Chimbalangondo chofiirira ankaona ngati imodzi mwa zinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kunja akuwoneka kuti ndi nyama yolemera, yosakhazikika komanso yosakhazikika. Komabe, sichoncho. Nyama zotere zimawerengedwa kuti ndizoyang'anira dera lalitali kwambiri la taiga. Mphamvu ndi ukulu wa wokhala m'nkhalango amasangalatsa komanso kudabwitsa. Kukula kwake, ndi nyama yodyetsa imodzi yokha yomwe ingafanane nayo - chimbalangondo choyera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Malinga ndi asayansi komanso akatswiri ofukula zakale, zimbalangondo zidasinthika kuchokera ku martens wakale pafupifupi zaka 3-4 miliyoni zapitazo. Zotsalira zamtundu wakalewu zidapezeka mdera la France lamakono. Anali chimbalangondo chaching'ono cha chi Malay. Mitunduyi yasanduka nyama yayikulu kwambiri - chimbalangondo cha Etruscan. Gawo lake lidafalikira ku Europe ndi China. Mwina, ndi mtundu uwu womwe udakhala woyambitsa wa zimbalangondo zazikulu, zakuda. Pafupifupi zaka 1.8-2 miliyoni zapitazo, anawononga mapanga a chimbalangondo. Zinachokera kwa iwo kuti zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi zakumtunda zinayamba, zomwe zidagawika m'magulu ambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a chilombocho ndi ochititsa chidwi mu kukula kwake ndi mphamvu. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu mmodzi kufika makilogalamu 300-500, kutalika kwa thupi ndi kwa mamita awiri. Woimira wamkulu wamtunduwu amakhala kumalo osungira nyama likulu la Germany. Kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 775. Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala akulu komanso okulirapo kuposa akazi pafupifupi kawiri. Thupi liri ndi thupi lopangidwa ndi mbiya, limafota kwambiri. Miyendo yamphamvu, yotukuka ili ndi zala zisanu ndi zikhadabo zazikulu mpaka masentimita 15. Pali mchira waung'ono wozungulira, womwe kukula kwake sikupitilira masentimita awiri. Mutu waukulu wokhala ndi mbali yakutsogolo yotambalala uli ndi mphuno yayitali, maso ang'ono ndi makutu.
Kuchuluka kwake ndi utoto wa malayawo zimadalira dera lokhalamo. Zimanyamula molt nthawi yotentha. M'nyengo yozizira, komanso mkati mwaukwati, zimbalangondo zimakhala zankhanza kwambiri. Zowononga zimatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi m'maloto. Amakwera m'phanga, ndikupinda mpira. Miyendo yakumbuyo idakanikizidwa mpaka kumimba, ndimaphimba mkamwa ndi yakutsogolo.
Kodi chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala kuti?
Chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi nyama yakutchire. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira ndi masamba obiriwira obiriwira. Malo monga tundra, taiga, mapiri ndi malo abwino okhala nyama zodyera miyendo. Poyamba, malowa anali ochokera ku England kupita ku China ndi Japan. Lero, chifukwa chakutha kwa mitunduyo, malo okhala atsika kwambiri. Zimbalangondo zidangokhala kudera la Russia, Alaska, Kazakhstan, Canada. Mwachilengedwe, chimbalangondo chimodzi chimakhala ndi makilomita 70 mpaka 150.
- Gawo lakummawa kwa taiga ya ku Siberia;
- Mongolia;
- Pakistan;
- Iran;
- Korea;
- Afghanistan;
- China;
- Phazi la Pamir, Tien Shan, Himalaya;
- Kazakhstan.
Pafupifupi zimbalangondo zonse zimakhala m'deralo pafupi ndi magwero amadzi otseguka.
Kodi chimbalangondo chofiirira chimadya chiyani?
Chimbalangondo chofiirira mwachilengedwe chimakhala nyama zolusa. Komabe, titha kumutcha molimbika chilombo chododometsa. Amadya zakudya zazomera chaka chonse. Ndi zomera zomwe zimapanga pafupifupi 70% yazakudya zonse zolusa. Kukhalapo kwa tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo, mphutsi sizimasiyidwa pazakudya.
Mwachilengedwe, nyamazi zimapatsidwa luso lotha kuwedza. Polumikizana ndi izi, pafupifupi nthawi zonse mumakhala akasupe amadzi, momwe chimbalangondo chimatha kugwira nsomba. Chilombocho chili ndi mphamvu zamphamvu, zamphamvu komanso zotsogola kwambiri. Ndi nkhonya imodzi yakutsogolo, amatha kupha mbawala, nguluwe kapena mphalapala. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadya monga ma hares ndi ma raccoon zimakhala nyama.
M'nthano zaku Russia, chimbalangondo chofiirira chikuwoneka ngati dzino lokoma komanso wokonda uchi. Ndipo ndi zoona. Amasangalala kwambiri ndi uchi wa njuchi zakutchire.
