Nyama zazikuluzi zimadziwika kwa ife kuyambira ubwana, monga anthu okhala ku Africa. Chipembere choyera amadziwika chifukwa cha kutuluka kwake kutsogolo kwa mutu, makamaka pamphuno. Chifukwa cha izi, dzina lake limachokera. Chifukwa chodziwika, nyanga za chipembere molakwika zimanenedwa kuti ndizomwe zimachiritsa kale, zomwe kulibe. Koma kuchokera ku nthano iyi, nyama zambiri zimavutikirabe ndi ozembetsa. Chifukwa cha izi, zipembere tsopano zimapezeka makamaka m'malo osungidwa kapena m'malo osungira nyama.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chipembere Choyera
Banja lonse la chipembere m'gulu lamasiku ano lidagawika m'mabanja awiri ndi 61, pomwe 57 kulibe. Komanso, kutha kwawo kunachitika zaka makumi mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo, motero kulibe kanthu kochita ndi zochita za anthu. Mitundu inayi yazamoyo imapanga mitundu isanu, kulekana komwe kunachitika zaka 10-20 miliyoni zapitazo. Achibale apafupi kwambiri ndi ma tapir, akavalo ndi mbidzi.
Woimira wamkulu wa chipembere ndi chipembere choyera, chomwe chili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri pakati pawo. Dzinalo silikugwirizana ndi utoto, ndipo mwachidziwikire limachokera ku mawu a Boer wijde, otanthauza "kutambalala", omwe anali ofanana kwambiri ndi mawu achingerezi akuti white - white. Mtundu weniweni wa chipembere umadalira mtundu wa nthaka yomwe ukuyenda, popeza nyamayo imakonda kukhazikika matope.
Kanema: Chipembere Choyera
Chosiyanitsa chachikulu chomwe chimasiyanitsa zipembere ndi nyama zina ndi kupezeka kwa nyanga. Chipembere choyera chili ndi ziwiri. Yoyamba, yayitali kwambiri, imakula pamphuno. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira mita imodzi ndi theka. Yachiwiri ndi yaying'ono pang'ono, yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa mutu. Koma nthawi yomweyo, chipumi pamutu pa chinyama sichimatchulidwa kwambiri.
Ngakhale kulimba kwake, nyangayi ilibe minofu kapena mafupa (monga nyanga za artiodactyls), koma mapuloteni owopsa - keratin. Puloteni yomweyi imapezeka pang'ono pamutu wa munthu, misomali, ndi zikopa za nungu. Nyanga imayamba kuchokera ku khungu la khungu. Nyangayi ikawonongeka idakali yaying'ono, imatha kumeranso. Mwa akulu, nyanga yowonongeka siyibwezeretsedwanso.
Thupi la chipembere ndi lalikulu, miyendo yake ndi miyendo itatu, yayifupi, koma yolimba kwambiri. Pali ziboda zazing'ono kumapeto kwa chala chilichonse. Chifukwa cha ichi, typos wa phiko la chipembere amadziwika mosavuta. Kunja, mawonekedwe ake amawoneka ngati clover, chifukwa chinyama chimakhala pazala zonse zitatu poyenda. Kukula kwake, chipembere choyera chimakhala chachinayi pakati pa nyama zapamtunda, ndikupereka malo atatu oyamba kwa oimira njovu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chipembere choyera chanyama
Mbali yapadera ya chipembere choyera ndi yotakata (nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupifupi 20 cm) ndi mlomo wapamwamba wokwera. Mwachitsanzo, mu chipembere chakuda, milomo iyi imaloza pang'ono osati kutchulidwa kwenikweni. Zitsulo za nsagwada zakutali sizipezeka, motero milomoyo imalowa m'malo mwake. Ma canines achepetsedwa kwathunthu.
Nyama yomweyi ndiyokulirapo. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kufikira matani anayi kapena kupitilira apo. Kutalika pamapewa kapena kufota nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa theka ndi theka mpaka mita ziwiri. Kutalika kwa chipembere choyera kuyambira pa theka ndi theka mpaka mita inayi. Khosi ndi lotakata koma lalifupi. Mutuwo ndi wokulirapo komanso wokulirapo, wamakona anayi mawonekedwe. Kumbuyo kuli concave. Nthawi zina zimawonetsa mtundu wa hump, womwe ndi khola lachikopa. Mimbayo ndi yopusa.
