Mbewa yovuta ndi mnzake wanthawi zonse waumunthu. Chifukwa chakuti nyama zazing'onozi zimakhala ndi matenda owopsa komanso zimawononga malo obzala, anthu amaganiza mbewa ngati adani awo. Nthawi yomweyo, muzojambula zamtundu wa anthu nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza mbewa - wothandizira wabwino, mnzake wokhulupirika mu bizinesi.
Izi ndizokhudzana ndi mbewa yakutchire, kanyama kakang'ono komanso kokongola kamene kamagwira ntchito yayikulu pakulimbikitsa zachilengedwe m'malo ambiri, m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Mbewa yolemetsa, monga mbewa zakutchire (Apodemus agrarius) nthawi zambiri amatchedwa, ndi amtundu wa mbewa zam'munda ndi mbewa, omwe ndi am'banja la mbewa, lomwe limayang'aniridwa ndi Makoswe.
Nyama zimapatsidwa zonse zofunikira pagulu la Rodent:
- Khalani ndi ma incisors apamwamba ndi apansi omwe akukula mosalekeza ndipo alibe mizu;
- Idyani zakudya zamasamba;
- Khalani ndi cecum yayitali;
- Kutha msinkhu;
- Amakhala ndi chonde chochuluka, amabweretsa zinyalala zingapo pachaka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbewa yovuta
Mbewa yakumunda ndi kanyama kakang'ono, kokhala ndi thupi lokhalitsa 10-13 cm masentimita, mchira ndiwofupikitsa pang'ono ndipo umapanga 70% ya kutalika kwa thupi. Mbewa zimakhala ndi ubweya waufupi komanso wolimba, womwe kumbuyo kwake umakhala wa imvi, wabulauni kapena ofiira, pali motley komanso anthu amizere. Ubweya m'mbali mwa chitunda ndi utoto wakuda ngati mkanda ("lamba") womwe umayambira kukhosi mpaka pansi pamchira. Ubweya pamimba nthawi zambiri umakhala wopepuka, utoto wamtundu wakuda.
Pamphuno yosongoka, yosongoka (2.1 - 2.9 masentimita kukula) pali maso ang'onoang'ono akuda ndi makutu ofupikira, omwe amawunikira kumva kwa mbewa. Masharubu ovuta kumera kuzungulira mphuno, zomwe zimapatsa mbewa kuthekera koyenda mozungulira malo awo, ngakhale mumdima. Mbewa zimasowa thumba lamasaya zomwe ndizofala mumitundu yambiri yamakoswe. Za mbewa zakumunda. mosiyana ndi mamembala ena amtundu wa Apodemis, chigaza chimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Mbewa zili ndi miyendo yayifupi ndi zala zisanu.
Kanema: Mbewa yovuta
Pazala zake pali zikhadabo zazifupi, zopepuka pakukumba kosalekeza. Mapazi akumbuyo amatalikirana, amatuluka kutsogolo akamayenda, ndipo ali ndi kukula kwa masentimita 2.5. Mchira wake ndi wautali, mpaka 9 cm, pamwamba pake pali mamba a khungu la keratinized okhala ndi tsitsi lochepa.
Kodi mbewa yakumunda imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbewa yonyamula mbewa
Pali madera akuluakulu awiri: European - Siberia - Kazakhstan ndi Far East - China. Dera loyamba (kumadzulo) lili kuchokera ku Central Europe mpaka ku Lake Baikal, dera lachiwiri lamtunduwu - kuchokera ku Amur kupita ku Chinese Yangtze. Ku Transbaikalia, kubowoka kwa malowo kumachitika. Mtundu wa mbewa yakumunda umapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, zofunika kwambiri ndizofunikira kwa zomera komanso kutengera zochita za anthu.
China chomwe chimalepheretsa kufalitsa mbewa ndi chinyezi, chifukwa chake chilengedwe ndi madera oyandikana ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, ndi madambo, okhala ndi masamba osiyanasiyana komanso madera oyandikira, madambo, zitsamba zomwe zimakula mosiyana, m'mbali mwa nkhalango zowirira, madambo, zowuma komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana.
Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu chili m'dera la nkhalango kumpoto chakumtunda, komwe kumagwa mvula ya pachaka ya 500 - 700 mm. M'nkhalango ndi steppes (kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi ochepera 500), mbewa zakutchire sizimakhala bwino, chifukwa chake zimakhala m'malo otsika, achinyezi.
Kukula kwa malo okhala mbewa ndizochuluka kwambiri kwa nyama yaying'ono chonchi - mpaka ma masauzande masauzande masauzande.
Nthawi zambiri mbewa zimakumba maenje osavuta komanso osaya (mpaka 10 cm masentimita), osavuta kupanga, amakhala ndi chipinda chimodzi kapena ziwiri zokhala ndi zolowera 3-4. M'malo okhala ndi ma microrelief ovuta, mbewa zimatha kukumba maenje ovuta mpaka 7 m kutalika, momwe nyama zambiri zimakhazikika. Mukakhala m'malo otsika osefukira, komwe sikungatheke kukumba dzenje, mbewa zakutchire zimamanga zisa pa tchire ngati mipira, pomwe njira zaudzu zimayandikira.
Pazovuta, zosayenera kukhalapo, mbewa zimatha kusamukira kwamakilomita angapo. Nthawi zambiri mbewa zakutchire zimapita kukataya zinyalala ndi malo otayira zinyalala. Mkhalidwe wamzindawu ndiwothandiza pa mbewa zakutchire, koma zimapewa malo okhala anthu. Amapezeka m'malo okhala ndi anthu ochepa mumzindawu muzinyumba zapanyumba komanso m'malo osungira anthu.
Kodi mbewa imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Field mbewa
Vole ndi mbewa yodyera, ma incisors ake amakula moyo wake wonse. Amawonekera miyezi iwiri ya moyo wa mbewa, amakula 1-2 mm tsiku lililonse. Pofuna kupewa mano opitilira muyeso, makoswe amayenera kukukuta nthawi zonse. Kuti izi zitheke, nyama zimaluma zinthu zolimba zosadulidwa zomwe zimawazungulira.
Khoswe amadya chakudya chomera chilichonse chomwe chilipo:
- Zipatso (zipatso, mbewu);
- Mbali zam'mlengalenga zamasamba (masamba, zimayambira, masamba);
- Pansi panthaka yazomera (mizu, yowutsa mudyo mizu, zotsekemera zotsekemera, mababu);
- Makungwa osakhwima a mitengo yayitali ndi tchire.
Mbeu zimakonda kudya, koma mbewa zakumunda zimadya zakudya zambiri zobiriwira (makamaka masamba ndi zimayambira), kuposa makoswe ena. Mbewa sizimakana kudya chakudya cha nyama (tizilombo, mphutsi za mbozi, kafadala, ziphuphu), zomwe zimapezekanso pazakudya. Amadya mosavuta zinthu (tirigu, chimanga, nyemba, ufa, ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso, zopangira buledi, nyama, nyama yankhumba, soseji) zomwe zimapezeka mnyumba ya munthu.
Ponseponse, masana, mbewa yam'munda wamkulu imayenera kudya chakudya ndikumwa zakumwa muyezo wofanana ndi kulemera kwake (magalamu 5 a chakudya chowuma ndi 20 ml yamadzi). Ndikusowa madzi, nyama imalandira kuchokera kuzomera zokoma za zomera. Mbewa yakumunda imasonkhanitsa mpaka 3 kg ya chakudya chachisanu, popeza theiler yaying'ono imayamba kusungira kale kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe. M'nyengo yozizira, imadya chilichonse chomwe idakwanitsa kusunga mumabowo nthawi yotentha.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbewa imakhala yachilengedwe
Mbewa zakutchire ndizopusa komanso zolengedwa zolusa. Kutentha kwa mbewa kumayambira 37.5 ° C mpaka 39 ° C. Pofuna kusamalira nyama, nyama zimayenera kugwira ntchito nthawi yayitali komanso chaka chonse ndikudya chakudya chochuluka. Khoswe akaleka kusuntha nthawi yozizira, amaundana; ngati atasiya kusuntha chilimwe, amatha kufa chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Moyo wonse wa mbewa ukuyenda - kupeza chakudya, kudya, masewera olimbirana, kubereka ana ndikuwasamalira.
