Zingakhale zovuta kutchula mbalame zomwe zimakopeka ndi kukondana komanso chinsinsi kuposa ma swans. Anthu akhala akuzipembedza kwanthawi yayitali, kusilira mawonekedwe a mbalamezi monga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso onyada, kukongola ndi kukongola, komanso, kukhulupirika kwa tsekwe komwe kumatchulidwa m'nthano komanso kuyimba munyimbo. M'nthawi zakale, pakati pa anthu ambiri, swans idakhala nyama za totem.
Koma ndi chiyani - zenizeni, osati zopeka komanso zopanda pake, koma swans wamba wamba? Ndipo ndi chiyani chinanso, kuwonjezera pa zomwe zalembedwa pamwambapa, kodi mbalamezi zingakhale zodabwitsa komanso zosangalatsa?
Kufotokozera kwa swans
Swans ndi mbalame zazikulu, zazikuluzikulu zochokera m'banja la bakha, zomwe zimayeneranso kuti ndi za Anseriformes... Pakadali pano, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya swans zamoyo ndi mitundu khumi yakufa idadziwika, ndipo nkutheka kuti adatha popanda anthu kutenga nawo mbali. Mitundu yonse ya swans imatha kukhala ndi nthenga zokha za mitundu ya achromatic - yakuda, imvi kapena yoyera.
Maonekedwe
Swans amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zamadzi zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu 15, ndipo mapiko awo amakhala mpaka mita ziwiri. Mtundu wa nthenga sizingokhala zoyera zokha, komanso wakuda wakuda, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaimvi. Mtundu wa milomo ya mitundu yambiri ndi imvi kapena yachikaso chakuda, ndipo ndi tsekwe zakuda zokha ndi tsekwe zosalankhula zomwe zimakhala ndi zofiira. Mitundu yonse ya swans imakhala ndi zotumphukira pamwamba pa mlomo, mtundu wake umadalira mtundu womwe mbalameyo imakhalapo: itha kukhala yakuda, yachikaso kapena yofiira.
Chachikulu chakunja chomwe chimasiyanitsa swans ndi abakha ndi mbalame zina zofananira ndi khosi lalitali, lomwe limathandiza mbalame kupeza chakudya m'madzi. Zilonda zawo ndi zazifupi, choncho pamtunda ma swans samawoneka okongoloka ngati m'madzi, ndipo mawonekedwe awo amawoneka ovuta. Koma, chifukwa chakukula kwamapiko, chinsombocho chikuuluka bwino, ndipo pakuuluka chikuwoneka ngati chosangalatsa ngati kusambira: imawuluka, ikutambasula khosi lake ndikutambasula mlengalenga ndi mapiko a mapiko ake olimba.
Gulu la ziswiti zomwe zimasamukira kumwera mu nthawi yophukira zimachita chidwi kwambiri zikauluka m'minda yopanda anthu ndi nkhalango zachikaso m'mawa wamawa kozizira komanso mvula, kulengeza malowa ndi kulira kwakukulu, kwachisoni, ngati kutsanzikana ndi kwawo mpaka kasupe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyanja ya Swan, yomwe ili pafupi ndi Nyumba ya Neuschwanstein ku Germany, yomwe ili ndi mbalame zoyera kwambiri zoyera ngati chipale chofewa komanso mbalame zakuda za malasha zikuyandama pamwamba pake, zidalimbikitsa wolemba nyimbo waku Russia a Pyotr Ivanovich Tchaikovsky kuti alembe nyimbo zanyimbo ya Swan Lake.
