri: kulemera kwawo kumafikira 500 g. Mtundu wa hazel grouse, kuwonjezera pa waukuluwo, umaphatikizanso ma subspecies ena khumi.
Zonsezi ndizofanana, zimasiyana malo okhalamo ndipo zimawoneka pang'ono ndi kukula. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi katswiri pofufuza mozama.
Kanema: Grouse
Ngakhale ma hazel grouse ali ofanana kwambiri ndi anzawo anzawo, palinso umboni wa mtanda pakati pa mbalameyi ndi mamembala ena a m'banjamo, koma kafukufuku wamtunduwu akuwonetsa kudzipatula pagulu lonselo. Kusiyanasiyana koyamba kwakusiyana kudachitika pomwe kolala ya hazel grouse idasiyanitsidwa. Kenako ma subspecies osankhidwa ndi Severtsov's hazel grouse adawonekera.
Mbalameyi imapezeka kulikonse komwe kumapezeka ku spruce, pine kapena nkhalango zosakanikirana ku Eurasia; ndimomwe amakhala nzika za taiga. Mbalamezi zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri pansi, ngati china chake chiziwopsyeza, zimawuluka pamwamba pama nthambi pafupi ndi thunthu, koma sizimayenda patali. Hazel grouse samasuntha, amakhala malo amodzi.
Chosangalatsa: Hazel grouse nthawi zonse yakhala malonda chifukwa cha nyama yake yokoma. Ili ndi kukoma kwapadera, kowawa pang'ono, kotsekemera. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yakusaka m'nyengo yozizira, misampha yosiyanasiyana, malupu amaikidwapo ndipo imagwidwa ndi ukonde. Akamasaka ndi galu, amayendetsa hazel grouse mumtengo, ndikupatsa mwayi woponya masewerawo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Grouse bird
Ptah ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, aliyense amene adamuwonapo kamodzi sangasokoneze. Ndi kulemera kochepa - pafupifupi magalamu 500, amawoneka wonenepa, pomwe mutu wake ndi wocheperako. Izi zimalimbikitsidwa ndi kamlomo kakang'ono kakang'ono (10 mm) kakang'ono kopindika pang'ono.
Mbalameyi ili ndi nthenga zambiri za motley. Mitunduyo imakhala ndimalo oyera, otuwa, akuda ndi ofiira, omwe amaphatikizika mikwingwirima, ma semicircles, koma kuchokera patali amawoneka otuwa mopepuka, owoneka pang'ono ofiira, miyendo ndi imvi. Mtundu umasindikiza ma hazel grouse bwino. Khosi mwa amuna ndi lakuda, ndipo mwa akazi ndilofanana ndi mtundu wonse wa bere.
Kuzungulira maso akuda kuli mawonekedwe ofiira a burgundy, owala kwambiri mwa amuna. Kwa amuna, mawonekedwe pamutu ndi mawonekedwe, mwa akazi samatchulidwa kwambiri, ndipo ndi ocheperako pang'ono. Pofika nthawi yozizira, mbalameyi, ikapeza chovala chambiri, imakhala yopepuka, nthenga zosinthidwa zimakhala ndi malire owala. Izi zimathandiza mbalame kuti zizibisala bwino m'nkhalango zachisanu.
Mukayang'ana zotsalira m'chipale chofewa, mutha kuwona zala zitatu zikuloza kutsogolo ndi chimodzi kumbuyo, ndiye kuti, ngati nkhuku yabwinobwino, koma yaying'ono kwambiri. Gawo wamba la mbalameyi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10.
Kodi hazel grouse amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: hazel grouse masika
Ma hazel grouses amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. M'nkhalango za paini zimangopezeka kumalo omwe kuli mitengo yambiri komanso ya fern, koma zimapewa chivundikiro chazitali komanso chokhuthala. Mbalame yochenjera komanso yobisalira imapezeka kawirikawiri m'mphepete mwa nkhalango kapena m'mphepete mwake, kokha m'nkhalango. Malo okhwima, nkhalango m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, madera otsika, nkhalango za spruce zokhala ndi mitengo yodula: aspen, birch, alder - apa nkhokwe za hazel zimakhala omasuka ndi chakudya chabwino.
