Nightjar wamba, yemwenso amadziwika kuti nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), ndi mbalame yamadzulo. Yemwe akuyimira banja True Nightjars amaswana makamaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, komanso madera otentha a Eurasia. Malongosoledwe asayansi yamtunduwu adaperekedwa ndi Karl Linnaeus pamasamba a mtundu wakhumi wa System of Nature kumbuyo ku 1758.
Kufotokozera kwa Nightjar
Ma Nightjars ali ndi mtundu wabwino kwambiri woteteza, chifukwa chake mbalame zotere ndimabisala enieni. Pokhala mbalame zosaoneka bwino, ma jekete usiku, koposa zonse, amadziwika ndi kuyimba kwawo kwachilendo, mosiyana ndi zomwe mbalame zina zimalankhula. Nyengo yabwino, mawu a nightjar amatha kumveka ngakhale pamtunda wa 500-600 mita.
Maonekedwe
Thupi la mbalameyi limakhala lalitali, ngati la chikuku. Ma Nightjar amasiyanitsidwa ndi mapiko ataliatali komanso akuthwa, komanso amakhala ndi mchira wokulirapo. Mlomo wa mbalameyi ndi wofooka komanso wamfupi, wakuda ndi utoto, koma gawo la pakamwa limawoneka ngati lalikulupo, lokhala ndi minyewa yayitali komanso yolimba m'makona. Miyendo siikulu, yokhala ndi chala chachitali chapakati. Nthengazo ndizofewa, zotayirira, chifukwa mbalameyo imawoneka yayikulu kwambiri komanso yokulirapo.
Mtundu wa nthengawo umakhala woteteza, kotero zimakhala zovuta kuwona mbalame zosasunthika panthambi zamitengo kapena m'masamba akugwa. Ma subspecies osankhidwa amadziwika ndi gawo lakumtunda lofiirira lomwe lili ndi mizere yambiri yopingasa kapena mikwingwirima yamitundu yakuda, yofiira ndi mabokosi. Gawo lakumunsi ndi lofiirira, lokhala ndi mtundu woimiridwa ndi mikwingwirima yaying'ono yodutsa.
Pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya banjali, ma jala a usiku ali ndi maso akulu, mulomo waufupi komanso mkamwa mwa "chule", komanso amakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, yosasunthika bwino kuti igwire nthambi ndikuyenda padziko lapansi.
Kukula kwa mbalame
Kukula pang'ono kwa mbalameyi kumadziwika ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Kutalika kwakulu kwa munthu wamkulu kumasiyana pakati pa 24.5-28.0 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko osapitirira masentimita 52-59. Kulemera kwamunthu wamwamuna sikupitilira 51-101 g, ndipo kulemera kwa mkazi kumakhala pafupifupi 67-95 g
Moyo
Ma Nightjars amadziwika ndi kuwuluka mwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu, koma mwakachetechete. Mwa zina, mbalame zotere zimatha "kuuluka" pamalo amodzi kapena kutsetsereka, ndikuphatikiritsa mapiko awo. Mbalameyi imayenda pamwamba pa dziko lapansi monyinyirika kwambiri ndipo imakonda malo opanda zomera. Nyama kapena anthu akafika, mbalame zopumira zimayesera kudzibisa m'malo ozungulira, kubisala ndi kubisalira pansi kapena panthambi. Nthawi zina chojambulacho chimanyamuka mosavuta ndikupachika mapiko ake mokweza, ndikusunthira patali.
Amuna amayimba, nthawi zambiri amakhala pama nthambi amitengo yakufa yomwe ikukula kunja kwa mitengo kapena mitengo. Nyimboyi imaperekedwa ndi trrrrrr yowuma komanso yosasangalatsa, yokumbutsa kugunda kwa toad kapena ntchito ya thirakitala. Kugwedeza kosasunthika kumatsagana ndi zosokoneza zazing'ono, koma kamvekedwe kake ndi voliyumu, komanso kuchuluka kwa mawuwo, amasintha nthawi ndi nthawi. Nthawi zina ma nightjar amasokoneza matayala awo ndi "furr-furr-furr-furrruyu ..." Akamaliza kuimba basi mbalameyo imasiya mtengowo. Amuna amayamba kukwerana patadutsa masiku angapo kuchokera pomwe amapitilira kuyimba kwawo chilimwe chonse.
Ma Nightjar sawopa kwambiri ndi malo okhala anthu ambiri, chifukwa chake mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri zimauluka pafupi ndi zaulimi ndi minda momwe muli tizilombo tambiri. Zovala zausiku ndi mbalame zotuluka usiku. Masana, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimakonda kupumula pamitengo yamitengo kapena zimatsikira muudzu wowuma. Ndi usiku kokha pamene mbalame zimauluka kupita kukasaka. Pouluka, amatenga nyama mwachangu, amatha kuyendetsa bwino, komanso amatengera nthawi yomweyo mawonekedwe a tizilombo.
