Mphalapala ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera pakati pa mitundu yake. Iyi ndiye mitundu "yaying'ono kwambiri" ya mphalapala komanso yolimba kwambiri, chifukwa amayenera kukhala m'malo ovuta. Kuphatikiza pa chilengedwe, mutha kupezanso anthu oweta. Kodi mbali zazikulu za zinyama ndi ziti, zimakhala kuti, zimakhala bwanji?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Reindeer
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo, ngakhale powonekera. Chinthu choyamba chomwe chimakopa chidwi ndi mawonekedwe apadera a nyanga, omwe amakhala amuna ndi akazi. M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti mphalapalayi idachokera ku North America, koma popita nthawi, umboni woti amakhala kwawo koyambirira adapezeka kumpoto kwa Europe.
Mphalapala ochokera kubanja la agwape ali m'gulu la nyama zoyamwitsa komanso dongosolo la artiodactyls. Anthu ambiri amapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Kulemera kwa thupi la nyamayo kumasiyana makilogalamu 70 mpaka 200 ndikulimba kwake kuchokera pa masentimita 165 mpaka 210. Amuna amtunduwo amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi. Anthu okhala m'nyumba amakhala pafupifupi zaka 15, kuthengo, pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino pamoyo, chiwerengerochi ndichokwera.
Kuyandikira kwa nyama kwa munthu kumasiya chithunzi osati pa phenotype yokha, komanso pamachitidwe ndi machitidwe a nswala. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi ndi njira yowopsa, mwachilengedwe, nyama zimabalalika, ndipo zoweta, m'malo mwake, zimasochera ziweto.
Thupi la mphalapalalo limadziwika ndi chisomo chapadera. Makamaka amakopeka ndi kukula kwakung'ono kwa mutu ndi malo otsikirapo pang'ono a mphutsi, pomwe maso okongola amaonekera. Nyanga zimakhala zachilendo zokongola. Nyama zimalolera kutentha pang'ono chifukwa cha ulusi wolimba wa tsitsi, womwe sumalola kuti mphepo yozizira idutse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama zamphongo
Mphalapala amadziwika ndi thupi lalitali laling'ono. Khosi limakhala lopindika ndipo mwakuwoneka limawoneka lokulirapo komanso lakulimba chifukwa chophimba tsitsi lakuda, lomwe kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 6. Nthawi yomweyo, miyendo ndi yayitali, koma zowoneka ngati zazifupi. Monga tanena, mphuno ya nyama imatsitsidwa pansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithunzicho chiwoneke chochepa poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya agwape, ndipo mayendedwe ake ndiosakongola.
Mutu wa nswala ndiwotalika, koma molingana, molunjika pamphuno, womwe umakutanso ndi tsitsi lolimba komanso wowoneka bwino. Makutuwo ndi ozungulira komanso ang'onoang'ono, osaposa masentimita 18. Maso ake ndi ofanana ndi amondi. Kutalika kwa mchira kumafikira masentimita 21. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti anthu oweta zoweta ndi ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa anzawo akutchire.
Mitunduyi imasiyanasiyana chifukwa, kuphatikizanso amuna, akazi amakhala ndi nyanga. Zili zazikulu kukula, ndizopindika. Kukula kwawo kumafika amuna 120 cm. Nyanga nthawi zonse zimakhala zosalala, zoyera, komanso zofiirira. Mphalapala, mosiyana ndi ena, ali ndi nyerere zazikulu, koma kulemera kwake kwakukulu ndi 12 kg.
Zitsanzo zapanyumba zimadzitamandira ndi nyanga zazikulu zazikulu. Mawonekedwe a nyerere sabwerezedwa, kulibe mbawala ziwiri zokhala ndi mphalapala zomwezo, zimasiyana munjira, mapindidwe, makulidwe ndi kukula kwake, ngakhale mbawala imodzi ilibe cholingana bwino pakati pa anthete awiri. Akazi ali ndi nyanga zopepuka kuposa amuna.
Kuyambira Novembala mpaka Disembala, nswala zazikulu zimatsanulira nyerere zawo, pomwe mwa achinyamata izi zimachitika kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Zazikazi zimatulutsa nyanga zawo kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni, ikatha kubereka, yatsopano imayamba kukula msanga, pomwe mwaimuna patangotha miyezi itatu kapena inayi.
