Nkhanu za Horseshoe ankawoneka ngati cholengedwa chamoyo. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimafanana ndi crustaceans, koma ndi gulu lina la chelicerans, ndipo ndizofanana kwambiri ndi arachnids (mwachitsanzo, akangaude ndi zinkhanira). Alibe hemoglobin m'magazi awo, m'malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito hemocyanin kunyamula mpweya, ndipo chifukwa chamkuwa womwe ulipo mu hemocyanin, magazi awo ndi amtambo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: nkhanu za akavalo
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zakhalapo kwazaka zopitilira 300 miliyoni, kuwapangitsa kukhala achikulire kuposa ma dinosaurs. Amakhala ofanana ndi nkhanu zakale, koma ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zinkhanira ndi akangaude. Nkhanu ya akavalo ili ndi zotupa zolimba komanso miyendo 10, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito poyenda pansi panyanja.
Kanema: Nkhanu ya Horseshoe
Nkhanu za Horseshoe ndi magazi abuluu. Oxygen imanyamulidwa m'magazi awo ndi molekyu yokhala ndi hemocyanin, yomwe imakhala ndi mkuwa ndipo imapangitsa magazi kutembenukira kubuluu ikawululidwa mumlengalenga. Nyama zambiri zamagazi ofiira zimanyamula mpweya mu hemoglobin yolemera kwambiri yachitsulo, ndikupangitsa magazi awo kufiira atakumana ndi mpweya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Magazi abuluu a nkhanu za akavalo ndi ofunika kwambiri kwakuti lita imodzi itha kugulitsa $ 15,000. Izi ndichifukwa choti lili ndi molekyulu yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri ofufuza zamankhwala. Lero, komabe, zatsopano zapangitsa kuti m'malo ena apange zomwe zingathetse mchitidwe wokweza nkhanu za akavalo m'malo mwa magazi awo.
Vertebrates amanyamula maselo oyera m'magazi awo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga nkhanu za akavalo timanyamula amoebocytes. Amoebocyte akakumana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amatulutsa mankhwala omwe amachititsa magazi am'deralo kuundana, zomwe ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yotetezera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Makamaka, amoebocyte m'magazi a nkhanu za akavalo amawuma akagwirizana ndi endotoxins, mankhwala ochulukirapo ndipo nthawi zina amapha omwe amapangitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, nthawi zina kumabweretsa malungo, kufooka kwa ziwalo, kapena kugwedezeka kwam'magazi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi nkhanu ya akavalo imawoneka bwanji
Thupi la nkhanu ya akavalo lidagawika patatu. Gawo loyamba ndi prosoma, kapena mutu. Dzinalo la nkhanu ya akavalo - imachokera pamutu wake wozungulira, chifukwa, ngati nsapato za akavalo, mutu wawo ndi wozungulira komanso wofanana ndi U. Ndilo gawo lalikulu kwambiri mthupi la nkhanu ya akavalo ndipo lili ndi minyewa yambiri komanso ziwalo zamoyo.
Nkhanu ya nkhanu ya Horseshoe imaphatikizapo:
- ubongo;
- mtima;
- pakamwa;
- mantha dongosolo;
- glands - chilichonse chimatetezedwa ndi mbale yayikulu.
Mutu umatetezanso maso akulu kwambiri. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zili ndi maso asanu ndi anayi omwazika thupi lonse ndi zina zambiri zowunikira pafupi ndi mchira. Maso awiri akulu kwambiri ndiwonyenga komanso othandiza kupeza zibwenzi. Maso ena ndi zotengera zowala ndizothandiza pakuwona kusuntha komanso kusintha kwa kuwala kwa mwezi.
Gawo lapakati la thupi ndi m'mimba kapena opisthosoma. Ikuwoneka ngati kansalu kakang'ono kokhala ndi zisonga m'mbali ndi lokwera pakati. Mitunduyi ndiyofulumira ndipo imathandiza nkhanu ya akavalo. Pamunsi pamimba pamakhala minofu yogwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda komanso minyewa yopumira. Gawo lachitatu, mchira wa nkhanu za akavalo, amatchedwa telson. Ndi wautali komanso wosongoka, ndipo ngakhale chikuwoneka chowopsa, sichowopsa, chakupha, kapena choluma. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimagwiritsa ntchito telson kugubuduza ngati zitha kumbuyo kwawo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhanu zachikazi za akavalo a akavalo zili pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu kuposa amuna. Amatha kukula mpaka masentimita 46-48 kuchokera kumutu mpaka mchira, pomwe amuna amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 36 mpaka 38).