Khungu la chipembere ndilolimba kwambiri komanso lolimba. Kukula kwa khungu m'malo ena kumatha kufikira sentimita imodzi ndi theka. Pafupifupi tsitsi lililonse pakhungu. M'mbali mwa makutu mokha muli minyewa, ndipo mchira umatha ndi kansalu kakang'ono kwambiri. Makutuwo ndi aatali kwambiri, ndipo chinyama chimatha kuzigwedeza ndikuzizungulira mosiyanasiyana. Nyama imamva bwino, koma imachita mbali ina. Maso a chipembere choyera nawonso siabwino kwambiri - samawona pang'ono, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amadalira kamvekedwe kake.
Zosangalatsa: zipembere sizikumbukira bwino. Akatswiri ambiri a zoo amakhulupirira kuti izi zimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kusawona bwino poyerekeza ndi nyama zina.
Nthawi ya moyo wa zipembere ndi yayitali kwambiri, mwachilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka 35-40, komanso kupitilira apo mu ukapolo.
Kodi chipembere choyera chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chipembere cha Northern White
Kumtchire, zipembere zoyera zimakhala ku Africa kokha. Mpaka posachedwa, malo okhala chipembere choyera adang'ambika magawo awiri akutali - kumpoto ndi kumwera, ndipo maderawo amakhala akutalikirana komanso amakhala kutali.
Gawo lakumwera lili m'maiko aku South Africa:
- SOUTH AFRICA;
- Mozambique;
- Namibia;
- Zimbabwe;
- kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Angola.
Dera lakumpoto linali ku Congo, Kenya ndi South Sudan. Mu 2018, amuna omaliza omwe anali ochokera kumpoto kwa subspecies adamwalira. Masiku ano, azimayi awiri okha ndi omwe atsala ndi moyo, motero titha kuganiza kuti chipembere choyera chakumpoto chawonongedwa. Kummwera, zonse ndi zotetezeka, ndipo pali nyama zambiri kumeneko.
Chipembere choyera chimakhala makamaka m'chipululu chouma, koma chimapezekanso m'malo ang'onoang'ono amitengo, okhala ndi magalasi, pomwe udzu wotsika umakula. Amakonda malo athyathyathya. Zipembere zoyera zimasinthidwa bwino kukhala nyengo zowuma zakontinenti. Dera lachipululu limasamutsidwa, ngakhale amayesa kulowa m'malo amenewa. Amakhulupirira kuti chofunikira kwambiri kuti chipembere ndi kupezeka kwa posungira pafupi.
Masiku otentha, zipembere zimakonda kukhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kusamba matope, samabisala mumthunzi wamitengo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina zipembere zoyera zimapezeka pafupi ndi madambo. Ndipo m'mbuyomu adafikiranso m'malo agombe. Pakakhala chilala, zipembere zoyera zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali pamtunda wawutali. Sakonda malo otsekedwa. Monga anthu ena a ku savannah, malo ndiofunikira.
Kodi chipembere choyera chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chipembere cha African White
Chipembere ndi chodyera. Ngakhale amawoneka owopsa komanso osakhazikika kwenikweni, imadya zokha zomera ndi msipu. Kukhala m'chipululu, sizotheka nthawi zonse kupeza masamba okoma okwanira, chifukwa chake dongosolo lazakudya la nyama izi limasinthidwa kukhala mtundu uliwonse wazomera.
Zitha kukhala:
- nthambi za zitsamba kapena mitengo;
- mitundu yonse ya zitsamba;
- masamba otsika kwambiri;
- zitsamba zaminga;
- zomera zam'madzi;
- mizu ndi makungwa a mitengo.
Amayenera kuyamwa chakudya mofulumira. Tsiku lililonse, kuti akwaniritse, amadya pafupifupi 50 kg ya zomera zosiyanasiyana.
