Kwa iwo omwe amakonda nkhumba zazing'ono ndikusunga kapena kusunga chiweto chokongola pakhomo, alirezamosakayikira adzazikonda kwambiri, chifukwa nyama izi ndizofanana, koma zotsalazo ndizokulirapo kakhumi komanso zochititsa chidwi. Ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti nyama yayikulu ngati iyi ndi mbewa yamphongo osati yophweka, koma yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chodabwitsa ndi chachilendo capybara ndi mbuye wa chigawo cha madzi, popanda nyama iyi silingathe kulingalira za kukhalapo kwake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Capybara
Ngati titembenukira ku mbiri yakale kwambiri, ndiye kuti titha kunena kuti mtundu wa capybaras uli ndi mizu yomwe idabwerera zaka mazana ambiri, ngakhale zaka zikwizikwi. Pali zidziwitso kuti pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni atatu zapitazo, mbewa yayikulu idakhala ku South America kondomu, yomwe kulemera kwake kudafika tani. Titan iyi inali yobadwa ndi yaying'ono, yolemera makilogalamu oposa zana.
M'masiku amenewo, South America inali yotalikirana ndi North America, ndipo nyama zakutchire zazikulu zinali zomasuka. Ndi mawonekedwe a Isthmus of Panama (chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe amitundu yonse), nyama zowopsa kwambiri zidayamba kusuntha kuchokera ku North America kupita kumwera, kupondereza makoswe akuluakulu, omwe pang'onopang'ono adasowa. Mwamwayi, wachibale wina anali wokhoza kusintha ndi kupulumuka, anali capybara ndipo amakhalabe wopikisana ndi ziweto zazikulu.
Mawu oti "capybara" ochokera mchilankhulo cha amwenye achi Guarani atha kutanthauziridwa kuti "mwini zitsamba" kapena "wodya udzu woonda." Aborigine akumaloko adawapatsanso mayina ena:
- poncho;
- capigua;
- mutu;
- chiguire.
Ngati tikulankhula za dzina lamakono, lasayansi, dzina lanyama ili, ndiye kuti zimamveka ngati "nkhumba yamadzi". Chifukwa chake, capybara (capybara) ndichinyama chodyera chomwe chimatsogolera moyo wam'madzi wam'madzi, woimira banja la capybara. Asayansi amati capybara ndi mbewa za nungu. Chifukwa cha maphunziro osiyanasiyana azamoyo, zidapezeka kuti mwa nyama zonse zomwe zikukhala masiku ano, capybara ili ndi ubale wapabanja wapafupi kwambiri ndi nkhumba yam'mapiri (moco). Komabe, yotsirizayi ilibe chidwi ndi madzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal capybara
Maonekedwe abata komanso odekha a capybaras amachititsa chidwi cha kulingalira kwawo kwamuyaya. Kuyang'ana kosangalatsa kotere pamaso pa capybara kumabweretsa kumwetulira. Mutu wa makoswewo ndi wokulirapo, mphuno yake ndi yopindika, yolumikizana pang'ono. Makutu ndi ochepa, ozungulira, maso ndi ang'ono, mphuno zowoneka bwino zimafanana ndi chigamba.
Chimodzi mwazinthu za mbewa iyi ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso kulemera kwake. Kulemera kwa amuna kumasiyana makilogalamu 54 mpaka 63, ndipo azimayiwo ndi okulirapo - kuyambira 62 mpaka 74 makilogalamu. Panali zitsanzo zolemera kwambiri (kuyambira 90 kg), koma izi ndizosowa. Capybaras amakula msinkhu kuchokera theka la mita mpaka 62 cm, kutalika - kuposa mita.
Kanema: Capybara
Capybara ili ndi mano 20, owopsa komanso owopsa ndi ma incisors, omwe ali ndi utoto wa lalanje. Amawoneka pakamwa ngati ziboda zazikulu. Mano ena (tsaya) akupitilira kukula m'moyo wonse ndipo alibe mizu. Ziphuphu zambiri pakalilime ka nyama zimapangitsa kuti chikhale cholimba.
Chovala cha nkhumba yamadzi chimakhala cholimba komanso chowoneka bwino, tsitsili limakula kuyambira 3 mpaka 12 cm kutalika. Capybara ilibe chovala mkati, chifukwa chake kuwala kwa dzuwa kumatha kuwotcha khungu lake, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amapakidwa matope, ngati zotchinga dzuwa.
Mtundu wa Capybara utha kukhala:
- chifuwa chofiira;
- bulauni;
- chokoleti chakuda.
