Walruses ndi amodzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino kumpoto. Ali ndi zikopa m'malo mwa miyendo yodziwika kwa aliyense, kumbuyo kwa mchira wofanana ndi nsomba. Alinso ndi minyanga yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imawapangitsa kuti asasokonezeke ndi nyama zina, komanso kukana nyengo yozizira yozizira, ndichifukwa chake mawuwo walrus adadzakhala dzina lapanyumba. Nyama zikuluzikulu zam'madzi izi ndi zokhazo zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi a Arctic.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Walrus
Malinga ndi mtundu wazachilengedwe, ma walrus ndi am'banja la walrus komanso a pinnipeds. Ndiye kuti, ali ndi zipsepse m'malo mwa miyendo. Achibale akutali a walrus ndi zisindikizo zamakona, zomwe ndizofanana kwambiri. Kwa nthawi yayitali, ma pinniped onse amawerengedwa ngati dongosolo limodzi, koma malinga ndi malingaliro amakono, zisindikizo zokhazokha zokha ndizogwirizana ndi ma walrus, ndipo zisindikizo zenizeni zimakhala za mzere wina.
Kanema: Walrus
M'malo mwake, ma pinniped onse amachokera kwa makolo osiyanasiyana, ndipo mawonekedwe ofanana a thupi ndi ziwalo amafotokozedwa ndimakhalidwe omwewo. Mizere ya zisindikizo zamakutu ndi ma walrus zidasokonekera zaka 28 miliyoni zapitazo. Ma walrus omwe, mwa mawonekedwe amakono, adapangidwa zaka 5-8 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo amakhala kudera la Pacific. Amakhala m'madzi a Arctic pafupifupi zaka 1 miliyoni.
Pali ma subspecies atatu osiyana a walrus, omwe amakhala ndi magawo osagundana, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakung'ono, awa ndi awa:
- Pacific walrus;
- Walrus wa ku Atlantic;
- Laptev walrus.
Ngakhale, malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa DNA komanso kafukufuku wa morphometric, asayansi adayamba kukhulupirira kuti munthu ayenera kusiya kuganizira za subspecies za Laptev walrus ngati payokha. Ngakhale kutalikirana kwa ma walrus amenewa, titha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi anthu akumadzulo kwambiri ku Pacific subspecies.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal walrus
Thupi la walrus ndilokulirapo komanso lalikulu. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika pamtengo kuchokera pa 4 mpaka 5 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kufikira matani theka ndi theka. Akazi ndi ochepa. Mutu wa walrus ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi thupi lake, motero umawoneka ngati kamtengo kakang'ono pakhosi pake lamphamvu.
Mphuno ya nyama imakhala ndi ndevu zambiri zolimba komanso zolimba, zomwe makulidwe ake amatha kufika 1 kapena 2 mm, ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Walrus alibe makutu akunja, maso ndi ochepa komanso owonera pang'ono. Ma vibrissae pamaso panyama amafanana ndi burashi m'maonekedwe awo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma walrus posaka nkhono zam'madzi komanso poyenda pansi, popeza pakuya kwambiri pansi pa madzi oundana kulibe kuwala kokwanira, ndipo masomphenya amayamba kuchita gawo lachiwiri.
Walruses ali ndi ziphuphu zapamwamba, zomwe zimapangidwa bwino kwambiri, zokwanira mokwanira ndikulunjika patali kupitirira nsagwada. Amatchedwa mano. Ndi iwo, walrus amalima pansi, kuyesa kukumba mollusk ndi zamoyo zina zobisika mumchenga. Mukamayenda pa ayezi, walrus amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zikopazo ngati chothandizira kuchitira limodzi. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ichi sicholinga chawo chachikulu. Nthawi zina zibangili zimawonongeka ndipo walrus amataya. Izi zimachitika makamaka mukamangidwa, chifukwa cha konkire wolimba m'makolawo.
Chosangalatsa: nkhono zimatha kufikira mita imodzi ndikulemera mpaka 5 kg. Minyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo, chifukwa chake yamphongo yokhala ndi minyewa yambiri imalamulira.
Khungu lakuda kwambiri lanyama limaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, loyandikira kwambiri. Koma ndi msinkhu, tsitsi la thupi limachepa, ndipo m'makalasi akale, khungu limakhala lopanda kanthu. Khungu lenilenilo ndi lofiirira.