Zipembere zimadyedwa m'mawa komanso usiku. Amaopa kutenthedwa ndi dzuwa lotentha, choncho amakhala tsiku lonse m'matope, m'mayiwe, m'matope kapena mumthunzi wamitengo. Zipembere ndi nyama zazikulu ndipo zimafunika kumwa madzi ambiri tsiku lililonse. Pachifukwa ichi, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali makilomita angapo. Nthawi zambiri amayesa kulanda dera lawo mosungiramo, komwe amapitako madzi tsiku lililonse.
Mwambiri, pali misewu m'mbali mwa zipembere, zomwe amayenda tsiku lililonse, tsopano kukadya, tsopano malo othirira, kenako kupumula mumatope kapena mumthunzi. Zipembere zakuda kwambiri zimawalola kuti azidya mitengo yaminga, yomwe imakhalapo yambiri, chifukwa palibe nyama ina yomwe imanamizira, komanso kuti izikhala ndikukhala modekha mumitengo imodzimodziyo, chifukwa imakhala yovuta kwambiri.
Komanso chipembere choyera chitha kugwiritsa ntchito nyanga yake ndikuphwanya nthambi zamitengo zomwe zimatsekereza. Ngati m'dera lake mulibe chakudya chokwanira, amapita kukafufuza malo ena oti angapeze chakudya ndipo akhoza kusiya gawo lake.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zipembere zoyera
Poyamba, chipembere chitha kuwoneka chodekha komanso chophwanyika chifukwa cha kukula kwake, koma ngati kuli kofunikira, chimathamanga mwachangu ndikuthamanga mtunda wautali pafupifupi 40 km / h. Zachidziwikire, sangakwanitse kukhala ndi liwiro lalitali, koma zikuwoneka zowopsa kwambiri.
Zipembere zimakhala masiku awo okha m'madera awo, omwe amasankha kamodzi kwanthawi yayitali. Sizingachitike kawirikawiri kuti kusowa kwa chakudya kukakamiza chipembere kufunafuna malo atsopano chokha.
Komanso ndizosowa kwambiri kuti zipembere zimapanga timagulu tating'onoting'ono, kawirikawiri mtundu wa zipembere zoyera, koma ambiri amakhala okha. Mayi, ataphunzitsa achichepere zinthu zofunika pamoyo, amamutulutsa kunja kwa gawo lake ndikukhalabe yekha.
Chipemberecho chimakhala nyama yogonera usiku. Amatha kuyamwa zomera usiku wonse, ndikugona m'matope kapena dziwe masana. Mitundu ina imakonda kukhala yogwira usana ndi usiku. Khungu la zipembere, ngakhale lili lolimba kwambiri, limathanso kuuma ndi kutentha padzuwa, komanso limazunzidwa ndi tizilombo.
Mbalame, zomwe zimakhazikika pamsana pawo, zimathandiza zipembere kulimbana ndi tizilombo. Awa ndi ankhandwe ndi anyani a njati. Samangodya tizilombo ndi nkhupakupa kuchokera kumbuyo kwa nyama, komanso amatha kupereka chidziwitso pakuwopsa. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, tizilombo ta kumbuyo kwa chipembere sichimadyedwa ndi mbalame zokha, komanso akamba, omwe akungoyembekezera kuti chipembere chikhale nawo pachithaphwi nawo.
Mwambiri, zipembere zimakhalira mwamtendere ndi mitundu ina yonse ya nyama: mbidzi, akadyamsonga, njovu, mphalapala, njati ngakhalenso nyama zolusa, zomwe sizisangalatsa kwenikweni zipembere zachikulire. Pachifukwa ichi, zipembere zimagona tulo tofa nato, ndipo sizimaganizira za zoopsa konse. Pakadali pano, mutha kuzizembera mosavuta ndikukhala osadziwika.