M'mbuyomu, amapezeka ku Central ndi Western Europe, koma kwa zaka zopitilira zana asowa m'derali. Tsopano mitunduyi ikupezeka ku Eastern Europe mpaka ku Far East. Amapezeka kumpoto kwa zilumba za Japan, ngakhale kuti chiwerengerochi chikuchepa, ku Korea. M'mbuyomu, hazel grouse idapezeka yambiri m'nkhalango zaku China ndi Mongolia, koma dera lomwe nkhalango zitachepa, malo okhala mbalame acheperako.
Kumadzulo kwa kontinenti ya Europe, pali madera osiyana komwe mungakumane ndi mbalame, mwachitsanzo, ku France, Belgium. Kum'mwera, malire ogawa amayenda m'mapiri a Altai, ku Mongolia motsatira mapiri a Khangai ndi Khentei spurs, ku China - limodzi ndi Great Khingan, kenako pakati pa Peninsula yaku Korea. Derali limakhudza Russian Sakhalin ndi Japan Hokkaido. M'madera akumwera, ma grazel hazel amapezeka kumadera ena a Caucasus, Tien Shan, kum'mawa - ku Kamchatka.
Kodi hazel grouse imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Grouse m'nyengo yozizira
Pazakudya za hazel grouse, pali zakudya zamasamba ndi tizilombo. Anapiye, kumigawo yoyamba ya moyo, amadyetsa tizilombo, mazira (nyemba) za nyerere, kenako pang'onopang'ono amasintha kubzala chakudya.
Chosangalatsa: Ma grazel okhawo omwe amakhala ndi zakudya zotchulidwa nyengo. Kuphatikiza apo, matumbo a nkhuku ndi omwe amachititsa kuti ulusi wazomera ulimbe. M'chilimwe, pomwe menyu yayikulu imakhala ndi kukula kwachinyamata, zipatso, tizilombo, sizimagwira ntchito.
Kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika, tizilombo tokha titawonekera, ma hazel grouses amadya nsikidzi zonunkhira m'nkhalango, kafadala, nyerere, ziwala ndi mphutsi zawo, komanso ma slugs. Kuchokera pachakudya chazomera amakonda: mbewu za udzu wa m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana, inflorescence ndikukula kwazitsamba, birch ndi alder catkins.
Kuchokera ku zipatso:
- Rowan;
- Kalina;
- Mbalame yamatcheri;
- Kutulutsa;
- Hawthorn;
- Mabulosi;
- Mabulosi abulu;
- Mafupa;
- Nkhalango currant;
- Strawberries, ndi zina zotero.
Zambiri mwa zakudya zimatha kusiyanasiyana, kutengera dera lomwe mukukhalamo. Zitha kuphatikizira kuyambira mayina awiri ndi theka mpaka khumi ndi limodzi. Zokolola za mtedza wa paini zimakhudza kwambiri chakudya cha hazel grouse. Mbalame yake imadya mosangalala kwambiri, kwinaku ikudya mafuta. M'zaka zowonda, kuchuluka kwa nthumwi ya grouse kumachepa kwambiri. Koma kudzikundikira kwamafuta kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha spruce kapena mbewu za paini.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: okhawo oimira amtunduwu omwe amakhala ku Siberia, komwe kumakhala nyengo yovuta komanso nyengo yachisanu, "onenepa".
Mbalame zimathera nthawi yochuluka pansi, ndipamene zimadzipezera chakudya, ndipo pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira zimakhala nthawi yayitali mumitengo, kufunafuna mbewu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kugaya chakudya cha hazel grouse, monga nkhuku wamba, ndikofunikira kumeza timiyala tating'onoting'ono, tomwe thumba la "gogo" limakulunga ulusi. Ngakhale anapiye a milungu iwiri amakanda tizigawo ting'onoting'ono ta timiyala kapena mchenga.
M'dzinja, mbalame zimasankha mbalame zoyendera m'mbali mwa misewu ya m'nkhalango kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya taiga, pa scree. Miyala ndimiyala yofunika makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, pamene gawo la chakudya chokhwima limakulirakulira. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimadya nsonga zofewa ndi masamba a masamba obiriwira. Chakudyachi sichikhala ndi ma calories ambiri, chifukwa chake mbalame zimakakamizidwa kuwonjezera voliyumu yake kawiri kapena katatu, poyerekeza ndi nthawi yachilimwe. Polemera, kudya tsiku lililonse kumatha kukhala 50 g, ndipo nthawi yotentha sikuposa 15 g.