Utali wautali ndi wandiweyani waubweya wa nthawi yozizira salola kuti kuzizira kudutse ndipo amalola mphalapala kupirira nthawi yozizira. Tsitsi lathupi, ngakhale lili lolimba, lodzaza ndi mpweya, ndilofooka. Pa miyendo, m'malo mwake, amasiyana pakupirira ndi kutalika kwakanthawi. Chifukwa chakuti tsitsi lalitali lomwe limakhazikitsa ziboda, malo othandizira nyama amawonjezeka, komanso, izi zimachepetsa kutsetsereka.
M'chilimwe, tsitsi limasinthidwa ndi lofewa komanso lalifupi. Tsitsi limadzaza pang'ono ndi mpweya ndipo mane sikuwoneka ngati kopepuka. Mtundu wachilimwe ndi bulauni yokhayokha yokhala ndi phulusa, imvi kapena khofi. Palibe kusiyana kwamtundu pakati pa chachikazi ndi chachimuna. Tsitsi limasinthidwa kamodzi pachaka, i.e. kusungunuka kumachitika.
Izi zimatenga nthawi yayitali, zimayamba mu Epulo ndipo zimatha koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Tsitsi la mkanjo wamkati wakale limatsanulidwa poyamba, kenako awn. Choyamba, mutu umasungunuka, pang'onopang'ono molt imadutsa kumbuyo ndikumaliza pamimba.
Kodi mphalapala zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Reindeer mu tundra
Mphalapala asankha madera akuluakulu. Lero amakhala ku Norway, m'chigawo cha Kola Peninsula, m'nkhalango yochokera ku Karelia kupita kugombe la Okhotsk. Pafupifupi anthu zikwi 700 amakhala kuthengo kudera lamapiri.
Nkhumba zazikulu kwambiri zili pa chilumba cha Taimyr - pafupifupi anthu 450 zikwi. Mbawala zimayamba kuyendayenda pano kumapeto kwa chilimwe, zimasambira kupita ku nkhalango-tundra, ndipo koyambirira kwa chilimwe zimabwereranso kumtunda. Nyama zamphongo zimapezekanso ku Transbaikalia ndi Altai.
Kwenikweni, mphalapala amakonda nyengo yam'madera otsatirawa:
- Siberia;
- Kumpoto kwa Amerika;
- Kumpoto kwa Europe.
M'nyengo yotentha, amakhala kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic. Apa ndipomwe amathawa kutentha ndi midge yosasangalatsa, yomwe imagwira ntchito makamaka mchilimwe. Pofika nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yozizira, mbawala zimasamukira kunkhalango. Amakonda malo omwe kulibe chipale chofewa chambiri komanso mafunde akuthwa kwambiri omwe amalepheretsa chakudya.
Kuti akwaniritse zofunikira, nyama nthawi zambiri zimayenda mtunda wopitilira 500 km, zimayenera kuthana ndi zopinga zamtundu uliwonse. Nthawi yozizira ikamatsika, mozungulira Meyi, nyamazi zimasunthiranso kumtunda. Kuti abwerere, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo.
Nthawi zambiri, mbawala zimakhala m'gulu, komabe, pamakhala anthu ena omwe amakhala okhaokha. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali m'gululi chimasinthasintha. Nthawi zambiri, gulu la ziweto limakhala ndi mtsogoleri wamwamuna m'modzi ndipo wamkazi amakhala ndi ana a ng'ombe. Amuna ali ndi udindo woteteza ng'ombe ndi dera lawo.
Kodi mphalapala zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Reindeer mu tundra m'nyengo yozizira
Kuti adzipezere chakudya, agwape ayenera kuyesetsa. Popeza amakhala, amayenera kufunafuna chakudya pansi pa chipale chofewa pafupifupi chaka chonse. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbawala zimakumba matalala ambiri mpaka masentimita 150, komabe, m'malo otentha, nyama sizingathe kukumba ngakhale 30 cm ngati chipale chofewa chimakhala ndi ayezi. Kwenikweni, matalalawo amakumbidwa ndi amuna, ndi vazhenki, i.e. akazi amadyera kuchokera kumabowo.