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku zimasiyanasiyana chaka chonse: mchilimwe - usiku, nthawi yophukira - masana ndi usiku, m'nyengo yozizira, zochitika masana zidzawonjezeka. Pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya komanso kuchepa kwa moyo, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, mbewa zimasamukira kuzinthu zabwino, nthawi zambiri zimayandikira komwe anthu amakhala, ndikubwerera mchaka.
Kuti muteteze bwino, kuchotsa chakudya ndi kulera ana, mbewa zakumunda zimakhala m'magulu. Pali wamwamuna wamkulu pagulu la mbewa - mtsogoleri, yemwe amasunga bata ndikuwonetsetsa nthawi yopumula ndi kudzuka. Anthu ofooka amayesa kuchita mwakachetechete komanso mosawonekera momwe angathere, ntchitoyi imadalira malo omwe nyamayo ili mgulu la gululi.
Makoswe achikazi amakhala odekha komanso amtendere, pomwe amuna nthawi ndi nthawi amayesa kuchotsa mtsogoleri wawo. Khalidwe losakhutira lingazindikiridwe ndi kupondaponda kwa miyendo yakumbuyo ndi kulimba kogunda pansi ndi mchira. Nthawi zina kugundana mgululi kumatha kuyambitsa paketiyo, ndikupanga yatsopano.
Ma burrows a mbewa payokha amalumikizidwa ndi makina opondera, potero amapanga kukhazikika komwe kumakhala mabowo 20-40 kapena kupitilira apo. M'chaka, njirazo zimayenda pansi penipeni pa dziko lapansi, pamene udzu umakula ndikubisalira nyama zolusa, mbewa zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zapansi. Pambuyo pokolola, kuyenda kwa nthaka kumakhala kosatetezeka ndipo kumabwerera pansi. Madera akulu omwe ali ndi netiweki yovuta kubisala yapansi panthaka komanso yapamtunda imapangidwa m'minda yolima.
Mbewa zakutchire zimagwira ntchito m'nyengo yozizira, kubisala kuzizira komanso adani pansi pa chipale chofewa, kusuntha ndikugwiritsa ntchito chakudya. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mosiyana ndi malingaliro ofala amantha a mbewa, chinyama chimateteza ana ake ndi nyumba ngakhale ku nyama yomwe ndi yayikulu kuposa iyo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Makanda a mbewa zakumunda
Mbewa zam'munda zimakhala zachonde kwambiri, monga mbewa zonse. Mwa akazi, kutha msinkhu kumayambira miyezi itatu, amatha kukhala ndi pakati komanso kubereka ana. Mu mbewa zogonana, estrus imayamba, yomwe imatha masiku asanu ndikuwonetsedwa ndi machitidwe.
Amuna amakula pang'ono pambuyo pake. Mbewa zimakhala ndi mitala, mwachilengedwe amuna amatha kuphimba azimayi 2 mpaka 12. Ngati kufalitsa sikumatha ndi pakati, mkaziyo amakhala akutenthedwanso mkati mwa sabata.
Ngati umuna udachita bwino, pafupifupi masiku 22, usiku, mbewa imabereka. Zinyalala zilizonse zimakhala ndi ana atatu kuchokera ku 3 mpaka 12. Mbewa zamaliseche, zopanda mano komanso akhungu zimabadwa, kuyambira kukula kwa 2 mpaka 3 cm.
Mbewa imadyetsa ana ake mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi, makanda amakoswe amakula ndikukula msanga:
- pa tsiku lachitatu la moyo, kutuluka kumakula pathupi lawo;
- pa tsiku lachisanu, mbewa zimamva;
- pa tsiku la 7, thupi la makanda limachulukirachulukira;
- pofika tsiku la 10, thupi limadzala ndi ubweya wokwanira;
- pa masabata awiri maso amadulidwa;
- pakatha masiku 19, mbewa zimadya zokha;
- patsiku la 25, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 5 (mchira ndi waufupi kuposa wa nyama yayikulu), mbewa zimatha kukhala pawokha.