M'nyengo yozizira, ma hazel grouse amapeza lingonberries kapena blueberries pansi pa chisanu. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, mbewa zikatseguka pansi pa kunyezimira kwa dzuŵa, njere zomwe zikutayika zimathandiza mbalame zowondazo kumaliza bwino nyengo yozizira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zokongoletsa nyama
Grouse samapereka mawu nthawi zambiri, koma ngati izi zichitika, ndiye kuti mutha kumva mluzu wobaya, koyambirira kumamveka kulira kwakanthawi kochepa kenako kwaphokoso.
Mbali yosangalatsa ya mbalameyi m'moyo wachisanu. Monga grouse yakuda, mamembala ang'onoang'ono am'banjali amakhala usiku chisanu. Imeneyi si njira yokhayo yobisalira nyama zolusa ndikutenthedwa ndi chipale chofewa, komanso mwayi wotenthetsera zomwe zili mu goiter. Popeza masamba ndi nthambi zomwe mbalame zimadya zili zowuma, pamafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti ziwasunthire kuti asungunuke. Ndizovuta kuchita izi mumlengalenga kozizira. Choncho mbalame zimabisala pansi pa chipale chofewa ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kutsika pansi pa zero.
Amalowerera mu makulidwe kuchokera kuma nthambi, komwe adapeza chakudya chawo. Pachifukwachi, ndikwanira kuti kuya kwa chivundikirocho kuli masentimita osachepera 15. Ngati chipale chofewa chimakhala cholimba, ndiye kuti ma hazel grouses amadutsa njira ndi dzenje lomwe amabisalamo. Popeza adalowerera mu chisanu chofewa, mbalame zimakumba njira, ndi mawoko awo, kenako zimakankha chisanu ndi mapiko awo, chifukwa kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira amakhala osawoneka bwino.
Pamene ikuyenda pansi pa chisanu, hazel grouse imapanga mabowo, kuyang'ana pozungulira. Mabowo oterewa amakhala pamtunda wonse wamaphunzirowo pamtunda wa masentimita 20. Mu chisanu kwambiri, mbalame m'misasa yotere imatha kukhala tsiku lonse, ikuuluka kamodzi kapena kawiri kuti idye. Mbalame imatseka njira kulowa mdzenje ndi chisanu, imachita izi ndi mutu wake.
M'khola lachisanu, kutentha kosasunthika kumasungidwa, pafupifupi madigiri asanu. Satsikira m'munsimu, ndipo ikayamba kutentha, mbalameyo imapanganso dzenje lina "lowuluka". Chifukwa chake, mkati mwamaphunziro ndi "bedi" pamwamba pa chipale chofewa sichimasungunuka ndipo sichiphimbidwa ndi ayezi, ndipo nthenga ya mbalameyi siimanyowa.
Monga lamulo, ma hazel grouses nthawi zonse amabisala pansi pa chisanu m'malo omwewo. Zinyama zolusa ndi alenje amatha kupeza bedi lotere ndi ndowe zawo. M'chilimwe, ma hazel grouses amatsatira gawo lawo, osalola alendo, koma nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena awiriawiri. Koma pamenepa, amaika mabowo patali, mpaka pafupifupi 6-7 mita.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Grouse
Mbalameyi ndi ya mkazi mmodzi. Nyengo yokwanira imayamba masika - kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo, kutengera nyengo. M'madera osiyanasiyana amatha mpaka makumi awiri a Meyi (komwe kumatentha) mpaka Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi - m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kukonzekera kwa amuna okwatirana kumakhudzidwa osati nyengo zokha, komanso kutalika kwa nthawi yamasana.
Nthawi yokwatirana ya ma hazel grouses, monga mamembala am'banja la grouse, imalumikizidwa ndi mating, koma samasonkhanitsa zidutswa zingapo pa nsomba zawo zapano, koma amayang'anira wokondedwa wawo payekhapayekha. Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lake, lomwe amaliteteza mwamphamvu ndi kuteteza. Wotsutsa akawonekera, nkhondo ndiyosapeweka. Amuna apano ali pafupi wina ndi mnzake, molimba mtima amawoloka malire a oyandikana kuti akachite nawo nkhondo ndi wotsutsana wina.
