Nyama zamakono zam'madzi zili ndi mitundu yoposa 30 zikwi za nsomba. Amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe, mitundu komanso kuthekera kwapadera poyerekeza ndi nyama zapamtunda. Palibe mthunzi umodzi wokha wosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nsomba. Pakati pa utoto wamtunduwu, amodzi mwa malo otsogola amakhala dokotala wa nsombad kuchokera kubanja la madokotala ochita opaleshoni.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dokotala wa nsomba
Opanga nsomba amachokera ku nsomba zamathambo, zomwe zidawonekera munthawi ya Polozoic (pafupifupi zaka 290 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo pakupanga chisinthiko adagawika m'magulu awiri osiyana: kupuma m'mapapo, cartilaginous ndi bony. Mwa kusintha kwina, pafupifupi zaka 70 miliyoni zapitazo, nthumwi zofananira ndi nsomba zidapangidwa kuchokera ku mafupa amfuti, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale nsomba zamathambo za ichthyofauna zamakono.
Nsomba zamabanja opangira opaleshoni zimaphatikizapo mibadwo isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo pali mitundu pafupifupi 80 mwa iwo ndipo amagawidwa motere:
- ufumu Nyama;
- lembani Chordates;
- Nsomba zapamwamba za Ray;
- detachment Opaleshoni.
Mtundu wa nsomba zochita opaleshoni umaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri, pafupifupi 40, mwachitsanzo: yamizeremizere, yotuwa, Japan, yoyamwa mawere, buluu, ngale ndi ena.
Kanema: Opaleshoni wa Nsomba
Nsomba zam'banja lino ndizomwe zimakhala zochititsa chidwi komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri panyanja ndi m'nyanja. Ndi ochepa kukula. Izi ndizogwira ntchito ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhazikika nsomba zodyedwa, zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala zamoyo, imodzi m'modzi, kapena zimatha kusonkhana m'magulu angapo, makamaka panthawi yobereka.
Chikhalidwe chosinthika cha oimira onse a dotoloyu ndi kupezeka kwa ziwombankhanga zakuthwa m'thupi, zomwe zimakhala ngati njira yodzitetezera ku adani awo achilengedwe. Kuchokera komwe dzina loyenera la banjali lidachokera.
Kutengera mtundu, nsomba zochitidwa opaleshoni zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zamtundu wa Naso (nsomba zoyambitsa nsomba) zimakhala ndi chotumphuka ngati nyanga pamutu pawo chakumaso, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kukula mpaka 100 cm; ma zebrosomes ndi ozungulira kwambiri chifukwa cha zipsepse zapamwamba; ctenochetes ndi omwe ali ndi mano makamaka oyenda.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dokotala wochita nsomba m'madzi amchere
Kunja, dokotalayo ali ndi zizindikiro izi:
- Thupi la nsombayo lidayalalikika mbali, chowulungika, cholumikizidwa pang'ono panjira ya caudal, mawonekedwe. Kuchokera pamwamba pake pamadzaza ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono.
- Pamutu pake pali maso akuluakulu, otchinga kwambiri ndi kamwa kakang'ono kotakata ndi mano akuthwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe kamaso kamaloleza kuti aziwona gawo lake bwino ngati chakudya komanso kukhalapo kwa chiwopsezo cha adani. Ndipo pakamwa pazomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizidyetsedwa pazomera zam'madzi.
- Zipsepse - zakuthambo ndi kumatako, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a oblong. Mphero yam'mbuyo imapangidwa ndi cheza cholimba chomwe chitha kubayidwa.
- Kukula kwa oimira osiyanasiyana kumasiyana masentimita 7 mpaka 45.
- Mtundu wa nsomba za dokotalayo umasiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana: wachikasu, wabuluu, wobiriwira, lalanje, bulauni ndi mitundu ina. Ngati mtunduwo sulamulidwa ndi mitundu yowala, ndiye kuti nsomba zoterezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mabala ndi mikwingwirima m'malo osiyanasiyana amthupi ndi mutu.