Kugonana kwamankhwala mu swans sikutchulidwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake sizovuta kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, popeza ali ndi thupi lofanana, mawonekedwe a milomo, makosi awo amakhala ndi kutalika komweko, ndi mtundu wa nthenga mwa amuna ndi akazi a mtundu womwewo umagwirizananso. Anapiye a Swan, mosiyana ndi mbalame zazikulu, amawoneka owoneka bwino ndikusowa chisomo cha makolo awo. Mtundu wawo wotsika nthawi zambiri umakhala wopanda imvi mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
A Swans amakhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi... Zimayandama mokongola, mokongoletsa komanso mopima, zimadutsa pamadzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo mayendedwe awo amadzazidwa ndi kusadzitama. Nyanjayi ikagwera mutu ndi khosi lake m'madzi posaka chakudya, thupi lake limapachikika pambuyo pawo, kotero kuti kumbuyo kokha kwa thupi kumawoneka, kofanana patali ndi pilo yaying'ono yomwe ili ndi mchira wawung'ono. Swans omwe amakhala kuthengo amakhala osamala kwambiri, sakhulupirira anthu kapena nyama zina ndipo amakonda kukhala kutali ndi gombe, komwe atha kukhala pachiwopsezo.
Ngati chowopsya chenichenicho, sichiri chongoyerekeza, ndiye kuti mbalame zimakonda kusambira kuchoka kwa mdani wawo m'madzi, ndipo pokhapokha ngati sangapewe kuzitsata, zimamwazikana m'madzi, zikumenyetsa pamtunda ndi zikopa zazitali ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi zimasinthiratu mapiko. Ngati izi sizikuthandizira kubisalira chilombocho chikuwapeza, ndiye kuti ma swans amadzuka mlengalenga. Pamene pazifukwa zina gomboli silinganyamuke, limadumphira m'madzi ndipo likuyesetsa kupewa ngozi.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mapaki ndi malo osungira nyama amazolowera msanga kuti chidwi cha alendo chimakhala chokhazikika kwa iwo. Amakhala okopa kwa anthu ndipo mwachisomo amavomereza kulandira chakudya kuchokera kwa iwo. A Swans ndi onyada kwambiri, samalekerera kukhalapo kwa oyandikana nawo, komanso, ochita nawo mpikisano pafupi nawo. Banja lomwe lakhazikika kale litetezera gawo lawo, osalola aliyense kunja kwa katundu wawo.
Mbalamezi zimatha kuchita ndewu ngati wina aphwanya mtendere ndikulowa m'gawo lawo. Swans ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo akamenyana ndi munthu m'modzi atha kuthyola mkono wa adani awo ndi mapiko awo, ndipo milomo yawo yamphamvu komanso yamphamvu imawapangitsa kukhala owopsa kwambiri. Ngati amakhala pafupi ndi anthu, mwachitsanzo, m'minda kapena m'mapaki, ndiye kuti izi zikutanthauza kuti mbalamezo zimadalira anthu kwathunthu ndikuwalola kuti adziyandikire posinthana ndi chitetezo ndikudya. Pokhapokha ngati atha kumvana ndi oyandikana nawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Asayansi omwe amaphunzira za mbalamezi awona kuti swans zakuda zimasiyanitsidwa ndi bata komanso bata. Koma mbewa zoyera, m'malo mwake, zimatha kukhala tambala kwambiri komanso mwamakani.
Mitundu yonse ya swans ndi mbalame zosamuka. M'dzinja, amasiya kwawo komwe amakhala m'nyengo yozizira m'mphepete mwa nyanja zotentha zakumwera kapena nyanja zosazizira, ndipo kumapeto kwa nyengo amabwerera. Gulu la swans zouluka, patsogolo pake mtsogoleriyo amawuluka, amatchedwa mphero.
Ndi ma swans angati omwe amakhala
Swans amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zokhalitsa, ndipo atha kukhala zaka 20 mpaka 25 m'malo achilengedwe mpaka zaka 30 ali muukapolo. Komabe, nthano, yomwe imanena kuti mbalamezi zimatha kukhala zaka 150, mwatsoka, ndizopeka zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kutalika kwa moyo wazilombo zodabwitsa komanso zokongolazi.