Zosangalatsa: Ngati chipembere azindikira ngozi, mwachidziwikire amathamangira kuti amuukire kaye. Chifukwa chake, chinyama ichi ndi chowopsa kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, chowopsa kuposa zonse ndi chachikazi chokhala ndi mwana - adzakhala wankhanza kwambiri chifukwa adzateteza mwana wake ndi mphamvu zake zonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wa zipembere zoyera
Zipembere sizimakhala nyama zilizonse. Amakhala okha, amuna ndi akazi omwe. Amabwera palimodzi kokha nthawi yakunyamula. Kwa nthawi yayitali azimayi amakhala ndi ana awo, koma kenako amawathamangitsa kupita kwawo, ndipo amaphunziranso kukhala okha.
Chipembere chachimuna chimakwanitsa kufika pofika zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zakubadwa. Koma sangathe kugonana ndi akazi nthawi yomweyo - choyamba ayenera kukhala ndi madera awoawo. Chipembere champhongo chimodzi chimakhala ndi malo pafupifupi 50 kilomita imodzi, ndipo nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo. Mkazi ali ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri - ma kilomita 10-15 okha.
Zipembere zimayika madera awo, ndikusiya ndowe zawo ndikupondaponda zomera m'malo ena. Nthawi zina amang'amba mabowo ang'onoang'ono ndi mapazi awo. M'madera awo, zipembere zimaponda njira, pali njira zazikulu, pali zina zachiwiri. Nthawi zambiri, misewu yayikulu imalumikiza malo azodyera ndi mabodza komanso mthunzi nthawi yamadzulo. Zipemberezi sizimakonda kuponda madera ena onse kuti zipulumutse msipu wambiri momwe zingathere.
Nthawi yokhwima imatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma nthawi yachilimwe, chidwi chachikulu kwa amuna kapena akazi chimapezeka munyama izi. Ngakhale kuti ziphuphu zimapezeka mwezi uliwonse ndi theka. Amuna ndi akazi amawoneka akutsatizana, motero kuwonetsa chidwi. Nthawi zina amatha kuchita nawo nkhondo kapena masewera, ndizosatheka kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika pakati pawo. Mkazi amatha kuthamangitsa mwamuna yemwe samamukonda, ndipo okhawo omwe amalimbikira komanso olimbikira ndi omwe amapeza mwayi womupanga feteleza ndikupatsira majini awo kwa ana.
Nthawi yobereka imatenga masiku 460, ndiye kuti mwana m'modzi yekha wolemera makilogalamu 25 mpaka 60 amabadwa. Patatha maola angapo, amayenda pawokha ndikufufuza dziko, osasiya amayi ake. Nthawi yoyamwitsa imatha chaka chimodzi, ngakhale chipembere chaching'ono chimayamba kudya masamba kuyambira mwezi wachitatu. Mayi atasiya kumenya mwana wake ndi mkaka, amakhalabe naye kwa chaka china kapena chaka chimodzi ndi theka.
Zosangalatsa: Mkazi amatha kubereka zaka 4-6 zilizonse. Ngati ali ndi mwana watsopano, ndiye kuti amathamangitsa wamkulu ndikumusamalira ndi kumusamalira wakhanda.
Adani achilengedwe a zipembere zoyera
Chithunzi: Chipembere Choyera
Zipembere zoyera zilibe adani enieni pakati pa nyama zomwe zikukhala limodzi. Zipembere ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri kwa adani awo. Chifukwa chake, ngati angayesere kuukira, ndiye kuti pafupifupi 100% ya milandu iwowo amafa chifukwa chankhondo. Komabe, monganso nyama zamtundu wina, zolusa zimatha kuopsa zipembere zoyera zazing'ono, pachifukwa choti zimatha kulimbana ndi anthu ochepa.
Komanso zimachitika kuti chipembere chimalowa kunkhondo ndi njovu. Zikatere, chipembedzochi chimatha kugonjetsedwa, makamaka ngati njovu ikwanitsa kumuvulaza ndi mano ake. Mikangano pakati pa nyama ziwirizi imachitika kawirikawiri komanso kawirikawiri chifukwa cha kusamvana, koma milandu yotere imadziwika.
Ng'ona zitha kulimbana ndi zipembere, sizingathe kuthana ndi anthu akulu, koma anawo amakokera pansi, pomwe nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito.