Chakudya chachikulu cha nswala ndi:
- ndere. Chakudyacho ndichapadera. Yagel amachotsedwa mapuloteni, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni omwe alipo alipo ndizovuta kuti mphalapala zigayike. Amakhala ndi mchere wochepa, ndipo mchere wa silicon sioyenera nswala. Mulinso mavitamini pafupifupi. Amakhala ngati chakudya chofulumira - siwothandiza, koma amapereka kukhuta msanga. Kuti akwaniritse mavitamini oyenerera, nyama zimafunikira zakudya zosiyanasiyana;
- nyemba. Mbawala amakonda chakudya ichi chilimwe;
- mabwalo. Zimakhala ngati chakudya chonenepa cha nswala. M'nyengo yotentha, mafoloko amakhala ndi 20% yazakudya za agwape. Nyengo ikadutsa ndipo udzu ukufota, mbawala zimasiya chidwi ndi mtundu uwu wa chakudya;
- dzinthu. Amapanga maziko azakudya nthawi yachilimwe;
- bowa. Mbawala amasangalala kudya bowa, uwu ndi mtundu wa zokoma kwa iwo. Kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka chisanu choyamba, mbawala zimasaka bowa mwakhama ndipo zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna;
- zitsamba. Chakudya chachikulu cha agwape chilimwe;
- zosiyana. Kuti mupeze zofunikira, makamaka mchere, mbawala zimadya mazira a mbalame, osanyoza nthaka yamchere kapena nsomba zam'nyanja.
Pofuna kuthetsa ludzu lawo m'nyengo yozizira, mbawala zimadya chisanu. Madzi ozizira kwambiri opanda chipale chofewa ndi owopsa kwa nyama, ndiye kuti anthu alibe komwe angatenge madzi, ndipo nkhokwe zamafuta zimasungunuka msanga chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa madzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Reindeer m'nyengo yozizira
Mbali yaikulu ya mphalapala - ng'ombe. Amasonkhana m'magulu osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana kuyambira makumi khumi mpaka zikwi. Ma Loner ndi osowa kwambiri, koma izi ndizosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika. Tsoka ilo, ndizovuta kwambiri kuti mayunitsi ngati amenewa apulumuke m'malo ovuta.
Moyo wa ziweto umapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa mphalapala kusamuka ndikufunafuna chakudya. Gulu limakhala losavuta kuteteza kapena kumenyana ndi adani. Mtsogoleri wamwamuna ali ndi udindo woteteza madera ndi anthu ena. Gwape m'modzi m'mikhalidwe yotere amakhala ndi mwayi wochepa wosangalala.
Izi ndi nyama zosamukasamuka. Samakhala malo amodzi chaka chonse. M'chilimwe, amasamukira kumadera ozizira, ndipo nyengo yozizira ikayamba, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kupeza chakudya. Nthawi yophukira ikatha, mphalapala zimasamukira kumtunda kupita kummwera, chifukwa kumakhala kosavuta kupeza chakudya kumeneko, nyengo yabwino.
Pofunafuna malo ndi chakudya, ziweto zimapambana zopinga zazikulu komanso kutalika. Amasambira kuwoloka mitsinje, kukwera pamwamba. Pakutha nyengo yozizira, amasunthiranso kumtunda momwemonso.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mphalapala wamtchire
Kuyambira mkatikati mwa mwezi wa Okutobala, nyengo yakumasirana imayamba ya nswala, yomwe imatha mpaka kumapeto kwa Novembala. Nyengo yakukhwima imadziwika ndikuchuluka kwamakani mwa amuna; ndewu zimatha kuchitika pakati pa omwe akupikisana nawo, pomwe olimba mtima amatsimikizika. Ndiopambana yemwe amapeza mwayi wokwatirana ndi akazi opitilira khumi nthawi yonseyi.
Zimatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi itatu kuti mphalapala yazimayi ibereke ana kwathunthu, motero, ana ang'onoang'ono obadwa kumene amawoneka ndikutentha kwa chilimwe. Kwa yamphongo imodzi, yaikazi imabweretsa ng'ombe imodzi, ndizosowa kwambiri kuti mbawala ziwiri zizioneka.
Atangobadwa, gwapeyo ndi wofooka kwambiri komanso wocheperako, osapitirira 6 kg. Komabe, patangopita masiku ochepa, nyanga zazing'ono zoyambirira zimayamba kuwonekera. Mofulumira kwambiri mwanayo akupeza mphamvu ndikukula. Ali ndi kanthawi kochepa kuti akhale wamphamvu, chifukwa patadutsa miyezi ingapo nswala imayamba njira yosamukira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nswala yaying'ono iyenera kuthana ndi maulendo atali ndi zopinga. Amuna panthawiyi amayang'anira bwino gulu la ziweto ndipo amateteza ku zovuta zonse.