Paulendo, ndege zakale za anthu achikulire nthawi zambiri zimalira modzidzimutsa za "chingwe ... chingwe", ndipo kusiyanasiyana kosavuta kwa kulumikizana kapena mtundu wazoseketsa kumakhala ngati ma alarm.
Utali wamoyo
Nthawi yayitali yolembetsedwa yovomerezeka yamajala wamba wamba mwachilengedwe, samatha kupitilira zaka khumi.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Pansi pa usiku wa nightjar pali utoto wowala, wonyezimira, ndipo m'mbali mwa mmero muli mabala ang'onoang'ono, omwe amuna amakhala oyera, ndipo mwa akazi amakhala ndi utoto wofiira. Amuna amadziwika ndi mawanga oyera oyera kumapeto kwa mapiko ndi pamakona a nthenga za mchira wakunja. Achinyamata amafanana ndi akazi achikulire powoneka.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zisa za nightjar zodziwika kumadera ofunda komanso otentha kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi Eurasia. Ku Europe, oimira mitunduyo amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, kuphatikiza zilumba zambiri za Mediterranean. Ma Nightjar afala kwambiri ku Eastern Europe ndi ku Iberia. Ku Russia, mbalame zimakhazikika kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kupita kummawa. Kumpoto, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimapezeka kudera la subtaiga. Biotope yoswana ndi moorland.
Mbalame zimakhala m'malo otseguka komanso otseguka okhala ndi malo ouma komanso ofunda. Chofunikira kwambiri pakuikira mazira bwino ndikupezeka kwa zinyalala zowuma, komanso malo abwino owonera komanso tizilombo tambiri tomwe timauluka usiku. Ma Nightjar mofunitsitsa amakhala m'malo amvula, amakhala m'malo owala, nkhalango zochepa za paini zokhala ndi dothi lamchenga ndi malo owonekera, kunja kwa malo oyeretsa ndi minda, madera am'mbali mwa madambo ndi zigwa za mitsinje. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Europe, mitunduyi imakonda kupezeka m'malo amchenga komanso amiyala.
Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu chikupezeka m'chigawo chapakati ku Europe, m'matanthwe osiyidwa komanso m'malo ophunzitsira ankhondo. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, nthumwi za zisa zamiyala pamapiri amiyala zimadzala ndi zitsamba zosowa. Malo okhalamo m'chigawochi ndi malo otsetsereka a nkhalango ndi nkhalango zowirira. Monga mwalamulo, zipsera zachilendo usiku zimakhala m'zigwa, koma m'malo abwino mbalame zimatha kukhazikika kudera laling'ono.
Nightjar wamba ndi nyama zomwe zimasamukira kwina, zomwe zimasamuka kwakutali chaka chilichonse. Nyengo yayikulu yozizira ya oimira mabungwe omwe amasankhidwa anali gawo lakumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa. Gawo laling'ono la mbalame zimathanso kusamukira kumadzulo kwa kontinentiyo. Kusuntha kumachitika kutsogolo kwakukulu, koma nkhonya zodziwika bwino zosamuka zimakonda kukhala m'modzi m'modzi, chifukwa chake sizimapanga gulu. Kunja kwa chilengedwe, ndege zangozi zopita ku Iceland, Azores, Faroe ndi Canary Islands, komanso Seychelles ndi Madeira zalembedwa.
Zochita zachuma za anthu, kuphatikizapo kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kukonza kwa njira zopewera moto, kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa nkhokwe wamba, koma misewu yambiri imawononga mbalame zambiri.
Zakudya za Nightjar
Miphika yodyera wamba imadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timauluka. Mbalame zimauluka kukasaka usiku. Pazakudya zamasiku onse za omwe akuyimira mitundu iyi, kafadala ndi njenjete zimapambana. Akuluakulu amakonda kugwira ma dipterans, kuphatikiza midges ndi udzudzu, komanso kusaka nsikidzi, mayflies, ndi hymenoptera. Mwazina, miyala yaying'ono ndi mchenga, komanso zotsalira zazomera zina, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mimba mwa mbalame.
Nightjar wamba imawonetsa zochitika kuyambira pomwe mdima udayamba mpaka mbandakucha osati m'malo otchedwa forage okha, komanso kutali kwambiri ndi malire amderalo. Pokhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, mbalame zimapuma usiku ndi kupumula, zitakhala panthambi za mitengo kapena pansi. Tizilombo nthawi zambiri timagwidwa tikuthawa. Nthawi zina nyama yolondera imatchinjirizidwa pamalo obisalira, omwe amatha kuyimiridwa ndi nthambi za mitengo kunja kwa malo oyeretsera kapena malo ena otseguka.
Mwazina, pamakhala milandu pomwe chakudyacho chimaswedwa ndi usiku usiku kuchokera kuma nthambi kapena padziko lapansi. Pambuyo pomaliza kusaka usiku, mbalamezi zimagona masana, koma sizimabisala chifukwa cha izi m'mapanga kapena m'maenje. Ngati zingafunike, mbalame zotere zimapezeka m'masamba okugwa kapena panthambi zamitengo, pomwe mbalame zimapezeka m'mbali mwa nthambi. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zopumira zimauluka ngati chilombo kapena munthu wina amawawopseza patali kwambiri.