Mitundu ya swans
Pakadali pano pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya swans padziko lapansi:
- whooper swan;
- osalankhula;
- lipenga swan;
- kakang'ono kakang'ono;
- Chingwe cha ku America;
- Khansa yakuda;
- khosi lakuda wakuda.
Whooper
Imodzi mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri ya swans... Mbalamezi zimakhazikika kumpoto kwa Eurasia, kuchokera ku Iceland mpaka ku Sakhalin, komanso kumwera kwake, zimayambira kudera lamapiri la Mongolia komanso kumpoto kwa Japan. Imasiyana ndi abale ake ena ndi kulira kwa lipenga komwe kumachitika paulendo wapaulendo, womwe umafalikira patali. Mtundu wa nthenga zolemera za hule ndi zoyera. Milomo yawo ndi yachikasu ndi mandimu wakuda. Chinthu china chakunja kwa mbalamezi ndikuti pamadzi samapinditsa khosi lawo ngati swans ena, koma samayima molunjika.
Lankhulani
Mosiyana ndi mphalapala wofananira wakunja, akamasambira, amapinda khosi lake ngati chilembo chachi Latin S, ndipo amagwirizira mutu wake pamwamba pamadzi. Chifukwa chakuti wosalankhula nthawi zambiri amakhala wokulirapo komanso wamkulu kuposa wopingasa, khosi lake limawoneka lokulirapo ndipo limawoneka lalifupi patali kuposa momwe lilili. Pakuthauluka, wosalankhulayo samatulutsa kulira kwa lipenga, koma phokoso la mapiko ake akuluakulu komanso olimba likudutsa mlengalenga, limodzi ndi kachipangizo kotulutsa nthenga zazikulu komanso zazitali, kumamveka kutali.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalameyi imatchedwa dzina chifukwa posonyeza kusasangalala nayo, imalizira mkwiyo woipa.
Ma Mutee amakhala pakati komanso kum'mwera kwa Asia ndi Europe. Magawo awo amayambira kumwera kwa Sweden, Denmark ndi Poland kumadzulo kupita ku China ndi Mongolia kum'mawa. Komabe, ngakhale komweko simungakumane ndi ma swans awa, chifukwa amakhala osamala komanso osadalira.
Lipenga swan
Kunja, imawoneka ngati yamanyazi, koma, mosiyana ndi mlomo wakuda wachikasu, mlomo wake ndi wakuda kwathunthu. Olankhula malipenga ndi mbalame zazikulu, zolemera mpaka 12.5 makilogalamu, ndi kutalika kwa thupi - masentimita 150-180. Amakhala kumpoto kwa America, malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nyanja zazikulu komanso zokulirapo, mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono.
Nkhumba yaying'ono
Mitunduyi, yokhazikika ku tundra ya Eurasia, kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula kumadzulo kupita ku Kolyma kum'mawa, amatchedwanso tundra. Imasiyana ndi anzawo chifukwa chakuti kawale kakang'ono kali kakang'ono kwambiri kuposa iwo kukula kwake. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi ndi 115-127 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 5-6 kg. Mawu a tundra swan ndi ofanana ndi mawu a whooper, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala chete komanso otsika. Mlomo wake umakhala wakuda kwambiri, koma kumtunda kwake ndim chikasu. Ng'onoting'ono imakonda kukhazikika m'malo amadzi otseguka, ndipo, m'malo mwake, imayesetsa kupewa malo osungira nkhalango.
Mbalame ya Chinsansa
Chimawoneka ngati chaching'ono, chimatha kukhala chokulirapo pang'ono kuposa chakumapeto (mpaka 146 cm) ndipo khosi lake ndi lalifupi pang'ono komanso lowonda. Mtundu wa mlomowo umakhala wakuda kwathunthu, kupatula malo ang'onoang'ono achikaso owala kumtunda kwake, omwe ali m'mbali.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zitsanzo pamilomo ya ma swans aku America ndizapadera komanso zapadera, monga zala za anthu.