Mimba nthawi zonse imakhala yopepuka, yopanda pang'ono. Anthu ena ali ndi mawanga akuda (pafupifupi akuda) pamphuno pawo. Mtundu wa achinyamatawo ndi wopepuka mowonekera.
Maonekedwe a capybara amalumikizidwa osati ndi nkhumba zokha, imawonekeranso ngati mbiya yamiyala yamphika yokhala ndi miyendo inayi. Ili ndi zala zinayi zazitali zokhala ndi septa yolukidwa kumiyendo yake yakutsogolo, ndi zitatu miyendo yakumbuyo. Zikhadabo za capybara ndizokwera komanso zosalongosoka, ngati ziboda. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yayitali pang'ono, ndiye nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti nyama yakhala pansi. Pa croup yamphamvu ya capybara, mchira suwoneka konse. Iye, kumene, alipo, koma penapake mu kuya kwa moyo.
Kodi capybara amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Capybara nyama
Capybara ili ndi nyumba yokhazikika ku Central ndi South America. Amakonda nyengo ndi chinyezi chambiri. Amakhala m'maiko monga Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela. Amapezeka ku Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Panama, Uruguay, Guyana. Mwambiri, nyama yabwinoyi yakhazikika mchigawo chonse cha South America.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa mbewa zazikuluzikulu izi ndi kuyandikira kwa madzi. Nkhumba yamadzi imakonda mitsinje komanso madambo, imakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyanja ndi mayiwe pomwe pachipsa ndi masamba.
Zimadya msipu, zimadya udzu waku Guinea, ndipo zimapezeka m'malo olimapo. A capybara amakhala m'nkhalango za Chaco, savanna, zomwe zimasefukira ndi madzi osefukira. Ndikothekanso kuwona nkhumba yamadzi m'dera lamapiri (pafupifupi 1300 m), pafupi ndi madambo a mangrove.
Capybara nthawi zambiri samasunthira mtunda wopitilira kilomita kuchokera pa dziwe, chifukwa si chilengedwe chake komanso zomwe amakonda, komanso pothawirapo nyama zikuluzikulu. Capybara siyikonzekeretsa dzenje, dzenje, dzenje, limakhala ndikukhala pansi pomwepo.
Kodi capybara amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Capybara capybara
Sizachabe kuti Amwenye adatcha nkhumba zam'madzi akatswiri audzu, chifukwa zimamudyetsa. Amadya zomera zomwe zimakhala m'madzi komanso pamtunda. Nyengo yamvula ikatha, capybaras amadya sedge. Amadya capybaras ndi udzu wouma, udzu. Samanyoza, makungwa amitengo ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana, amadyanso ma tubers azomera zosiyanasiyana.
Capybaras amakonda mitundu yonse ya mavwende ndi mphonda, pofunafuna omwe amabwera kuminda yolima. Amatha kuwoneka m'minda yolimidwa ndi bango ndi tirigu, koma nyama zamtenderezi sizimabweretsa mavuto ambiri. Komabe, amakonda ndere ndi udzu. M'nthawi youma, capybaras amapikisana ndi ng'ombe kumalo odyetserako ziweto.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nkhumba zam'madzi ndizopopera, i.e. amadya chopondapo chawo. Chilengedwe chinakonza chifukwa chake, chimathandiza capybaras mu chimbudzi.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ulusi muudzu sikungathe kugayidwa ndi nyama izi. Chifukwa cha ichi, capybara ili ndi chipinda chapadera chomwe chili mu cecum, momwe chakudya chimafufumitsa.
Zinthu zonse zamadzimadzi sizimapukusidwa bwino ndi nyama, koma zimasiya thupi limodzi ndi ndowe, zomwe ma capybaras amadya, ndikumakwaniritsa zosowa za thupi za michere yonse yofunikira. Omwe amasunga nkhumba kunyumba amatha kuwunika kangapo; mu capybaras nthawi zambiri imachitika m'mawa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Rodent capybara
Capybaras sangathe kulingalira moyo wawo wopanda madzi. M'madzi, amadya, kumwa, kupumula, kusamba matope, kuziziritsa, kuthawa ngozi. Njira ya moyo ya nyamazi ndi yonse. Amakhala m'mabanja athunthu a mamembala 10 mpaka 20. Moyo wawo ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi akazi, momwe muli wamkulu wamwamuna sultan, adzakazi angapo achikazi okhala ndi ana. Palinso oimira amuna ndi akazi olimba mtima mu harem, koma samatsutsana ndi mtsogoleri wawo, akumumvera kwathunthu. Ngati mtsogoleri wazindikira kuti wopikisana naye wina, amuthamangitsa m'banjamo, chifukwa chake amuna ena amakhala okha.
Amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala ndi zotsekemera zapadera zomwe zimatulutsa fungo lapadera, lirilonse limakhala lapadera komanso losiyana. Kwa amuna, amalankhula za udindo wawo m'banja. Amuna amakhalanso ndi zokometsera zonunkhira pamutu pawo, amazigwiritsa ntchito polemba madera awo. Nthawi zina ma sheremore amodzi amatha kupitilira mahekitala 200, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala mahekitala 1 mpaka 10. M'nyengo yamvula, ma capybaras amabalalika m'malo akulu, ndipo nthawi zowuma amagawika m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamadzi. Nthawi zina mumatha kuwona ma capybaras opitilira zana kuzungulira nyanja kapena mtsinje, ena mwa iwo adayenda makilomita mazana ambiri kufunafuna madzi.
Ngakhale ma capybaras ndi nyama zamtendere komanso zamtendere kwambiri, ndewu ndi kuwombana pakati pa amuna zimachitika. Cholakwa chake ndi udindo komanso udindo pagulu, lomwe amuna akumenyera. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kumenya nkhondo m'banja lomwelo sikungapangitse kuti wamwamuna mmodzi afe. Ngati ndewu zichitika pakati pa amuna ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, zotsatira zoyipa zotere zimachitika nthawi zambiri. Capybaras imagwira ntchito kwambiri masana komanso nthawi yamadzulo. M'mawa, amakonda kupumula pafupi ndi madzi. Kutentha kwakukulu, ma capybaras amakwera m'madzi osaya, amakonda kumangoyenda pang'onopang'ono. Nyama izi sizikonzekeretsa nyumba, zimagona pansi. Capybaras amagona tulo tofa nato komanso sakhalitsa; nthawi zambiri amadzuka usiku kuti akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi.
Capybaras ali ndi matalente ambiri: amasambira ndikusambira bwino kwambiri, ngakhale ali ndi mawonekedwe okhota, osayiwala za nembanemba zawo pakati pa zala zakumapazi. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhumba zam'madzi zimatha kudumpha, kuthawa anthu osafuna zabwino modumpha kwakukulu. Ndipo mamvekedwe omwe amapanga amakhala odabwitsa.
Capybaras imakhala yoseketsa, mluzu, khungwa, kudina, kukuwa, kukukuta mano. Kufuula kulikonse kuli ndi chizindikiro chake, chomwe ndichosangalatsa komanso chosazolowereka. Ngati nyama zazindikira ngozi, zimadziwitsa enawo ndi kukuwa kwawo. Capybaras amalira akakhala ndi nkhawa kapena akumva kupweteka. Pokambirana wina ndi mzake, amaseka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pakamenyana, amuna amamva kukukuta mano.
Ngati timalankhula za mawonekedwe, ndiye kuti ma capybaras amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osokonekera, wina amatha kunena kuti ndi aulesi pang'ono. Nyamazi ndizabwino kwambiri, zimalumikizana ndi anthu popanda mavuto, makamaka ngati amathandizidwa ndi kena kake. Ndikosavuta kuwotcha capybara; itha kukhala bwenzi lokhulupirika komanso lachikondi, osati loyipa kuposa galu. Ngakhale muma circus, capybaras amachita bwino, chifukwa ophunzitsidwa bwino. Makhalidwe a makoswe akuluakuluwa ndiabwino komanso ofatsa, alibe vuto lililonse. Mwachilengedwe, ma capybaras amakhala zaka 6 mpaka 10, komanso mu ukapolo - kuyambira 10 mpaka 12.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Animal capybara
Monga tanenera kale, ma capybaras ndi nyama zoweta, pamodzi, sakonda kusungulumwa ndipo amakhala m'mabanja akulu omwe ali ndi gulu loyera. Palibe nyengo yeniyeni yokwatirana ya capybaras; amaberekana chaka chonse, koma amakhala achangu makamaka pakubwera nyengo yamvula. Oyendetsa sitima amakopa amayi mwa kuyika zipsera zawo pa zomera zapafupi. Amuna amatola akazi nthawi zambiri m'madzi. Capybaras ndi nyama zamitala; Mkazi m'modzi amatha kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo nthawi imodzi.
Kubala ana amatenga masiku pafupifupi 150. Nthawi zambiri, kubala kumachitika kamodzi pachaka, nthawi zina izi zimatha kuchitika kawiri pachaka.
Nkhumba zazing'ono zimabadwa pansi pomwe, amayi samapanga chisa chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zidutswa 2 mpaka 8. Anawa amawoneka ofanana ndi achikulire: ali ndi tsitsi (lopepuka pang'ono kuposa la anthu okhwima), owoneka bwino komanso opepuka, ochepa kwambiri, amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka lililonse.