Zaka ziwiri atabadwa, mwana wamkazi amatha msinkhu, mpaka nthawi imeneyo amakhala pafupi ndi amayi ake. Kumtchire, mphalapala zimakhala zaka 25.
Adani achilengedwe a mphalapala
Chithunzi: Mphalapala zazimayi
Choopsa chachikulu kwa agwape m'chilengedwe chikuyimiridwa ndi zolusa. Kutengera malo ndi kuchuluka kwa ziweto, ngozi ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyama zolusa zimasiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhudzanso anthu. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mulingo wakuwonongeka ndikusowa kwa zakudya zina, zinthu zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa agwape ndi olusa.
Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa agwape ndi nkhandwe. M'malo otentha komanso nkhalango, agwape ambiri amafa chifukwa cha mimbulu. M'tchire, mimbulu siyimakhala pachiwopsezo chotere chifukwa cha nyama zazing'ono zomwe zili m'malo amenewo. Ngati kulibe mimbulu yambiri, ndiye kuti siziwononga kwambiri gulu la nswala, koma zimagwira ntchito yosankha - okhawo odwala ndi ofooka amafa. Anthu athanzi komanso olimba amakhala nyama yovuta nkhandwe m'nyengo yozizira. Komabe, ngati kuchuluka kwa mimbulu kuli kwakukulu, ndiye kuti mbawala zimasoweka kwambiri, ngakhale zathanzi komanso zamphamvu zimafa.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhalanso chowopsa. Ngakhale kuti samasaka mbawala nthawi zambiri, ngati ali ndi mwayi wolanda, sadzaphonya yake. Chinyama chosavuta kwambiri cha chimbalangondo ndi gwape pagombe lamadzi. Chimbalangondo chimasaka anthu achikulire nthawi zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, zimbalangondo zimapha nyama zoweta ndipo zimakonda agwape ang'onoang'ono.
Anthu nawonso amawononga kwambiri nswala. Ngakhale zakuti kusaka nyama yoletsa ndikoletsedwa ndipo madera ena nyamazi ndizotetezedwa, opha nyama moperewera sawimitsidwa ndi zoletsedwa. Mbawala ndi yamtengo wapatali kwa anthu chifukwa cha anthete, khungu, ndi nyama. Kuphatikiza pa kusaka, kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango komanso kusintha kwa chilengedwe cha nyama zimasokonekeranso.
M'mbuyomu, mphalapala zinkakhala ku Europe konse, koma masiku ano zimangokhala m'malo omwe sizovuta kuti munthu afikire.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Reindeer
Chiwerengero cha mphalapala amachepetsa chaka chilichonse. Zomwe zimakhudza anthu? Imeneyi ndi imfa m'chilengedwe chifukwa cha ziwopsezo zomwe zimadyedwa ndi zochita za anthu: zochitika zachuma, kusaka ndi kupha nyama. Masiku ano, mtundu wa mitunduyi umakhazikika pamlingo wokhazikika, agwape ali anthu opitilira 10 miliyoni. Komabe, m'madera ena, mitundu ina ya mphalapala zimatetezedwa ndi nkhokwe ndi Red Book.
M'madera omwe pali kuthekera kwakuti mitundu ya zamoyo itheretu, mbawala zimasungidwa m'malo abwino osungidwa. Zochitika zoterezi zimapindulitsa anthu. Masiku ano, ngakhale kuti mphalapala sizatsala pang'ono kutha, kuchuluka kwa zamoyozi kukucheperachepera.
Pali chiopsezo kuti ndi zochitika zomwezo ndi zochita za anthu, mitundu iyi iyenera kulowetsedwa mu Red Book ndikubwezeretsedwanso. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ziweto ku Canada ndi Russia zatsika ndi 40%. Ndi zochita za anthu zomwe zimakhudza nyama zakutchire kwambiri.
Mphalapala nyama yapadera. Kusintha kwanyengo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti asinthe ndikupulumuka, koma amakhala olimba mtima ndipo azitha kuthana ndi zopinga izi. Komabe, munthu, mwa zochita zake, ali ndi vuto pa nyama zakutchire, kuti ateteze osamukasamukawa ndikuletsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi, akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu moyenera.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 29.01.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/16/2019 ku 22:20