M'mbuyomu, mtundu uwu unali wofala ndipo unkakhala kumpoto kwa America. Koma pakadali pano sizachilendo. Amakonda nyengo yozizira m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific kupita ku California kumwera ndi Nyanja ya Atlantic kupita ku Florida. Ikupezekanso ku Russia: ku Anadyr, Chukotka ndi Islands Islands.
Mbalame Yakuda
Mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi nthenga pafupifupi zakuda, nthenga zokha zouluka pamapiko ake ndi zoyera. M'masamba ambiri akuda, nthenga zamkati zamkati ndizonso zoyera. Amanyezimira pamwamba pa nthenga zakuda, kuti kamvekedwe konseko kakuwonekere kotuwa, ndipo kutseka, ngati mutayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona mikwingwirima yoyera yoyenda mozungulira mtundu wakuda. Ngakhale zikhomo za mtundu uwu ndi zakuda, ndendende mofanana ndi nthenga zakumtunda. Mlomo ndi wofiira kwambiri ndipo mphete yoyera kutsogolo kwake.
Swans zakuda ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa ma mbee: kutalika kwake kumakhala pakati pa 110 mpaka 140 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu. Ili ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri, lokhala ndi mitsempha 32 ya khomo lachiberekero, kotero kuti mbalameyo imatha kupita kukasaka pansi pamadzi m'madzi ozama. Mosiyana ndi tsekwe wosalankhula, tsekwe zakuda zimatha kulira malipenga, kuyimbira abale ake kapena kuwonetsa kusakhutira. Amakhala ku Australia ndi Tasmania. Koma ku Europe, komanso ku North America, swans wakuda amapezekanso, komabe, ngati mbalame zamtchire zomwe zimakhala m'mapaki ndi m'malo osungira.
Khosi lakuda
Imasiyana ndi abale ake onse ndi nthenga zosazolowereka za mitundu iwiri: mutu wake ndi khosi ndizopaka utoto wakuda, pomwe thupi lake lonse limayera loyera. Kuzungulira maso pali malire opapatiza oyera ngati mzere. Mlomo wa mbalamezi ndi wotuwa mdima, m'munsi mwake pali khungu lalikulu lofiira kwambiri. Miyendo ya swans yamakhosi akuda ndi pinki yopepuka. Mbalamezi zimakhala ku South America, kuchokera kumpoto kumpoto mpaka ku Tierra del Fuego kumwera, ndipo zimawulukira ku Paraguay ndi ku Brazil nthawi yachisanu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mitundu yambiri ya swan imakhala m'malo otentha, ndipo ochepa okha ndi omwe amakhala m'malo otentha. Mbalamezi zimakhala ku Ulaya, mayiko ena a ku Asia, America ndi Australia. Anthu a ku Swans sakhala kumadera otentha a ku Asia, kumpoto kwa South America, ndi ku Africa. Kudera la Russia, amapezeka m'malo amtunda ndipo, makamaka, m'nkhalango. Kum'mwera, madera awo amachokera ku Kola Peninsula mpaka ku Crimea komanso kuchokera ku Peninsula ya Kamchatka kupita ku Central Asia.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ina yamtundu wa swan yadziwika kuti ndi chuma chamayiko. Mwachitsanzo, omwe amagwira ntchito ku Finland komanso osalankhula ku Denmark. Otsatirawa, kuphatikiza, ku Great Britain amawerengedwa kuti ndi chuma cha Mfumukazi, ndipo mamembala amnyumba yachifumu okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kudya nyama ya mbalamezi.