Ochita opaleshoni a nsomba amakhala osangalatsa osati kokha chifukwa cha mitundu ya thupi lawo yomwe imakopa chidwi, komanso chinthu chomwe chimatengedwa ngati chida chawo choteteza. M'mbali mwa thupi pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa mchira, pakukula kwa chisinthiko, apanga njira yofanana ndi scalpel, yomwe imakhala ngati njira yodzitetezera m'malo osatetezeka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: "Kutengera ndi zomwe zatengedwa kumabwalo oyendera, chifukwa chofala kwambiri chopita kwa dokotala mukuyenda ndikucheka kwa miyendo chifukwa chakuwombedwa ndi nsomba za madokotala, kenako zimasokanso bala. Kuphatikiza apo, mabala oterewa ndiopweteka kwambiri ndipo amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti apole.
Kodi dokotalayo amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dokotala wochita nsomba wachikasu
Mwachilengedwe, dokotalayo amakhala m'madzi amchere ofunda ndi nyanja. Amagawidwa m'nyanja za Indian, Pacific ndi Atlantic, mu Red and Arabia Sea, komanso akuyamba kupanga Nyanja ya Caribbean.
Chosangalatsa: "Mu 2018, dokotala waopanga opaleshoni adagwidwa mwangozi ndi asodzi aku Black Sea, komwe si kwawo kwachilengedwe."
Nsomba za opaleshoni nthawi zonse zimapezeka pafupi ndi miyala yamchere yamchere. Mitengo yokongola, yokhotakhota yomwe ili ndi malo ambiri obisika komanso malo obisika, okhala ndi ndere ndi ma peripheton omwe amakula, amakhala ngati nyumba yake komanso gwero la chakudya.
Nsombazi nthawi zonse zimayesetsa kukhala m'madzi osaya, pafupi ndi pansi pa nyanja kapena nyanja, nthawi zambiri zimasambira pansi mpaka theka la mita. Pa mafunde otsika, imathamangira kugombe lamiyala yamapanga kuti ikabisalire pansi, komanso imatha kudikirira m'madzi kapena pansi pa miyala. Mafundewo akayamba, amabwerera ku miyala yamchere yamchere kachiwiri.
Chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wosaiwalika komanso kudzichepetsa kwawo pazomwe zili, oimira mitundu iyi ya nsomba amakonda kutenga nawo gawo pagulu la nsomba zam'madzi.
Kodi nsomba yochita opaleshoni imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Opaleshoni ya Blue Blue
Zipangizo za dokotala wa dotolozi zimasinthidwa kuti azipera zakudya zolimba komanso zofewa. Amakhala ndi kamwa pang'ono, nsagwada zolimba, ndi mano akuthwa. Izi ndi nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi. Pakati pa chisinthiko, adasintha pamodzi ndi malo okhala ndikusintha kudya mphatso zonse zam'madzi. Chifukwa chake, nsomba za madokotala ochita opaleshoni nthawi zambiri zimagawika m'magulu atatu kutengera mtundu wa chakudya.
Nsomba ndi madokotala ochita opaleshoni akudya tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ta tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta algae. Ali ndi gizzard, momwe chakudya chimapukutidwa limodzi ndi mchenga womwe umalowa mkatikati mwa ndere. Izi ndi nsomba: dokotala wa mat, maolivi, mdima.
Dokotala waopanga opaleshoni, amadyetsa algae ndi malo okhala opanda mafupa pamwamba pa zingwe zamiyala, komanso malo okhala ndi miyala yamchere yamchere. Ndi mano awo akuthwa, amaluma malo ochokera ku nthambi za matanthwe ndi kudziluma kumtunda kwa peripheton. Osakhala ndi kadzulu. Mwachitsanzo: dotolo wamizere, milozo, ngale yoyera, wochita opaleshoni yagolidi wabuluu.