Pakugunda koteroko, amuna amakhala olimba mtima:
- Pa ntchentche "ndevu" imaima kumapeto;
- Khosi ndi mutu zimatambasulidwa patsogolo;
- Nthenga zonse zafalikira;
- Mchira umasokonekera.
Pakadali pano, champhongo chimatsegula mapiko ake, chimafutukula mchira wake, chonsecho chimakhala chowala bwino, chowoneka bwino kwambiri, ngati kuti chikuwoneka chowoneka chokongola komanso chosangalatsa kwa chachikazi, chilakwacho chimakwera mozungulira. Pakadali pano, amasunthira pansi mwamphamvu, ndikukoka mapiko ake. Imatulutsa likhweru lapadera, phokoso loitana. Mkaziyu ali pafupi, akuyankha ndi ma trill ofupikira, ndipo amathamangira kuitana.
Kukwatiwa kumachitika pomwepo, kenako banjali limakhala pafupi kwakanthawi. Kenako ntchito yonse imabwerezedwanso. Pakati pa nthawi yokhwima, amuna amalephela kunenepa kwambiri, chifukwa samadya, ndipo zazikazi panthawiyi zimayamba kunenepa kwambiri zisanayikire mazira ndi kuswa anapiye.
Chisa cha hazel grouse, pafupifupi 20 cm m'mimba mwake, ndi chovuta kuchipeza; chimakhazikika pansi pamulu wa nkhuni zakufa, mdzenje laling'ono. Mbalameyi imadziphimba ndi udzu wouma, masamba a chaka chatha. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito zisa za mbalame zina.
Chakumapeto kwa masika, mkazi amayikira pafupifupi mazira 8 okhala ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 30 mm, kutalika mpaka 40 mm (kuchuluka kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira atatu mpaka khumi ndi asanu). Chipolopolocho chimakhala ndi mchenga wachikasu, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta utoto wofiirira, mtundu wa mazira, popanga makulidwe, umatha. Ndikosatheka kuwona mbalame yobisalira ikukhala pachisa, momwemo imalumikizana ndi mbiri yozungulira.
Mzimayi yekha ndi amene amachita nawo mazira, amatenga pafupifupi milungu itatu. Yaimuna nthawi zonse imakhala yotseka nthawi imeneyi komanso nthawi yomwe nkhuku imakhala ndi anapiye, koma satenga nawo mbali pakulera ndi kuswa.
Chosangalatsa: Champhongo, pakafa wamkazi, amatha kusamalira anawo.
Ana amaswa kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Julayi, kutengera dera. Anapiye, monga nkhuku za nkhuku, amawonekera nthawi yomweyo atafota ndipo, akauma, amayamba kuthamanga, koma nthawi zambiri amabisala pansi pa phiko la amayi kuti azitha kutentha. Kuyambira masiku oyamba, moyang'aniridwa ndi amayi awo, amasaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pa kapinga m'mawa ndi madzulo. Mkaziyo amadzaza chakudya chawo ndi mazira a nyerere, ndikuwabweretsa pamwamba. Masana, amaikidwa m'manda, mitengo yakufa, ndiudzu.
Nthenga zikawonekera, kumapeto kwa sabata yoyamba amatha kuuluka, ndipo pakatha milungu iwiri akuwuluka mumitengo. Ali ndi masiku khumi, amalemera pafupifupi 10 g, kenako amayamba kunenepa mwachangu ndipo pakadutsa miyezi iwiri amafikira kukula kwa achikulire, panthawi yomwe amakhala atapeza nthenga zomwe zimadziwika ndi hazel grouse. Chakumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala, ana amasweka, ndipo anapiye okhwima amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe a ma hazel grouses
Chithunzi: Ryabchik
Mmodzi mwa adani akuluakulu a hazel grouse chaka chonse ndi ma mustelids, ndipo ku Siberia, nthumwi za banja lalikululi ndizabwino. Amakonda mbalameyi kwa wina aliyense, ngakhale atakhala wosankha.
Chosangalatsa: M'nyengo yozizira, mphanga imatha kudya ma hazel opitilira khumi ndi awiri.
Zoti mbalameyi imakhala ili pansi nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti nyama zosiyanasiyana zitha kuzipeza. Nkhandwe, lynx, ferret, marten, weasel - onsewa sachita manyazi kudya pagulu laling'ono la pheasant. Mbalameyi imakhudzidwanso ndi mbalame zodya nyama: akadzidzi, nkhwangwa.