Maziko a zakudya za chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi awa:
- zipatso za m'nkhalango, makamaka rasipiberi, lingonberries, blueberries, strawberries;
- dzinthu;
- chimanga;
- nsomba;
- Nyama zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono - nguluwe, nkhumba zakutchire, mbuzi, nswala;
- oimira banja la mbewa, mbewa, achule, abuluzi;
- Zomera zamtchire - mtedza, acorn.
Chimbalangondo chimakhala ndi kuthekera kwachilengedwe kuti chizolowere bwino mkhalidwe uliwonse. Amatha kupirira ngakhale njala, ndipo amapulumuka pakalibe nyama ndi nsomba. Amakonda kupanga zofunikira. Zomwe chinyama sichidya, chimabisala m'nkhalango zowirira za m'nkhalango, kenako nkuzidya. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti sizili zovuta kuti iwo apeze masheya omwe apanga, popeza ali ndi kukumbukira bwino.
Chakudya chitha kupezeka usiku komanso masana. Si zachilendo kwa iwo kupanga njira zosakira, kusaka nyama, ndi kuukira. Chofunikira chokhacho ndi chomwe chingakakamize chimbalangondo kuchita izi. Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kupita kumalo okhala anthu ndikuwononga ziweto.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Ngakhale kuti ndi akulu kukula komanso kusokonekera kwakunja, zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi zaudongo kwambiri komanso pafupifupi nyama zopanda phokoso. Olusa nyama zokhazokha. Malo awo amagawidwa pakati pa akulu. Mmodzi wamphongo amatenga dera lalikulu masikweya kilomita 50 mpaka 150. Amuna amakhala m'dera lalikulu nthawi 2-3 kuposa akazi. Munthu aliyense amalemba gawo lake ndi mkodzo, zikhadabo za mitengo.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri masana, makamaka m'mawa. Amatha kuthamanga mwachangu, mpaka liwiro la 45-55 km / h. Amadziwa kukwera mitengo, kusambira, kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Nyamayi imakhala ndi fungo labwino. Amatha kununkhiza nyama pamtunda wa makilomita atatu.
Nyama izi zimadziwika ndimakhalidwe azanyengo. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zimakhala moyo wokangalika, zikuyenda kudutsa m'nkhalango. M'nyengo yozizira, zimbalangondo zimagona m'mapanga. M'dzinja, zimbalangondo zimayamba kukonzekera kubisala, kukonzekera malo a izi, komanso kudzikundikira kwamafuta ochepa. Hibernation imatenga mwezi umodzi mpaka inayi mpaka isanu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kuchuluka kwa kugunda kwamtima, kupuma komanso kuchuluka kwa kupuma kwamphamvu panthawi yopumula sikusintha. Pakati pa kubisala, nyama imachepa kwambiri - mpaka makilogalamu 60-70.
Zimbalangondo zimasamala kwambiri posankha malo ogona m'nyengo yozizira. Ayenera kukhala obisika, opanda phokoso komanso owuma. Khola liyenera kukhala lofunda komanso labwino. Zimbalangondo zimakhala pansi pa malo awo okhala ndi moss wouma. Pakugona, amasungabe tulo, kugona kumakhala kosazama. Ndiosavuta kusokoneza ndikudzuka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Nyengo yokwanira ya zimbalangondo zofiirira imayamba kumapeto kwa masika ndipo imatha miyezi ingapo. Amuna panthawiyi amakhala aukali kwambiri. Amakonda kuukirana wina ndi mzake ndikumenyera mwamphamvu mwayi woti akwatirane ndi akazi. Ndiponso, amuna amatulutsa mkokomo waukali. Akazi, nawonso, nthawi yomweyo amalowa m'banja ndi amuna angapo nthawi imodzi.
Zimbalangondo zimakonda kubereka ana pafupifupi kamodzi zaka 2-3. Nthawi yolera imakhala pafupifupi masiku mazana awiri. Mwana wosabadwayo amakula m'mimba mwa mkazi nthawi yokhayokha. Nthawi zambiri, ana awiri kapena atatu amabadwa pakati, kapena pafupi kumapeto kwa dzinja. Kulemera kwapakati pa mwana m'modzi sikupitilira magalamu 500, kutalika ndi 22-24 cm.
Ana obadwa kumene sawona ndipo samva chilichonse. The hairline bwino bwino. Pambuyo masiku 10-12, anawo amayamba kumva, patatha mwezi - kuti awone. Chimbalangondo chimadyetsa ana ake ndi mkaka mdzenje kwa miyezi itatu kapena inayi. Pamsinkhu uwu, anawo amakhala ndi mano awo oyamba, omwe amawalola kuwonjezera zakudya zawo. Komabe, ndi mawonekedwe a mano, anawo samasiya kudyetsa mkaka wa mayi. Imagwira ngati chakudya kwa zaka 1.5-2.5.
