Muskrat, kapena musk rat (ili ndi ma gland musk). North America amadziwika kuti ndi malo obadwira nyama iyi, komwe anthu adabweretsa nayo kudziko lathu m'ma 30s m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri. The muskrat yazika mizu bwino ndikukhala madera akuluakulu. Kwenikweni, nyamazo zimakonda malo osungira madzi oyera, koma amathanso kukhazikika m'malo am'madzi ndi m'madzi pang'ono.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Muskrat ndi nyama yamafuta yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Ndiye yekhayo amene amaimira mitundu yake komanso mtundu wa mbewa zamtundu wa muskrat. Chiwerengero chawo chidachokera ku North America, komwe nyama zimakhala mdziko lonselo, ndipo anthu adabweretsa muskrat ku Russia, North Asia ndi Europe, komwe idakhazikika modabwitsa.
Asayansi amaganiza kuti makolo a muskrat anali ma voles. Zinali zazing'ono kwambiri, ndipo mano awo sanali olimba komanso amphamvu ngati makoswe amphongo. Kenako nyamazo zinasunthira pafupi ndi madera aku North America, mitunduyi idayamba kusunthira kumadzi am'madzi ochepa, kenako moyo wamadzi. Amakhulupirira kuti ndiye nyamazo zidapanga zinthu zonse zosangalatsa zomwe zimawalola kuti akhale m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, monga:
- mchira waukulu wolimba, womwe ulibe tsitsi lililonse;
- nsalu pa miyendo yakumbuyo;
- ubweya wopanda madzi;
- kapangidwe kosangalatsa kamwa yakumtunda, kolola kuti zotsogola zam'mbuyo ziziluma kupendekera pansi pamadzi osatsegula pakamwa.
Amaganiziridwa kuti nyamazo zakula kwambiri chifukwa chakusintha kwawo pomanga nyumba zawo: minks, hut. Kukula kwakukulu kumalola ma muskrats kuti asunge mphamvu zawo ndikukhala olimba kwambiri.
Chilichonse chomwe munthu anganene, ma metamorphoses onse omwe adachitika pakusintha kwamtundu wamtunduwu amalumikizidwa ndikukhalanso ndi moyo wam'madzi wam'madzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Nyama yokha imakhala ndi kukula kwa theka la mita kapena pang'ono, ndipo kulemera kwake kumasiyana magalamu mazana asanu ndi awiri mpaka ma kilogalamu awiri. Chosangalatsa pakuwonekera kwa mbewa ndi mchira wake, womwe umatenga theka la kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Kunja, mchira ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi chiwongolero, chimathandiza kuti nyama iziyenda bwino. Muskrat ndi osambira aluso. Pankhaniyi, si mchira wokha womwe umawathandiza, komanso nembanemba za miyendo yakumbuyo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati zikwapu. Nyamazo ndizoyendetsa bwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kufika pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 17.
Tiyeneranso kuganizira za ubweya wa nyama yosangalatsayi. Samakhudzidwa kwathunthu ndi madzi, i.e. samanyowa. Ubweyawo ndi wandiweyani komanso wokongola, umakhala ndi ubweya wambiri, komanso ngakhale malaya amkati. Pafupi ndi mwana wang'ombe pali ubweya wakuda komanso wofewa, ndipo pamwamba pake pali tsitsi lalitali komanso lolimba lomwe limanyezimira. Madzi sangathe kudutsa m'malo amenewa. Muskrats nthawi zonse amayang'anira momwe "chovala chawo chaubweya" chimakhalira, amawatsuka pafupipafupi ndikuwapaka mafuta apadera.
Muskrat ubweya ndiwofunika kwambiri ndipo itha kukhala yamitunduyi:
- bulauni (wamba);
- chokoleti chakuda;
- wakuda (mtundu wosowa).
Mlomo wapamwamba wa muskrat ndiwachilendo kwambiri, ngati kuti wagawika magawo awiri. Ma incisors amawoneka kudzera mwa iwo. Izi zimathandiza nyama kukukuta ndi kudya mbewu zamadzi pomwe pakamwa patsekedwa, pomwe ili kuzama. Mosiyana ndi kusawona bwino komanso kumva kununkhiza, kumva kwa muskrat kumangosilira. Amamuthandiza kuthana ndi zoopsa mwachangu ndikukhala atcheru nthawi zonse.