Mayi capybara amadyetsa ana ake mkaka kwa miyezi itatu kapena inayi, ngakhale amadziwa kutafuna udzu pafupifupi atangobadwa. Zazikazi zonse zomwe zimakhala mgululi zimasamalira ndi kusamalira ana. Capybaras amakhala okhwima ndipo amatha kubereka pakadutsa miyezi 18, ndiye kuti kulemera kwawo kumafikira makilogalamu 30 kapena 40.
Adani achilengedwe a capybara
Chithunzi: Capybara
Ngakhale kukula kwake, ma capybaras ali ndi adani ambiri. Ena mwa iwo omwe amaopseza capybara ndi awa:
- nyamazi;
- ocelot;
- ng'ona;
- ziwombankhanga;
- caiman;
- anaconda;
- galu wamtchire.
Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimaukiridwa ndi agalu amtchire komanso nyama zodyetsa nthenga zochokera kubanja lanyama. Kuchokera kwa anthu osafuna kuwukira pamtunda, ma capybaras amathawa ndikulumpha kwakukulu m'madzi, komwe amabisala pansi pamadzi, ndikutsala mphuno imodzi yokha kuti ipume. Chifukwa chake amakhala mwamphamvu wina ndi mnzake (nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala pakati, ndipo akulu amakhala m'mphepete) mpaka ngoziyo itadutsa. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimakhala ndi njira yolumikizirana bwino, monga tanenera kale. Ngati capybara azindikira zoopsa zomwe zikubwera, ndiye kuti achenjeza abale ake onse za izi popanga phokoso.
Anthu amawononganso capybaras ndikudya nyama yawo, yomwe imakoma ngati nkhumba. Zogulitsa za Haberdashery zimapangidwa ndi zikopa za capybara, ndipo mitundu yonse yazodzikongoletsera zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzipangizo zazikulu. Palinso chinthu choseketsa komanso chopanda pake pomwe zaka mazana atatu zapitazo, ansembe achikatolika adazindikira kuti mbewa iyi ndi nsomba ndipo amaloledwa kudya nyama ya capybara nthawi yosala. Masiku ano ku Latin America kuli minda yathunthu yopangira ma capybaras. Nyama yawo ndi mafuta ocheperako amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mankhwala. Mtengo wamafuta a capybara ndi wofanana ndi wa mbira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Capybara albino
M'nthawi yathu ino, kuchuluka kwa ma capybaras sikuwopsezedwa, makoswe osangalatsa kwambiri satetezedwa mwapadera. Chiwerengero cha capybaras sichokhazikika, palibe kudumpha kwakuthwa komwe kumapangitsa kuchepa kudawonedwa. Ngakhale zochitika zaumunthu sizimasokoneza makamaka nyama izi. Malo olima ndi makonzedwe a malo odyetserako ziweto capybaras, m'malo mwake, ndiopindulitsa. Amapeza chakudya ndi madzi pa nthawi yachilimwe. Pali chizolowezi choti kuchuluka kwa nyama m'malo olimidwa otere ndikwambiri kuposa m'chipululu.
Komabe, capybara sikuti nthawi zonse amakhala omasuka. Panali nthawi zina ku Colombia, ma capybaras adawonongedwa kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira 1980, boma laletsa kusaka nyama izi. Chifukwa cha nyama yokoma, anthu aku Venezuela adadya ma capybaras ambiri, koma mu 1953 boma lidayamba kuwongolera kugwidwa kwa mbewa zazikulu, ngakhale izi sizinaphule kanthu, anthu adapitilizabe kusaka mopanda chifundo. Mu 1968, asayansi ya sayansi ya zinyama adapanga dongosolo loti aphunzire zamtundu wa nyamazi ndikusungidwa. Njira zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti anthu akhale okhazikika.
Pakadali pano, ma capybaras ali m'ndandanda wa IUCN ngati nyama zomwe sizikuwopsezedwa kuti zitha kutha padziko lapansi.
Capybara Ndi mbewa yokhayo yomwe ili ndi kukula koteroko. Ngakhale ndi yayikulu kwambiri, nyamayi ndi yofatsa, yabwino, yochezeka komanso yokonda. Capybaras, womwedwa ndi munthu, amakhala abwenzi ake enieni komanso okhulupirika. Kuyang'ana nyama izi, ndizosatheka kuti musamwetulire, chifukwa mawonekedwe awo osasunthika komanso oseketsa amakulimbikitsani.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.02.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/16/2019 ku 0:19