Mdani woopsa kwambiri wa chipembereyo anali munthu ndipo ndi munthu. Chiyambire kupezeka kwake, mitundu ya zipembere zoyera yatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Adapulumutsidwa kokha chifukwa choti sikuti zigawo zonse panthawiyo zinali zofikirika kwa anthu. Tsopano, ngakhale kutetezedwa kwa zipembere zoyera pamalamulo, kupha nyama popha ziweto kumachitikabe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chipembere choyera chanyama
Lero ma subspecies okha a zipembere zoyera ndi zipembere zoyera zakumwera. Subpecies iyi imakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ma subspecies adawonedwa ngati atayika, ndipo patadutsa zaka zopitilira makumi atatu atapezeka. Koma posakhalitsa zipembere zoyera zidapezekanso kumadera akutali omwe anthu sangafikeko kuchigwa cha Mtsinje wa Umfolozi (ku South Africa). Mu 1897, adatetezedwa, zomwe pamapeto pake zidabwezeretsa anthu pang'onopang'ono. Izi zidapangitsa kuti, mwa zina, kukhalitsa zipembere m'mapaki ambiri amtundu, komanso ngakhale kunyamula anthuwa kupita kumalo osungira nyama ku Europe ndi America. Kukula kochedwa kwambiri kwa anthu kumalumikizidwa ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri yobereketsa.
Tsopano zamoyozi sizikuopsezedwa kuti zitha. Kuphatikiza apo, kusaka zipembere zoyera ndikololedwa ngakhale kuli kokwanira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka, layisensi yopanga ndiyotsika mtengo - pafupifupi 15 madola zikwi, ndipo nthawi zina imakhala yotsika mtengo. Kusaka kumaloledwa kokha ku South Africa ndi Namibia, ndipo m'maiko onsewa chilolezo chapadera chotumiza kunja chikufunika kuti atumize chikhocho.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, chiwerengero cha zipembere zoyera ndi anthu opitilira zikwi khumi, malinga ndi chidziwitso china, chomwe chimatchulidwa nthawi zambiri muma media osiyanasiyana, anthu awo amatha kufikira nyama zikwi makumi awiri.
Kuteteza zipembere zoyera
Chithunzi: Zipembere zoyera kuchokera ku Red Book
Subpecies ya seva ya chipembere choyera ili pafupi kutheratu. Opha nyama mwachinyengo ali ndi mlandu pakutha kwawo, popeza kusaka zipemberezi kwakhala kuletsedwa kwalamulo kwanthawi yayitali. Mwamuna womaliza adamwalira ku Kenya ali ndi zaka 44 mu Marichi 2018. Tsopano pali akazi awiri okha omwe atsala amoyo, m'modzi kukhala mwana wake wamkazi ndipo winayo mdzukulu wake.
Kubwerera ku 2015, akatswiri azachipatala adazindikira kuti mwachilengedwe kapena m'modzi sangabereke ana. Pali chiyembekezo chochepa kuti ana a zipembere zoyera zakumpoto ndi IVF - mu vitro feteleza.Asanamwalire, zinthu zakuthupi zidatengedwa kuchokera kwa wamwamuna (komanso amuna ena omwe adamwalira kale), mothandizidwa ndi asayansi omwe amayembekeza kudzala mazira omwe atengedwa kuchokera kwa akazi ndikuwonjezera azimayi a zipembere zoyera zakumwera.
Amakonzekera kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati amayi oberekera ena. Pomwe kafukufuku akuchitidwa motere, kupambana pantchitoyi sikudziwikiratu, ndipo akatswiri ali ndi nkhawa zingapo. Makamaka, njira yotereyi sinachitikepopo pa zipembere.
Kumpoto chipembere choyera uli m'nkhalangoyi pansi pa chitetezo cha nthawi usana ndi achiwembu. Gawoli likuyang'aniridwa, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones. Monga njira yowonjezerapo, malipenga adachotsedwa ku zipemberezo kuti zileke kukhala zokopa kwa omwe akupha kuti apeze nyanga.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.04.2019
Idasinthidwa: 08.10.2019 pa 14:05