Kwa chaka chimodzi, kutengera malo okhala, mbewa zimatha kupereka malita 3 mpaka 8. Kuswana kwa mbewa zakutchire munthawi zachilengedwe kumachitika kokha nyengo yotentha. M'nyengo yozizira, ngakhale m'matumba ndi maudzu ndi udzu, mbewa sizimabala. Mbewa zokhomeredwa kumalo okhala anthu otenthedwa zimaswana chaka chonse.
Pansi pa nyengo yabwino, anthu amakula mofulumira. Pafupifupi, mbewa zakutchire zimakhala chaka chimodzi mpaka theka. Pokhala anthu, anthu ena amakhala zaka 7-12.
Adani achilengedwe a mbewa zoyipa
Chithunzi: Mbewa yovuta
Mwachilengedwe, mbewa zimakhala ndi adani ochulukirapo omwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwawo. Mbewa ndi zomwe amakonda mbalame zodya nyama. Kadzidzi, kadzidzi, ziwombankhanga, akabawi ndi olusa ena amasaka mbewa mosamala. Mwachitsanzo, kadzidzi wamkulu amatha kudya nyama zoposa 1000 pachaka.
Kwa nyama zambiri zoyamwitsa (mbira, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, marten, weasel, ferret), mbewa ndizomwe zimakhala chakudya chambiri. Ferret wamkulu amakola ndikudya mbewa mpaka 12 patsiku. Weasel ndiowopsa kwa makoswe, chifukwa amakhala ndi thupi lopapatiza lomwe limatha kupindika ndikulowetsa mabowo amphongo, kupha ana ang'onoang'ono.
Voles ndi zokwawa (njoka ndi abuluzi zikuluzikulu), hedgehogs, ndipo, ndithudi, msaka wotchuka kwambiri mbewa, mphaka, amadya mosangalala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbewa yovuta mbewa
Mitundu ya mbewa zakutchire ndiyosiyana kwambiri, pafupifupi ma subspecies 60 amafotokozedwa mwalamulo. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe awo; kuwunika kwa majini kumafunikira kuti azindikire. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewa zomwezo zimasiyanitsa anthu ndi anthu ena ndipo sizigonana nawo. Momwe izi zimachitikira, ndi njira zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhaniyi, sizikudziwika.
Kuchuluka kwa mbewa zakumunda zimadalira chaka ndi nyengo. Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuchepa kwa zinthu kumadziwika pakatha zaka 3-5. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kunali anthu 2000 pa hekitala 1, osachepera - 100. M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti zifukwa zomwe zimasinthira mbewa ndizofunikira kwambiri: nyengo, kukakamizidwa ndi adani achilengedwe, kukhudzidwa ndi matenda.
Kafukufuku wamakono, osakana zifukwa zomwe zidatchulidwa kale, akulozera kuzinthu zamkati, kapena njira yodziwongolera ya anthu. Makamaka, mawonekedwe amiseche amatenga gawo lofunikira.
Palibe chowopseza kutha kwa mbewa zakumunda. Malinga ndi IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, mitundu ya Apodemus agrarius amadziwika kuti ndi Osadandaula. Mbewa imatha kunyamula matenda owopsa omwe amakhudza anthu ndipo amatha kupha (tularemia, typhus, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, ndi ena).
Zowona kuti ma voles amanyamula matenda, ndikuwononga omwe amapanga omwe amapanga zaulimi, zimabweretsa kuti njira zowonongera anthu zimayendetsedwa ndi mbewa zakumunda.
Pankhondo yosatha yolimbana ndi mbewa, sitiyenera kuiwala kuti mbewa zakutchire zimakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe. Mbewa ndizofunikira kwambiri pazinyama zambiri zamasewera. Mwa kudya mbewu za mbeu, amawongolera mitundu yawo mosiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka.
Chifukwa chomwe mbewa vole Nthawi zambiri zimabwera kumalo okhalamo anthu ndi kubzala ulimi, ndikuchepa kwamalo achilengedwe, makamaka chifukwa cha zochitika zachuma za anthu komanso kukula kwa mizinda.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 13:22