Miyendo ya walrus, monga ya pinnipeds zina, ndi zikuluzikulu. Koma amasinthidwa kuti ayende pamtunda, mosiyana ndi zisindikizo. Chifukwa chake, ma walrus amatha kuyenda pamtunda osakwawa ngati mapini ena. Zitsulozo ndizovuta. Pamtunda, ma walrus ndiosokonekera, sangathe kuyenda. Koma amasambira bwino ndipo amakhala omasuka m'madzi.
Kodi walrus amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sea walrus
Ma Walrus amakhala mozungulira m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic mozungulira North Pole. Mtundu wawo ndi circumpolar. Mutha kukumana ndi nyama kugombe lakumpoto kwa Europe, Asia, komanso m'madzi agombe a North America ndi zilumba zambiri za Arctic. Koma mosiyana ndi zisindikizo, ma walrus samapewa malo onse otseguka amadzi komanso kunyamula ayezi, chifukwa chake amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi gombe.
Mwambiri, ma walrus amakonda kukhala komwe kuya kuya sikupitilira mita zana. Popeza chakudya chawo chochuluka chimakhala ndi zamoyo zakumunsi, pochepera muyenera kumira ndikuwononga mphamvu, nyama ndizosavuta. Koma nthawi yomweyo, pafupifupi walrus aliyense amatha kumira m'madzi akuya masentimita 150-200.
Zosangalatsa: Ma Walruse amatha kuchepetsa kugunda kwa mtima wawo akamadumphira m'madzi. Ndipo mafuta ambiri osanjikiza amawathandiza kupirira kutentha kwa madzi, komwe kumateteza kutentha.
Nyama zimasamukira kwakanthawi, koma ndizochepa kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, anthu a walrus amasunthira chakumwera, koma ma 100-200 okha. Kwa nyama zazikulu zotere, izi ndizochepa kwambiri.
Ma walrus ambiri amakhala ku Chukchi Peninsula, m'mphepete mwa Bering Strait; palinso madera ambiri ku Labrador Peninsula. Ma walrus ocheperako amapezeka kumadzulo ndi pakati pa gombe la Eurasia. Oimira ma subspecies a Atlantic amakhala kufupi ndi Greenland ndi Spitsbergen.
Ma walrus amenewa amapezekanso kumadzulo kwa Arctic ya Russia. Chiwerengero chokhacho cha Laptev cha walrus chimapezeka mdera lakumadzulo ndi kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Laptev. Subpecies iyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri.
Kodi walrus amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Atlantic walrus
Ma bivalve molluscs ndi nyama zina zopanda mafupa a benthic amapanga gawo lalikulu la zakudya za walrus, zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri mpaka mamita 50-80.
Chakudya chingathenso kukhala:
- Mitundu ina ya nkhanu;
- Shirimpi;
- Polychaete nyongolotsi.
Nthawi zambiri, ma walrus amadya nyamayi ndi nkhaka zam'madzi. Zikakhala zovuta kwambiri, mitundu ina ya nsomba imasanduka chakudya, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri ma walrus samayang'ana nsomba. Komanso ma walrus amatha kudya ma pinniped ena, mwachitsanzo, zisindikizo za ana kapena zisindikizo, koma izi ndizosowa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zopanda chakudya chokwanira aliyense. Ndi anthu okhawo omwe akuukiridwa, chifukwa chake, palibe chifukwa cholankhulira zakudya nyama zina. Nthawi zambiri, ma walrus amatha kumenyana ndi mbalame zomwe zagwera.
Pafupifupi, walrus wamkulu amafunika kudya makilogalamu 50 a nkhono kapena chakudya china patsiku kuti akwaniritse. Kutulutsa chakudya ndi motere. Choyamba, walrus ndi zikopa zake zamphamvu zimalowerera pansi pamchenga kapena matope, "amazilima" ndikuzula zipolopolo pamenepo. Zigoba zawo zimafufutidwa ndikuyenda mwamphamvu ndi zipsepse, pamwamba pake pamakutidwa ndi zolimba zingapo, ndipo nyama imadyedwa. Mofananamo, nyongolotsi ndi crustaceans amasakidwa. Makalasi awo amasesa kuchokera pansi kuti adye. Kusaka chakudya kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi vibrissae yomwe ili pankhope ya nyama.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Walrus Red Book
Walrus ndi nyama zoweta. Kawirikawiri, kukula kwa gulu lililonse kumakhala pakati pa ma walrus 20 mpaka 30, koma m'malo ena ogulitsira nyama mazana kapena ngakhale zikwizikwi zimagwirizana. Gulu lililonse limalamulidwa ndi yamphongo yolimba kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri. Ena onse amakambirana naye nthawi ndi nthawi ndikuyesa kutenga mutuwo. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala nkhani yotsutsana.