Nsomba ndi madokotala ochita opaleshoni odyetsa matupi awo (alimi) a algae akuluakulu. Mwachitsanzo: dotolo wa mchira woyera. Anthu ena samangokhalira kudya zotsalira za nyama zopanda mafupa ndi plankton ngati njira ina yopezera chakudya. Ndipo kwa nsomba zazing'ono za madokotala ochita opaleshoni, zooplankton ndiye chakudya chachikulu.Ngati ochita opaleshoni ali ndi chakudya chochepa, amatha kusonkhana m'magulu akulu kufunafuna chakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dokotala Wofiira wa Nyanja Yofiira
Ochita opaleshoni ya nsomba, pokhala m'dera lomwelo ndi obadwa nawo, amatha kukhala okha kapena m'magulu awiriawiri kapena pagulu la anthu osiyanasiyana (nthawi zina mpaka chikwi). Kusonkhanitsa m'masukulu otere munyengo yokhwima, nsombazi zimapezerapo mwayi pa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yawo kuti apeze bwenzi loyenera. Ngakhale amakhala limodzi, nsomba iliyonse, dokotalayo, amayesa kusunga malo ake momuzungulira.
Khalidwe la anthu okhala m'matanthwewa silisiyana ndi mikangano, amakhala bwino popanda zovuta ndi ena oimira mzera wa nsomba. Koma anyani amphongo nthawi zina amatha kulimbikira poteteza gawo lawo, potero amawongolera zazikazi zawo ndi chakudya. Mwa ichi nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi chida chawo "chachinsinsi". Oimira mtundu uwu wa nsomba amakhala otakataka masana, ndipo usiku amabisala m'ming'alu yamiyala ndi labyrinths yamitengo yamiyala yamiyala yamiyala.
Chosangalatsa: "Usiku, nthumwi za nsomba za dokotalayo zimasintha mtundu wa thupi ndikuwoneka mikwingwirima ndi mawanga owonjezera."
Chifukwa cha zipsepse zawo zolimba, nsombazi zimatha kupirira mosavuta mafunde am'nyanja ndi nyanja.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dokotala wa nsomba m'madzi
Ochita opaleshoni ya nsomba ndi nyama zosakanikirana, koma alibe kusiyana kwakugonana. Amakula mpaka zaka ziwiri. Kuyambira Disembala mpaka Julayi, pakakhala mwezi watsopano, amasonkhana m'masukulu akulu kuti achite ntchito yobereka - kubala.
Chosangalatsa: "Madokotala ochita nsomba omwe amakhala mdera la equatorial amatha kubala chaka chonse."
Pofuna kubala, nsombazi zimasiyana m'masukulu m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndikusambira pamwamba pamadzi. Apa akazi amabala mazira ochepa kwambiri (mpaka 1 mm m'mimba mwake). Mkazi m'modzi amatha kutulutsa mazira mpaka 40,000. Kukula kwa mluza kumatenga tsiku limodzi.
Komanso, mphutsi zowonekera poyera zimawoneka, zosafanana ndi makolo awo. Alibe mawonekedwe owoneka bwino mumbali mwa thupi, koma ali ndi minga chifukwa chakupezeka kwa misana yakupha pamapiko awo. Mphutsi zimadyetsa plankton pamwamba pa madzi ndipo patatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri zimakhala kutalika kwa masentimita 2.5 - 6.5. Tsopano zimawerengedwa kuti zakupsa kuti zisinthe mwachangu.
Mphutsi zimasambira kupita kumtunda ndipo, pamodzi ndi madzi osefukira, zimalowa m'madamu ang'onoang'ono, momwe zimasinthira masiku 4-5. Thupi lawo limakhala lokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono, mphukira yakuthwa imayikidwa pafupi ndi mchira, ndipo malo am'mimba amatalika. Mwachangu amazolowera kudya ndere, kupitiliza kukula ndikubwerera kumadzi akuya am'nyanja ndi kunyanja.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba yochita opaleshoni
Chithunzi: Dokotala wa nsomba
Dokotala wa nsomba si wamkulu kwambiri, komabe, nsomba zowononga sizitsutsana konse ndi kudya mwana wamng'ono uyu. Kuopsa kwakukulu makamaka ndikudikirira nsombazi nthawi yoswana, zikasonkhana m'masukulu akulu.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba za dotolo akhoza kukhala nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri, monga tuna, nsomba za akambuku, ndi nsomba zazikulu, nsombazi, ndi zina zambiri.