Nyamayo ili ndi mutu waung'ono wokhala ndi thunzi losamveka. Makutu a muskrat nawonso ndi ochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi osatulukira, zomwe zimalimbikitsa munthu mukamayenda. Thupi la nyama ndi lozungulira, lonenepa. Pamaso a muskrat pali zala zinayi zazitali zokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu ndi chimodzi chaching'ono. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kukumba pansi. Zala zakumbuyo - zisanu, zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zotalika, komanso nembanemba. Zimathandiza kusambira modabwitsa. Kutengera kukula, mtundu ndi mawonekedwe, muskrat ndi mtanda pakati pa khoswe wamba ndi beaver.
Kodi muskrat amakhala kuti?
Chifukwa chokhala ndimadzi ochepa, muskrat imakhazikika m'mbali mwa mayiwe, mitsinje, nyanja zamadzi, ndi madambo. Mbewuyo imakonda madzi abwino, komanso imakhala m'madzi amchere pang'ono. Muskrat sadzakhazikika mosungiramo komwe kulibe zomera zam'madzi ndi zam'mbali. Nyama sikhala komwe madzi amazizira kwathunthu nthawi yachisanu. Kutengera dera lomwe nyama imakhalako, malo ake amakhalanso osiyana ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.
Zitha kukhala:
- maenje-ngalande zokhala ndi makonde ambiri okongoletsedwa;
- nyumba zapamwamba zopangidwa ndi silt ndi zomera;
- nyumba zomwe zimaphatikiza mitundu iwiri yoyambirira ya nyumba;
- nyumba zomwe zimakhala pothawirako kwakanthawi.
Ngati gombe la dziwe ndilokwera, mbewa imaboola mabowo ang'onoang'ono, khomo lomwe lili pansi pamadzi. Zikakhala kuti dziwe lili lodzala ndi zomera, muskrat amamanga zinyumba zokulirapo bango, sedges, cattails, ndi bango. Chipinda chodyera chapadera (chipinda) m'mabowo nthawi zonse chimakhala chowuma ndipo sichimakumana ndi madzi.
Nyama yanzeru imapanga chipinda chowonjezera pamwamba pake, kuti madzi akwere kwambiri. Likukhalira kuti nyumba ya muskrat ndi yanyumba ziwiri. Mkati muli zinyalala za moss ndi udzu, zomwe sizimangopereka zofewa, komanso zimateteza banja lonse kuzizira.
Khomo lolowera ku mink silimazizira, chifukwa ili mkati mwakuya kwambiri m'madzi. Ngakhale kuzizira kozizira kwambiri kopanda zero, kutentha mnyumba sikutsika. Banja lonse la muskrat limadikirira kuzizira koopsa mnyumba yake yotentha, yofewa, youma komanso yokonzekeratu.
Kodi muskrat amadya chiyani?
Kapangidwe ka chakudya cha muskrat makamaka chimachokera kuzomera. Kwenikweni, izi ndi zomera zam'madzi, mizu yake, ma tubers, komanso zitsamba zam'madzi ndi udzu. Apa mutha kusiyanitsa bango, mahatchi, duckweed, sedge, ndi zina. Musazengereze muskrat ndi chakudya cha nyama, monga nkhanu, nsomba zazing'ono, nkhono zosiyanasiyana, achule ndi zotsalira za nyama zakufa, nsomba.
M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amadya ma tubers ndi mizu yomwe ili pansi pamadzi. Muskrat samapanga chakudya chapadera m'nyengo yozizira, koma nthawi zina chimaba chakudya kuchokera kuzipinda zosungiramo beavers. Ngakhale kanyumba kanu kangadye bwino munthawi yozizira, ndiye kuti muskrat adzakonza ndikukonzekera chilichonse.
Asodzi ambiri adazindikira kuti m'nyengo yozizira kusodza ndi ma girders, muskrats nthawi zambiri amakoka nyama nyambo mwachindunji kuchokera ku mbedza. M'chaka, ma muskrats amakonda kudya mphukira zazing'ono ndi masamba obiriwira kwambiri, ndipo kugwa, mbewu ndi mizu yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati pali minda yaulimi pafupi ndi malo amtundu wa makoswe, ndiye kuti muskrat amasangalala ndi mapira ndi ndiwo zamasamba zosiyanasiyana mosangalala.