Ngati ziweto, ziweto nthawi zambiri zimagonthana molimbika, chifukwa chochepa kapena malo oundana. Nthawi zambiri mumayenera kugona chammbali, nthawi zina kupumula mutu wanu ku walrus wapafupi. Ndipo ngati pali malo ochepa, ndiye kuti amatha kugona m'magawo awiri. Ma rookery onse "amayenda" nthawi zonse: nyama zina zimalowa m'madzi kukadya kapena kuziziritsa, ndipo ma walrus ena amabwerera komweko kukagona.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: m'mphepete mwa rookeries ya walrus pafupifupi nthawi zonse kuli alonda omwe, atazindikira kuopsa, nthawi yomweyo amadziwitsa aliyense ndi kubangula kwakukulu. Pambuyo pa chizindikirocho, gulu lonse limathamangira m'madzi.
Pogwirizana ndi nyama zina komanso zina ndi zina, ma walrus amakhala mwamtendere komanso ochezeka. Kuphatikiza pa china chilichonse, ma walrus achikazi amakhala ndi chibadwa chokula kwambiri cha amayi, chifukwa chake amateteza ana awo modzipereka pakagwa ngozi, samasamalira ana awo okha, komanso ana a anthu ena. Amakhalanso ochezeka. Walrus wamkulu aliyense m'gululi amalola mwana aliyense kukwera pamsana pake ndi kugona pamenepo kuti apumule.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Walrus wakhanda
Walruses ndi nyama zamtendere komanso zamtendere, koma munyengo yokhwima, yomwe imachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhondo zazimayi pakati pa amuna. Polimbana, amagwiritsa ntchito mano awo amphamvu, koma samasiya kugonjetsedwa kwamphamvu pa thupi la mdani. Ma walrus amakhala ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri komanso mafuta owoneka bwino, omwe amaletsa kuvulala kwambiri ziwalo zamkati.
Kumapeto kwa Epulo, ma walrus amphongo amakhala ndi umuna wokhwima kwambiri, ndipo amakhala okonzeka kupangira umuna. Akazi, nawonso, ali okonzekera umuna munthawi imeneyi, ndipo kale mkatikati mwa Meyi amayamba kupanga matupi achikaso amimba.
Atakwatirana, ma walrus onse amapitiliza kukhala chete m'gulu lawo. Amayi apakati amabweretsa ana awo mchaka chimodzi. Mwana yekhayo amabadwa nthawi zonse. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 60-70 kg, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi mita. Walrus yaying'ono imatha kusambira m'madzi kuyambira pobadwa, izi zimamuthandiza kuti apulumuke pakagwa ngozi, ndipo amathamangira pambuyo pa amayi ake.
Nthawi ya lactation mu walruses ndi yayitali kwambiri - zaka ziwiri zathunthu. Chifukwa chake, ma walrus amabereka kamodzi kokha zaka 4-5. Mkazi amatha kutenga pakati nthawi zambiri pokhapokha mwana wamwamuna wakale wamwalira. Ma walrus achichepere akamakula zilombo zazikulu, mkaka wa m'mawere umaima ndipo chinyama chimasintha kuti chiziyenda chokha. Amuna amakula msinkhu azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri, akazi nthawi yayitali.
Ana amapitilira kukhala m'gulu lomwelo ndi makolo awo, koma kale ngati anthu odziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe a walrus
Chithunzi: Walruses Russia
Ma Walrus ndi akulu komanso olimba kwambiri, chifukwa ndi ochepa omwe angawawononge. Mwa nyama zapamtunda, ndi chimbalangondo chokha kwambiri chomwe chimakhala pachiwopsezo choukira ma walrus, ndipo amachita izi mwanjira inayake. Chimbalangondo chimayang'anira walrus m'mphepete mwa madzi oundana kapena pafupi ndi dzenje, pomwe walrus imatuluka.
Ndi panthawi yomwe akutuluka kuti chimbalangondo chiyenera kumumenya, kuti athe kupirira mtembowo. Ndiye kuti, akapanda kupha kapena kugogoda walrus ndi kumenya kamodzi, walrus imamukana. Pankhondo yapakati pa walrus ndi chimbalangondo, chachiwiri chitha kuvulazidwa kwambiri ndi mano a chimphona cha m'nyanja.
Zimbalangondo ndizoopsa kwa ana obadwa kumene ndi ma walrus ang'onoang'ono. Zimbalangondo zitha kuwaukira pamtunda, pachisanu. Ana satha kulimbana mwamphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri amafera m'manja mwa adani.