Malo okondedwa a swans ndi nyanja zazikulu, zodzaza ndi mabango ndi zomera zina zam'madzi pafupi ndi gombe. Nthawi zina amatha kukhazikika m'mphepete mwa nyanja pamaso pa mabedi apafupi. Ngati anthu amalemekeza mbalamezi komanso osachita chidwi kwambiri, amatha kukhazikika pamaiwe omwe ali pafupi ndi komwe amakhala. Kupatula zina, swans ndi mbalame zosamuka. Koma nthawi zina amatha kukhala m'malo awo okhala zisa. Mwachitsanzo, mahule nthawi zina amabisala m'malo osazizira a Nyanja Yoyera ndi Baltic.
Zakudya za khansa
Kwenikweni, swans amadyetsa chakudya chomera - mizu, zimayambira ndi mphukira za zomera, kenako zimadumphira m'madzi, ndikumiza khosi lawo lalitali m'madzi. Zinyama zazing'ono monga achule, nyongolotsi, bivalve molluscs ndi nsomba zazing'ono nazonso nthawi zambiri zimakhala chakudya chawo. Pansi, mbalamezi zimatha kudya udzu, monga, mwachitsanzo, zimachitira achibale awo akutali - atsekwe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Swans oyera amakhala osusuka makamaka. Chakudya chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku chimafika kotala la kulemera kwa mbalameyo.
Kupeza chakudya cha swans nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosavuta. Komabe, m'moyo wawo pakhoza kukhala nthawi zina pomwe amafunika kudya mosamalitsa, zomwe zimachitika, mwachitsanzo, nyengo yayitali kapena madzi akakwera kwambiri ndipo mbalameyo singafikire mbewu zomwe zikukula pansi. Pankhaniyi, amatha kuonda kwambiri komanso kutopa. Koma ngakhale kunyanyala kukakamizidwa kukakamiza mbalamezi kuti zisachoke m'malo awo omwe amapita kukasaka zina, ndikulonjeza za chakudya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Swans amabwerera masika kuchokera pakuyenda kwawo koyambirira kwamasika, pomwe chipale chofewa sichinasungunukebe, ndipo malo omwe ankadyera adakali ndi madzi oundana ochepa. Kum'mwera, izi zimachitika kale mkatikati mwa Marichi, koma mbalame zazikuluzikuluzi zimabwerera kumpoto kumapeto kwa Meyi kokha. Swans amabwera kumalo azisaka awiriawiri, ndikupeza mnzake wokhazikika m'nyengo yozizira.
Chifukwa chokwatirana ndi amuna okhaokha, ma swans amakhalabe okhulupirika kwa wokondedwa mmodzi kwa moyo wawo wonse ndipo, ngati china chachitika kwa izo, sadzafunanso banja lina. M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti tsekwe, itataya bwenzi lake, silingakhale popanda iye ndipo lifa ndi chisoni. Koma pakadali pano, nthano zoterezi zimawerengedwa kuti sizinatsimikizike chifukwa chakuti palibe chowonadi chomwe chidalembedwa ndi akatswiri azakuthambo.
Atafika, ma swans awiri amakhala pamalo osankhidwa ndi mbalame pasadakhale ndikuyamba kumanga lalikulu - mpaka mamitala atatu m'mimba mwake, chisa, chofanana ndi mulu woyandama wa nthambi, nthambi zamitengo, mabango ndi udzu wakunyanja. Nthawi yomweyo, amateteza mwakhama gawolo kuti lisaukiridwe ndi amitundu anzawo: nkhondo zowopsa nthawi zambiri zimachitika pakati pa ma swans chifukwa cha izi, pomwe mbalame zikulira mofuula zikugundana ndi chifuwa chawo m'madzi, osaleka kukupiza mapiko awo ndikumenyanirana mwamphamvu.
Chisa chikamangidwa, chachikazi chimaikira mazira angapo mmenemo ndikuwasamira kwa masiku 40.... Nthawi yonseyi, abambo amalondera zowalamulira ndikuchenjeza wamkazi za zoopsa. Ngati china chake chikuwopseza banjali, ndiye kuti amadzaza chisa ndi madzi, ndipo nawonso amapita mlengalenga, ndikudikirira mpaka ngoziyo itadutsa, kuzungulira pamenepo.