Mwambiri, muskrat ndi nyama yosasintha, imapondaponda njira zomwe imapeza chakudya chake ndipo imayenda mosasunthika mosalekeza. Ngati chakudya chimapezeka m'madzi, ndiye kuti chinyama sichimasambira mopitilira mamita khumi ndi asanu kuchokera komwe chimakhala. Ngati vuto la chakudya nthawi zambiri limakhala lowopsa, ndiye kuti muskrat sangasambire kupitirira mita 150 kuchokera kwawo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Muskrat ndiwamphamvu komanso wolimbikira nthawi usana ndi usiku. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumachitika madzulo ndi m'mawa kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa masika, wamwamuna amapeza wamkazi, onse awiri amagwira ntchito molimbika, akumanga nyumba yawo.
Muskrats ndi amuna okhaokha, amakhala m'mabanja onse. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi gawo lake, lomwe limasankhidwa ndi wamwamuna mothandizidwa ndi ma gland ake a inguinal musk. Kukula kwa malo oterowo pamtundu wa nyama ndi pafupifupi mita 150. Masika, ana okhwima amachotsedwa m'derali kuti ayambe moyo wawo wachikulire.
Apanso, nthawi yachilimwe, amuna okhwima nthawi zonse amachita ndewu, kulanda madera atsopano ndi akazi. Nkhondozi ndi zachiwawa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapweteka. Anthu omwe adasiyidwa okha, sanapeze mnzawo wokha, amayenera kusambira kutali kuti akapeze malo awoawo, asamukira ku madamu ena.
M'madzi ndi muskrat zimamveka ngati nsomba. Amasambira mofulumira kwambiri, amatha kukhala mozama kwa nthawi yayitali, kufunafuna chakudya. Ikakhala pamtunda, nyamayo imawoneka yovuta pang'ono ndipo imatha kupezedwa ndi anthu osafunira zabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwona ndi kununkhiza nthawi zambiri kumalephera makoswe amisempha, omwe sanganenedwe za kumva, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri.
Pali milandu yodziwika ya kudya anzawo pakati pa muskrat. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchulukana kwa gawo lililonse komanso kusowa kwa chakudya cha anthu onse. Muskrat ndiolimba mtima komanso wamakani. Akadzipeza alibe chiyembekezo, pomwe sangathe kubisala pansi pamadzi, ndiye kuti amalowa m'malo mwawo, pogwiritsa ntchito chidwi chawo chonse, zikhadabo zazikulu ndi mano akulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Kutalika kwa moyo wa muskrat m'malo achilengedwe ndikochepa ndipo ndi zaka zitatu zokha, ngakhale m'malo opangika atha kukhala zaka khumi. Nyama zimakhala m'magulu a makolo achikulire komanso makanda omwe akukula. Beavers amatha kukhala oyandikana nawo m'derali komanso malo omwewo. Mitundu yosiyanayi ili ndi kufanana kwakukulu, mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe.
Mikangano yamagazi imachitika pafupipafupi pakati pa nthumwi zamtundu wa muskrat. Amuna nthawi zambiri amagawana gawo ndi akazi. Achinyamata omwe amamasulidwa kuti ayende paulendo waulere zimawavuta kupeza malo awo, kuyambitsa banja ndikukhazikika. Ponena za banja ndi ana, tiyenera kudziwa kuti muskrat ndiwambiri. M'madera ozizira, mkazi amapeza ana kawiri pachaka. Kumene kumatentha, izi zimatha kuchitika 3-4 pachaka. Nthawi yobereka imatenga pafupifupi mwezi.
Zinyalala imodzi itha kukhala ndi ana 6 - 7. Pobadwa, alibe tsitsi konse ndipo sawona chilichonse, amawoneka ochepa komanso osaposa magalamu 25. Mkazi amayamwitsa ana ake kwa masiku pafupifupi 35. Pambuyo pa miyezi ingapo, amakhala odziyimira pawokha, koma amakhalabe m'nyengo yozizira m'nyumba ya makolo awo.