Poyesera kuthawa, dokotalayo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chida chake cha "dokotala", koma atapatsidwa kukula kofanana ndi chilombocho, chimatayika, chifukwa nsomba yayikuluyo siziwona kuyamwa kwake. Chifukwa chake, okonda miyala yamiyala yamakorali nthawi zambiri amawagwiritsa ntchito pogona.
Njira yowongoka, yomwe ili m'mbali mwa thupi pafupi ndi mchira wa nsomba za dotolo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza gawo lake. Pakakhala kuti palibe chowopseza kuchokera kunja, mafupawa am'mafupa amabisika m'mayenje pamwamba pa thupi la nyama. Pakakhala chiopsezo, nsombayo imaziyika m'mbali mwake ndikupita kukaukira.
Mphutsi za madokotala ochita opaleshoni zilinso ndi adani, awa ndi nkhanu, mbozi zodya tizilombo, jellyfish, momwe amadziteteza ndi minga yawo yakupha.
Popeza ochita opaleshoni ya nsomba amadya makamaka zakudya zamasamba, nyama zawo sizingatchedwe zokoma, sizabwino kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake, pofuna kupha nyama, anthu anali asanakhudze nsomba izi kale. Koma polimbana ndi kuchepa kwa nsomba zomwe zinali zotchuka posodza, oimira banjali anali pachiwopsezo pamaso pa anthu.
Chifukwa cha utoto wawo wokongola modabwitsa, anthu amawatengera mwamphamvu m'madzi omwe nsomba za dotoloyo sizingathe kuberekana chifukwa chovuta kusasitsa kwa mphutsi. Chifukwa chake, munthu amathanso kudziwika kuti ndi mdani wa nsomba za dokotalayo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Dokotala wochita nsomba m'madzi amchere
Pofuna kudziwa mtundu wa nsomba zamankhwala monga kuchuluka kwa anthu, mfundo zotsatirazi zitha kudziwika:
- Madokotala opanga nsomba amadziwika ndi magawo ofanana pa malo okhala
- Amasunga gawo lawo palokha, komanso amakhala ndi malo pagulu, posonkhanitsa m'masukulu akulu a nsomba (nthawi zina osakanikirana).
- Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala mosiyana ndi anthu okhwima ogonana.
- Amakhala ogonjera malinga ndi magulu awo, chifukwa amathandizana mosavuta komanso ndi nsomba zina.
- Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali m'derali chimayendetsedwa ndi chonde komanso kufa, zomwe zimadalira kuthekera kwa madokotala opanga nsomba.
- Ochita opaleshoni ya nsomba amatenga gawo lofunikira pakupanga miyala yamiyala yamiyala. Mukamadya pamwamba pa miyala, yopangidwa makamaka ndi ndere, nsombazi ndizothandiza, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yogawira pakubalalitsa ndikukula kwamiyala.
Popeza matanthwe ndi malo achilengedwe a nsomba zambiri zam'madzi, ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa anthu. Koma m'zaka zaposachedwa, matanthwe atha kwambiri. Asayansi akhala akunena kuti matanthwe amatha kufa kwathunthu mzaka 40 zikubwerazi. Ndipo ndi iwo, nyama zam'madzi zikuwopsezedwanso.
Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba za madokotala ochita opaleshoni ndi anthu ena okhala m'matanthwe amagwidwa ndi anthu. Izi zadzetsa kuchepa kwa anthu pafupifupi maulendo 10, zomwe zikuphatikiza kuphwanya dongosolo lamiyala mu biocenosis. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimatsogoleranso ku imfa ya miyala yamchere yamchere, ndi nyama za m'madzi, ndi opaleshoni ya nsomba, makamaka.
Ngakhale, dokotala wa nsomba sizinalembedwebe mu Red Book, koma zili ndi zoopsa zokwanira kuti zifike msanga.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.03.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/18/2019 ku 21:09