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimapuma kudzera pazowonjezera zisanu ndi chimodzi zam'mimba zotchedwa gill. Magulu awiri oyambawo amateteza awiriawiriwo, omwe ndi ziwalo zopumira ndipo amatsegula ziberekero zoberekera zomwe mazira ndi umuna zimatuluka mthupi.
Kodi nkhanu za akavalo zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya Horseshoe ku Russia
Lero pali mitundu 4 ya nkhanu za akavalo omwe amapezeka padziko lapansi. Nkhanu za Atlantic za akavalo ndiwo mitundu yokhayo yomwe imapezeka munyanja ya Atlantic. Zina zitatuzi zimapezeka ku Southeast Asia, komwe mazira a mitundu ina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Kuphatikiza pa mitunduyi, idapezeka pagombe lakum'mawa kwa United States kuchokera ku Maine kumwera mpaka ku Gulf of Mexico mpaka ku Peninsula ya Yucatan.
Pali mitundu ina:
- tachypleus trident, wamba ku Malaysia, Indonesia ndi gombe lakum'mawa kwa China;
- tachypleus chimphona, amakhala ku Bay of Bengal, ochokera ku Indonesia ndi Australia;
- carcinosorpius rotundicauda, wamba ku Thailand komanso kuchokera ku Vietnam kupita ku Indonesia.
Mitundu ya nkhanu za akavalo omwe amapezeka ku United States (nkhanu za akavalo a Atlantic) amapezeka m'nyanja ya Atlantic m'mbali mwa nyanja yaku North America. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimawonanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kum'mawa kwa US Gulf of Mexico ndi Mexico. Pali mitundu ina itatu ya nkhanu za mahatchi padziko lapansi, zomwe zili mu Indian Ocean ndi Pacific Ocean m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Asia.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimagwiritsa ntchito malo osiyanasiyana kutengera gawo lawo lakukula. Mazira amaikidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumapeto kwa masika ndi chilimwe. Ataswa, nkhanu zazing'ono zamahatchi zimapezeka m'nyanja pansi pamchenga wam'madzi. Nkhanu zazikulu za nsapato za akavalo zimadyetsa kwambiri m'nyanja mpaka atabwerera kunyanja kukaswana. Mbalame zambiri zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, mbalame zosamuka, akamba ndi nsomba zimagwiritsa ntchito mazira a nkhanu za akavalo ngati gawo lofunikira pakudya kwawo. Ndi mitundu ikuluikulu m'chilengedwe cha Delaware Bay.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene nkhanu ya akavalo imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi nkhanu za horseshoe zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhanu za Horseshoe pamtunda
Nkhanu za Horseshoe sizongodya zilizonse, zimadya pafupifupi chilichonse. Amadyetsa ma molluscs ang'onoang'ono, nkhanu ndi nyongolotsi, koma amathanso kudya nyama zina komanso ndere. Chifukwa chake, nkhanu za akavalo amadya nyongolotsi, ma molluscs ang'onoang'ono, nsomba zakufa, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zilibe nsagwada kapena mano, koma zili ndi pakamwa. Pakamwa pamakhala pakatikati, pozunguliridwa ndi 10 paws ya paws. Amadyetsa pakamwa, pamunsi pamiyendo, yomwe ili ndi ma bristles (ma gnatobases) omwe amalowera mkati, omwe amapera chakudya nyama ikamayenda. Kenako chakudyacho chimakanikizidwa pakamwa ndi chelicera, kenako chimalowa m'mimba, momwe chimaphwanyidwa ndikulowa m'mimba ndi m'matumbo. Zinyalala zimatulutsidwa kudzera kumtundu womwe umakhala mbali yakutsogolo kwa telson (mchira).
Gnatobases ndi zigamba zakuthwa, zopyapyala zomwe zili mkati mwapakatikati pa makapu apazi kapena poyenda. Tsitsi laling'ono la udzudzu limalola nkhanu za akavalo kununkhiza chakudya. Minga yoyang'ana mkatimo imang'amba ndi kugaya chakudya, ikudutsa m'miyendo poyenda. Ayenera kukhala akuyenda kutafuna chakudya.