Zofunika! Anthu omwe mwangozi adakhumudwa pa chisa kapena tsekwe, ndibwino kuti achoke m'dera la mbalamezi posachedwa, chifukwa akapanda kuchita izi, amenya nkhondo mwamphamvu, kuteteza ana awo komanso nthawi yomweyo pogwiritsa ntchito mapiko awo amphamvu ndi mlomo wamphamvu, womwe ungathe kumabweretsa kuvulala koopsa ngakhale kufa kwa wophwanya malire mwangozi.
Ma swans ang'onoang'ono amatchera kale kale kuti ayende paokha komanso kudya chakudya. Mbalame zazikulu zimawasamalira kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Anapiye, moyang'aniridwa ndi iwo, amadzipezera chakudya m'madzi osaya, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pa mapiko a amayi awo kapena kukwera kumbuyo kwawo.Ana onse pamodzi ndi makolo ake amapita kumwera kugwa, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe, banja lonse limabwereranso kumalo obisalira. Ma swans achichepere amakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo amakula msinkhu pofika zaka zinayi.
Adani achilengedwe
Swans achikulire ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe popeza ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuthamangitsa pafupifupi nyama iliyonse. Ponena za anapiye, nkhandwe ndi mbalame zodya nyama monga nkhono kapena chiwombankhanga chagolide, komanso ma skuas ndi ma gulls, nthawi zambiri amakhala adani awo achilengedwe ku Eurasia. Zimbalangondo zakuda ndi mimbulu zimathanso kusokonekera pachisa kapena gulu la swans. Ankhandwe aku Arctic amathanso kuopseza mbalame zam'mlengalenga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zimbalangondo ndi mimbulu ndizokha zokha zomwe zimawononga zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa osati anapiye okha, komanso nkhumba zazikulu.
Kwa nyama zomwe zimakhala ku North America, khwangwala, wolverine, otter, raccoon, cougar, lynx, hawk, owl nawonso ndi adani achilengedwe, ndipo ngakhale imodzi mwa akamba omwe amakhala ku America amatha kusaka anapiye. Ndipo ma swans omwe amakhala ku Australia, kuphatikiza pa mbalame zodya nyama, ayeneranso kusamala ndi agalu amtchire - nyama zokha zolusa zomwe zakhazikika mdziko lino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, mitundu yonse ya swans, kupatula yaying'ono yomwe idatchulidwa mu Red Book of Russia yokhala ndi mtundu wobwezeretsedwa, ikufalikira ndipo kusungidwa kwawo kumatchedwa "kuchititsa nkhawa zochepa". Komabe, kuwonjezera pa kagulu kakang'ono kameneka kameneka kapena tundra, American swan inalembedwanso mu Russian Red Book, yomwe idapatsidwa udindo wa mitundu yosawerengeka m'dera lathu.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kunena mawu ochepa okhudza nthano ndi miyambo yambiri yosadziwika bwino yokhudzana ndi mbalame zokongolazi. Chifukwa chake, pakati pa anthu a Ainu panali nthano yoti anthu amachokera ku swans. A Mongol nthawi zakale ankakhulupirira kuti anthu onse analengedwa ndi milungu yochokera ku miyendo ya swan. Ndipo anthu aku Siberia anali otsimikiza kuti swans samawulukira chakummwera kwa chisanu konse, koma adasandulika chisanu ndikukhala mbalame pambuyo pakayambika kwa masika. Nthano zonsezi zikuwonetsa kuti ma swans adakopa chidwi cha anthu kwanthawi yayitali ndikuwasangalatsa ndi chisomo chawo komanso chinsinsi. Ndipo ntchito yathu yayikulu ndikusunga mbalame zodabwitsazi kuti mbadwa zizikhala ndi mwayi wokuziwona kuthengo ndikusilira kukongola kwawo kokongola.