Abambo amatenga nawo gawo pakulera ana, ndikuwakopa kwambiri. Masika, achinyamata amayenera kusiya chisa chawo kuti akonzekere miyoyo yawo. Muskrats zipse kwathunthu miyezi 7-12, chifukwa nthawi yayitali ndi yayifupi.
Adani achilengedwe a muskrat
Muskrat ili ndi adani ambiri, pamtunda komanso m'madzi. Chifukwa chakuti nyama izi ndizofala kwambiri, zimathandizira kwambiri pakudya nyama zolusa zosiyanasiyana.
M'madzi, muskrat sakhala pachiwopsezo chocheperako poyerekeza ndi gombe, koma ngakhale komweko imatha kukumana ndi zoopsa. Mdani wanzeru kwambiri komanso wovuta kwambiri pano ndi mink, yemwe amayang'aniridwa moyenera m'madzi ndikulowerera kuchokera pansi mpaka pamabowo a muskrat kuti agwire ana ake. Ilka kapena nsomba zam'madzi zimawopsezanso muskrat kuchokera kumadzi. M'madzi, otter, alligator komanso pike yayikulu imatha kuwukira muskrat.
Tikafika kumtunda, muskrat amakhala wosakhazikika, mchira wautali apa umangowupatsa nkhawa ndikuwonjezera kusakhazikika. Pakati pa anthu osafunafuna malo osagwirizana ndi muskrat, mungapeze: nkhandwe, nkhandwe, galu wamphaka, mphaka komanso galu wamba wosochera. Nthawi zambiri, nkhandwe, nguluwe zakutchire ndi chimbalangondo zitha kuwukira muskrat.
Tili mlengalenga, nyama zosokosera zimatha kuukiridwanso ndi mbalame zodya nyama monga nkhokwe, harrier, ndi nkhono. Ngakhale nyongolotsi wamba kapena khwangwala zimatha kuwononga zosatheka kwa ana omwe akukula.
Nthawi zambiri muskrat amapulumutsidwa popita kuzama, pansi pamadzi, pomwe imayenda mwaluso, amasambira mwachangu ndipo amatha kukhala akuya pafupifupi mphindi 17. Ngati kugunda kuli kosapeweka, muskrat amamenya nkhondo mwamphamvu, modzitchinjiriza ndi ana ake, popeza zikhadabo ndi mano zimathandiza kulimbana kovuta.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwerengero cha muskrat ndichambiri. Ndiwofalikira m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Kuchokera kwawo ku North America, nyamayi imapezeka m'maiko ena, komwe imamva bwino ndipo yakhazikika. Muskrat amatha kukhala m'maiko otentha komanso m'maiko okhala ndi nyengo zowawa.
Chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa kwawo, amasintha mosavuta ndipo amachulukanso msanga. Chodabwitsa choterechi chimadziwika, komwe asayansi sangathe kufotokozera: zaka 6-10 zilizonse, kuchuluka kwa muskrat kumachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chakucheperaku sikunakhazikitsidwe. Ndibwino kuti makoswe amadzi ndi achonde kwambiri, chifukwa chake amachepetsa msanga kuchuluka kwawo m'mbuyomu atachepa kwambiri.
Muskrats amasintha bwino pakusintha malo okhala ndikusintha mwangwiro kulikonse pafupi ndi matupi amadzi abwino, omwe ndi gwero lalikulu la moyo wa nyama zosangalatsa izi. Chimodzi mwazofunikira pakukhalapo kwa makoswe am'madzi pamadzi ena ake sikumazizira mpaka pansi kuzizira kozizira komanso kuchuluka kwa zomera zam'madzi ndi zam'mbali zofunika kudyetsa ziweto.
Pomaliza, ziyenera kudziwika kuti nyama yosazolowereka monga muskrat imakhudza kwambiri dziwe lomwe limakhalamo. Ndi kulumikizana kofunikira mu eco-chain. Ngati muskrat atasweka, dziwe lidzasungunuka kwambiri ndikukula, zomwe zingasokoneze malo okhala nsomba, ndipo udzudzu wambiri umatha kuswana. Ndicholinga choti, muskrat amachita ngati waudindo wa posungira, womwe, mwa ntchito yake yofunikira, umakhudza chilengedwe chachilengedwe chozungulira nyamayo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.01.2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 12:03