Chelicerae ndi zida zingapo zakunja zomwe zili kutsogolo kwa zikhomo. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimayenda pansi pamchenga m'madzi osaya pofunafuna chakudya ndi chelicerae wawo. Chilaria ndi miyendo ing'onoing'ono yakumbuyo, yopanda chitukuko yomwe ili kuseli kwa miyendo ya nyama. Chelicerae ndi Chilaria amadutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tazakudya mkamwa mwa nkhanu za akavalo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: nkhanu za akavalo
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimadziwika kuti zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu kapena magulu pagombe, makamaka ku Central Atlantic monga Delaware, New Jersey, ndi Maryland, nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe, komwe anthu ake ndiochulukirapo. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimatha kupanga chisa chaka chonse ku Florida, ndikukhala ndi nsonga kumapeto kwa nthawi yachisanu ndi kugwa.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyama zakutchire zomwe zimatuluka mumithunzi mumdima kukasaka chakudya. Monga nyama zodya, amangodya nyama, kuphatikiza nyongolotsi zam'madzi, ma mollusc ang'ono ndi crustaceans.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anthu ena amaganiza kuti nkhanu za akavalo ndi nyama zoopsa chifukwa zimakhala ndi michira yakuthwa, koma zilibe vuto lililonse. M'malo mwake, nkhanu za akavalo zimangokhala zopanda pake, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mchira wawo kugubuduza ngati funde likuwagunda. Koma ali ndi minga m'mphepete mwa chipolopolo chawo, chifukwa chake ngati mukufuna kuzigwira, samalani ndikuzinyamula m'mbali mwa chipolopolocho, osati kumchira.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe nthawi zambiri zimakankhidwa ndi mafunde amphamvu akamabereka ndipo sangadzibwezeretse m'malo mwake. Izi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa imfa ya nyama (mutha kuwathandiza powakweza modekha mbali zonse za chipolopolocho ndikuwabwezeretsanso m'madzi).
Nthawi zina oyang'anira kunyanja amalakwitsa nkhanu za akavalo ngati nkhanu zakufa. Monga ma arthropods onse (kuphatikiza ma crustaceans ndi tizilombo), nkhanu za akavalo zimakhala ndi zotupa zolimba kunja kwa thupi. Kuti nyama ikule, imayenera kuthyola zinyalala zakale ndikupanga china chokulirapo. Mosiyana ndi nkhanu zenizeni, zomwe zimatuluka m'mafupa awo akale, nkhanu za akavalo zimapita patsogolo, ndikusiya mchere.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya Horseshoe m'madzi
Chakumapeto kwa kasupe ndi koyambirira kwa chilimwe, nkhanu zazikulu za akavalo zimayenda kuchokera m'madzi akuya kupita kunyanja ku East ndi Gulf Coast kuti zibereke. Amuna amabwera kaye ndikudikirira akazi. Akazi akafika kumtunda, amatulutsa mankhwala achilengedwe otchedwa pheromones, omwe amakopa amuna ndikutumiza chizindikiro kuti yakwana nthawi yokwatirana.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimakonda kuswana usiku pakati pamafunde akuluakulu komanso mwezi watsopano. Amuna amamamatira kwa zazikazi ndikupita kunyanja limodzi. Pamphepete mwa nyanja, akazi amakumba zisa zazing'ono ndikuyika mazira, kenako amuna amapangira mazirawo. Njirayi imatha kubwerezedwa kangapo ndi mazira masauzande ambiri.
Mazira a nkhanu za Horseshoe ndi chakudya cha mbalame zambiri, zokwawa ndi nsomba. Nkhanu zambiri za akavalo samafika pamimba asanadye. Dzira likapulumuka, mboziyo imaswa kuchokera dzira pafupifupi milungu iwiri kapena kupitilira apo. Mphutsi imawoneka ngati tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta nkhanu zazikulu za akavalo, koma yopanda mchira. Mphutsizi zimalowa m'nyanja ndikukhala pansi pamchenga wam'madzi kwa chaka chimodzi kapena kupitilira apo. Akamakula, amalowa m'madzi akuya ndikuyamba kudya chakudya chachikulire.