Pali milandu yodziwika yakuwombera ma walruses ndi ma whale. Amakulirapo pafupifupi katatu kuposa ma walrus, komanso nthawi 4 zolemera kuposa iwo, chifukwa chake walrus sangadziteteze ku chinsomba chakupha. Amatha kuthawa pokhapokha atafika pamtunda. Njira zosakira anamgumi opha nthawi zonse ndizofanana. Amadziphatika okha pagulu la walrus, amagawa, kenako kuzungulira munthu wina ndikumuukira.
Mdani wamkulu wa walrus ndi munthu. Nyama, mafuta, khungu ndi mano, anthu nthawi zambiri ankasaka ma walrus. Mukapha walrus m'modzi, mutha kudyetsa banja lanu kwa miyezi ingapo, ma walrus ambiri adafera m'manja mwa anthu. Koma sikuti njala imangoyendetsa anthu kuti aphe nyama zamtendere izi, amayendetsedwanso ndi chidwi chakusaka.
Tsoka ilo, ndichifukwa chake ma walrus ambiri anafera pachabe. Amaberekana pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma walrus kwatsika kwambiri. Zitenga nthawi yochulukirapo kuti ziwonjezeke, ndipo, chilichonse chomwe munthu anganene, izi sizingathamangitsidwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Animal walrus
Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni cha kuchuluka kwa ma walrus masiku ano. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kovuta, chiwerengero cha oimira subspecies a Pacific ndi anthu osachepera 200 zikwi. Chiwerengero cha walrus cha Atlantic ndiwotsika kwambiri - kuyambira 20 mpaka 25 nyama zikwi, chifukwa chake izi zimawoneka ngati zikuwopsezedwa. Anthu ochepa kwambiri ndi anthu a Laptev. Masiku ano, pali 5 mpaka 10 zikwizikwi za ma walrus.
Osati zochitika zaumunthu zokha, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi kumakhudza kwambiri nyama. Makamaka, pali kuchepa kwa kutalika kwa madzi oundana ndi makulidwe ake. Momwemonso, pachisanu ichi, ma walrus amapangira malo awo okhalira ndi nthawi yobereka.
Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chakusintha kwanyengo, pakhala kuchepa kwa malo oyenera kuti ma walrus apumule pafupi ndi malo awo abwino odyetsera. Chifukwa cha ichi, akazi amakakamizidwa kupezeka nthawi yayitali kufunafuna chakudya, ndipo izi zimakhudzanso kudyetsa ana.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ma walrus, zokolola zawo pakadali pano ndizoletsedwa ndi malamulo m'maiko onse. Pang'ono pang'ono, nsomba zimaloledwa kwa anthu wamba komanso achikhalidwe, omwe kukhalapo kwawo kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kusaka walrus.
Chitetezo cha Walrus
Chithunzi: Walrus Red Book
Ma subspecies a Atlantic a walrus ndi Laptev okhala m'madzi aku Russia akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Russia. Malo awo ogulitsira nyanjayi ndiotetezedwa, ndipo kusodza kwakhala koletsedwa kuyambira ma 1950. Malo ogulitsira malonda adalengezedwa kuti ndi nkhokwe, ndipo ntchito zamafakitale pafupi nawo zimachepetsedwa. Koma kupatula izi, palibe njira zapadera komanso zowonjezera zotetezera ma walrus zomwe sizinachitike mwatsatanetsatane.
Ntchito zoyanjana zapadziko lonse lapansi zathandizira kukweza kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kwa ma walrus. Pafupifupi, tsopano ndi pafupifupi 14%, yomwe ndi 1% kuposa kufa kwa nyama izi. Pamodzi ndi zomwe zachitidwa kale, ndikulimbikitsanso kuti mukonze maphunziro a malo okhala ndikuwunika mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwake pafupipafupi.
Pali lingaliro kuti pofuna kusungitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndizomveka kuteteza osati ma walrus okha, koma nyama zomwe amadyetsa. Koma iyi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zingachitike. Palinso lingaliro loti kuchepa kwa manambala kumakhudzana ndikusintha kwanyengo. Izi zimasokoneza kwambiri kubwezeretsa kwa anthu.
Njira yokhayo yothandiza ndikuchepetsa kuipitsa mankhwala am'nyanja ndi madzi, komanso kuchepetsa kusokonezeka monga phokoso la injini kuchokera kuma helikopita ndi zombo zodutsa. Ndiye walrus Ikhoza kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwake ndipo itha kuyamba kubwezeretsa malo ake pachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 15:04