M'nyengo yozizira, kuti tithawe kuzizira ndikubisalira nyama zolusa, ma grazel grows amalowa mu chisanu. Podziwa izi, osaka m'malo oterewa amatchera misampha ngakhale kugwira nyama ndi maukonde. Koma ma martens amathanso kupeza ma hazel grouses pansi pa chipale chofewa. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimapulumutsidwa ndikuti zimadutsa njira zazitali kuchokera mita imodzi mpaka inayi. Mpaka atagonjetsedwa ndi nyama yolusa, amatha kuchoka m'malo awo achisanu.
Nkhumba zakutchire - nguluwe zakutchire zitha kuwononga zisa za mbalame pakudya mazira, zimakhudza kwambiri mbalame m'derali.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: ma martens samangodya ma hazel grouses, komanso amapangira zinthu kuchokera ku mbalameyi.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingathenso kuwonedwa ngati adani a hazel grouse; pali mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi isanu ya mphutsi, zomwe mbalame zimavutika ndikufa.
Munthuyo amakhudzanso anthu. Grouse ndi amodzi mwamitundu yam'mwamba, yomwe yakhala ikusakidwa m'malo ena kwazaka zambiri. Koma vuto lalikulu limayambitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe - kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Ku Siberia, pamakhala moto wapachaka womwe umawononga mahekitala ambiri a nkhalango, ndipo m'malo mwake ndi zamoyo zonse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Grouse bird
Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango, kuchuluka kwa ma grouse, komwe kale kunali kwakukulu, kwatsika kwambiri. Pakati pa zaka zapitazi, ku Europe ku Russia kumpoto kumpoto kwa mahekitala zana, panali mbalame ziwiri kapena zitatu ndi theka. Pakatikati mwa Russia, panali madera omwe anthu pafupifupi 100 amakhala mdera lomweli.
Chiwerengero cha mbalame chimayamba kuchepa komanso kuphwanya malo okhala chifukwa cha momwe anthu amakhudzira chilengedwe. Koma mitunduyi imakhalabe m'malo ambiri m'mbiri ndipo siyatsala pang'ono kutha.
Mwambiri, ku Europe, anthu amafika pa 1.5-2.9 miliyoni awiriawiri a mbalame, zomwe ndi pafupifupi 30% ya chiwerengerocho. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi ku Eurasia chikuyembekezeka kukhala 9.9-19.9 miliyoni.
- 10-100 zikwi ziwiri zisa ku China;
- Pali pafupifupi awiriawiri miliyoni ku Korea;
- Ku Japan, pali 100 miliyoni - 1 miliyoni awiriawiri.
Ambiri mwa anthu ali ku Russia.Posachedwa, chifukwa chokana kusaka nyama zambiri kuti zatumize nkhuku, anthu aku Russia ndi m'maiko omwe adatchedwa Soviet adakhazikika.
Kuphatikiza pa zovuta za anthropogenic, kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kukhudzidwa ndi nyengo yozizira yozizira. Phula pake, mbalame sizingaboole chipale chofewa. Zogona usiku wonse pansi pa thambo, mbalame zimafa ndi hypothermia. Nthawi zambiri, ma hazel grouses amapezeka mumsampha wachisanu pansi pa chisanu. Chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, mu ma hazel grouses, ndi 30-50 peresenti yokha ya anapiye omwe amakhala ndi moyo mpaka kukula, kotala mwa iwo amamwalira m'masiku oyamba.
Mkhalidwe wapadziko lonse wa mbalameyi umawerengedwa kuti siwowopsa kwambiri.
Kusaka mbalameyi ndikoletsedwa m'maiko ena ku Europe. Ku Germany, adachitapo kanthu kuti abwezeretsenso ma grazel hazel. Ku Finland, pakuwunikiridwa mosalekeza kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi, pamafunika njira zotetezera nkhalango zazikulu ndikugwiranso ntchito zobzala nkhalango komwe zawonongedwa ndi moto kapena anthu. Kubwezeretsa malo okhala ndi kulumikizana pakati pa malo okhala anthu ndikofunikira kwambiri. Madera otetezedwa amathandizira kukhalabe ndi anthu okhazikika. Gulu mbalame yosangalatsa komanso yachilendo, anthu omwe sayenera kuchepa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 16:42