Pazaka 10 zikubwerazi, nkhanu zazing'ono zamahatchi zidzasungunuka ndikukula. Njira yosungunulira molting imafunikira kutulutsa ma exelkeleti ang'onoang'ono posinthana ndi zipolopolo zazikulu. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimadutsa ma molts 16 kapena 17 pakukula kwawo. Pafupifupi zaka 10, amafika pokhwima ndipo amakhala okonzeka kuyamba kuswana, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe amasamukira kugombe lanyanja.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhanu za akavalo
Chithunzi: Kodi nkhanu ya akavalo imawoneka bwanji
Pakadali pano, mitundu 4 yokha ya nkhanu za akavalo zomwe zatsala, zomwe mitundu itatu imapezeka m'chigawo cha Southeast Asia. Chovala cholimba cha nkhanu ya akavalo chimalepheretsa ziweto zilizonse zomwe zitha kupezeka m'mimba mwawo. Ali ndi adani odziwika ochepa kupatula anthu. Amakhulupirira kuti kuthekera kwawo kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso mchere wamchere kumathandizira kuti mitunduyi ipulumuke. Ochedwa pang'onopang'ono komanso okhazikika, alidi ngwazi zenizeni zomwe zapulumuka nthawi zambiri.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazachilengedwe zam'magombe. Mazira awo ndi omwe amadyetsa kwambiri mbalame zomwe zimasamukira kumpoto, kuphatikizapo mchenga wa ku Iceland, womwe uli pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku federal. Mbalamezi m'mphepete mwa nyanja zasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhanu za akavalo, makamaka m'malo a Delaware ndi Chesapeake Bay. Amagwiritsa ntchito magombewa ngati malo ogulitsira mafuta kuti apitilize ulendo wawo.
Mitundu yambiri ya nsomba komanso mbalame zimadya mazira a nkhanu ku Florida. Nkhanu zazikulu za akavalo amadya akamba am'nyanja, ma alligator, nkhono za akavalo aku Florida ndi nsombazi.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimathandiza kwambiri pa chilengedwe. Zigoba zawo zosalala, zokulirapo zimapereka gawo labwino kwambiri pazamoyo zina zambiri zam'madzi. Pamene ikuyenda pansi panyanja, nkhanu za akavalo zimatha kunyamula mamazelo, zipolopolo, nyongolotsi zam'madzi, saladi wanyanja, masiponji, ngakhale oyster.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: nkhanu za akavalo
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zikuchepa pamitundu yambiri. Mu 1998, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission idapanga Management Plan ya nkhanu za akavalo, zomwe zimafuna kuti madera onse a m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Atlantic azindikire magombe omwe nyama izi zimakhalira. Pakadali pano, mothandizidwa ndi anthu, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ochokera ku Fish and Wildlife Research Institute akulemba malo okhala nkhanu za akavalo m'chigawo chonse cha Florida.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa nkhanu za akavalo kunatsika mzaka za m'ma 1990, anthu tsopano akuchira chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zakulamulira maboma kudzera ku Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Delaware Bay ili ndi nkhanu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo asayansi ochokera ku National Research System of Conservation Areas akuthandiza kuchita kafukufuku wapachaka wokhudzana ndi nkhanu za akavalo, zomwe zimachitika ku Delaware Bay. Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa iwo ngati nyambo yamalonda akadali nkhaŵa ya nkhanu za akavalo ndi mbalame zosamukira m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe zapulumuka bwino kwazaka zambiri. Tsogolo lawo limadalira momwe anthu amamvetsetsa ndikuyamikira kufunikira kwawo kwa nyama zakutchire ndi anthu, komanso njira zomwe zimawasamalira.
Nkhanu za Horseshoe - zolengedwa zokongola. Ndi imodzi mwazinyama zochepa zomwe zilibe nyama zina kupatula anthu, omwe amagwira nkhanu za akavalo makamaka ngati nyambo. Mapuloteni omwe amapezeka m'magazi a nyama izi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire zosafunika pakukonzekera kwamitsempha. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zokha, mwachiwonekere, sizivutika pakamayesedwa magazi. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofufuza za khansa, kuzindikira khansa ya m'magazi, ndikuzindikira kuperewera kwa vitamini B12.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/16/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.08.2019 pa 21:21