Anawo ali pansi pa chisamaliro cha amayi awo mpaka atakwanitsa zaka 3-4. Pakadali pano, amatha msinkhu ndikuyamba kudziyimira pawokha. Komabe, nthawi yakukula sikutha, imapitilira zaka zina 6-7.
Mkazi amatenga nawo gawo polera ndi kusamalira ana. Mbalame yotchedwa pestun, mkazi wachikulire wochokera kubadwa lakale, amatenganso gawo pantchitoyi. Mwachilengedwe, chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala zaka pafupifupi 25-30. Mukakhala mu ukapolo, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo chitha kuwirikiza.
Adani achilengedwe a chimbalangondo chofiirira
Mdani wachirengedwe wa chilombo ndi munthu ndi ntchito zake. Ngati ilipo mwachilengedwe, chilombocho sichikhala ndi adani ena. Palibe nyama yomwe ingayerekeze kuukira chimbalangondo. Palibe wina amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu yomugonjetsera.
Lero chimbalangondo chofiirira chidalembedwa mu Red Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Zodabwitsazi zidachitika chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu. Kuwombera achikulire, komanso kugwidwa kwa ana, zimawerengedwa kuti ndi mphotho yayikulu kwa opha nyama mosavomerezeka. Khungu la nyama, komanso nyama ndi bile, ndizofunika kwambiri.
Osaka nyama mozemba amagulitsa nyama pamtengo wokwera kwa oimira bizinesi yodyerako. Zikopazo zimagulitsidwa ngati zopangira zopangira makalapeti. Nyamula mafuta ndi bile zikufunika m'makampani opanga mankhwala kuti apange mankhwala.
M'mbuyomu, zimbalangondo zinali zofala ndipo zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse. Ku Briteni Isles, omaliza a awa adaphedwa mzaka za zana la 20. Ku Europe, makamaka, mdera la Germany, mitunduyo idasowa zaka zopitilira zana zapitazo. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa gawo la Europe, zimbalangondo zimapezeka m'mitundu imodzi. Ngakhale kuti oimira banja la zimbalangondo adatchulidwa mu Red Book, ozunza nyama mopitirira muyeso akupitiliza kuwononga oimira mitunduyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mpaka pano, chimbalangondo chofiirira chidalembedwa mu Red Book. Chiwerengero cha anthu chili ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Lero pali anthu pafupifupi 205,000 padziko lapansi. Pafupifupi 130,000 amakhala ku Russian Federation.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira, kutengera malo okhala, chagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono angapo:
Chimbalangondo cha ku Siberia... Zili ngati mbuye wa nkhalango za ku Siberia.
Atlas Nyamuliranani... Lero amadziwika mwalamulo ngati subspecies zomwe sizikupezeka. Malo okhalamo anafalikira kuchokera ku Morocco kupita ku Libya, m'dera la mapiri a Atlas.
Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly. Awonongedweratu ndi ozunza ndi osaka nyama. Ankaonedwa kuti ndi gawo limodzi la zomera ndi zinyama zaku California.
Chimbalangondo cha Ussuri... Amasiyana kukula modzichepetsa komanso mdima, pafupifupi mtundu wakuda.
Chimbalangondo cha Chitibeta... M'modzi mwa oimira osowa kwambiri. Ma subspecies adadziwika ndi dzina loti amakhala kumapiri aku Tibetan.
Kodiak. Amamuwona ngati nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Ma subspecies adatchedwa dzina lake chifukwa cha dera lokhalamo - zisumbu zazilumba za Kodiak. Unyinji wa munthu wamkulu ukufika makilogalamu oposa mazana anayi.
Chitetezo cha chimbalangondo cha Brown
Pofuna kuteteza mitunduyo, chimbalangondo chofiirira chidalembedwa mu Red Book. Kumusaka ndi koletsedwa. Kuphwanya lamuloli ndi mlandu. M'dera la Russian Federation, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimasungidwa m'malo opangira ndipo zimamasulidwa kuthengo.
Mu 1975, mgwirizano udakwaniritsidwa pakati pa USSR, England, Canada, Denmark, Norway kuti achitepo kanthu mogwirizana kuti asunge ndikuwonjezera mitunduyo.
Mu 1976, malo osungira zimbalangondo zofiirira adapangidwa ku Wrangel Island.
Chimodzi mwazinyama zokongola kwambiri, zamphamvu komanso zazikulu - Chimbalangondo chofiirira... Zizolowezi zake, moyo wake ndi wapadera m'njira zawo. Ndiye chifukwa chake ntchito zazikuluzikulu zikuchitika masiku ano kuti zisawonongeke.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.01.2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 10:18