Chomwe chimagwirizanitsa mitundu ingapo yamajala ophulika usiku ndi mphamba zambiri ndi akadzidzi ndikuthekera kwa mbalame zotere kuti zibwezeretse ma pellets achilengedwe ngati zotumphukira zotsalira za chakudya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nightjar wamba imafika pakukula msinkhu wazaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Amuna amabwera ku malo obisalirako pafupifupi milungu ingapo kuposa akazi. Pakadali pano, masamba amasamba pamitengo ndi zitsamba, ndipo pali mitundu yokwanira ya tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka. Madeti ofikira amatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira koyambirira kwa Epulo (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi kumadzulo kwa Pakistan) mpaka masiku khumi oyamba a Juni (dera la Leningrad). Momwe nyengo ndi nyengo yapakati pa Russia, mbalame zambiri zidagonera m'malo okhala ndi zisa kuyambira chapakatikati pa Epulo mpaka zaka khumi zapitazi za Meyi.
Amuna omwe amafika kumalo osungira zisa amayamba kukwatirana. Munthawi imeneyi, mbalameyi imayimba kwanthawi yayitali, ili pambali pa nthambi yambali. Nthawi zina anyani amphongo amasintha malo awo, posankha kuchoka panthambi za chomera chimodzi kupita munthambi za mtengo wina. Yaimuna, itazindikira kuti yaikaziyo, imasokoneza nyimbo yake, ndipo kuti ikope chidwi chake imalira mokuwa ndikukupiza mapiko ake mokweza. Njira yakubwenzi yamphongo yamamuna imatsagana ndi kuwomba pang'onopang'ono, komanso kumangoyendabe mlengalenga pamalo amodzi. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imayika thupi lake mozungulira, ndipo chifukwa chopindika kwa mapiko a V, mawanga oyera amawoneka bwino.
Amunawa amawonetsa osankhidwawo malo omwe angakwiritsire dzira mtsogolo. M'madera amenewa, mbalame zimatera ndikutulutsa mtundu wina wonyansitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, akazi achikulire amasankha malo okhala chisa pawokha. Apa ndipamene njira yokhotakhira mbalame imachitikira. Zovala zapausiku wamba sizimanga zisa, ndipo kuyikira mazira kumachitika mwachindunji padziko lapansi, lokutidwa ndi zinyalala zamasamba chaka chatha, singano za spruce kapena fumbi lamatabwa. Chisa chodabwitsachi chimakutidwa ndi masamba ocheperako kapena nthambi zogwa, zomwe zimapereka chithunzi chonse cha malo ndi kuthekera kosavuta kunyamuka pakawonekera zoopsa.
Oviposition nthawi zambiri imachitika mzaka khumi zapitazi za Meyi kapena sabata yoyamba ya Juni. Mkaziyo amayikira mazira ellipsoidal okhala ndi zipolopolo zonyezimira zoyera kapena zotuwa pomwe pamakhala mtundu wa mabulo aimvi. Makulitsidwe amatenga masabata osachepera atatu. Nthawi yayitali imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wamkazi, koma nthawi yamadzulo kapena m'mawa kwambiri, yamphongo imatha kulowa m'malo mwake. Mbalame yomwe ikukhala imasunthira kufupi ndi nyama zolusa kapena anthu mwa kupukusa maso ake, kutembenukira ku chiwopsezo chomwe chikuyenda chisa. Nthawi zina, wolondera usiku amasankha kunamizira kuvulazidwa kapena kuyimba mkokomo, kutsegula pakamwa pake ndikuphulira mdani.
Anapiye aswedwa tsiku lililonse amakhala okutidwa ndi utoto wofiirira kumtunda ndi mthunzi pansi. Mbewuyo imayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu. Mbali ya anapiye wamba ausiku ndikuthekera kwawo, mosiyana ndi akulu, kuyenda molimba mtima. M'masiku anayi oyambilira, ana okhala ndi nthenga amadyetsedwa ndi akazi okhaokha, kenako wamwamuna amatengapo gawo pakudyetsa. Mu usiku umodzi wokha, makolo amayenera kubweretsa tizilombo zoposa zana ku chisa. Pakadutsa milungu iwiri, mwana amayesetsa kunyamuka, koma anapiye amatha kutalika pang'ono atakwanitsa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi.
Ana obala usiku wamba amapeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pafupifupi zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, pamene ana onse amabalalika mozungulira madera ozungulira ndikukonzekera ulendo woyamba wautali kufikira nthawi yachisanu ku sub-Saharan Africa.
Adani achilengedwe
Ma jala wamba amkati mwa chilengedwe chawo alibe adani ambiri. Anthu samasaka mbalame zoterezi, ndipo pakati pa anthu ambiri, kuphatikiza Ahindu, Aspanya ndi mafuko ena aku Africa, amakhulupirira kuti kupha usiku kungabweretse mavuto akulu. Adani achilengedwe akuluakulu amtunduwu ndiwo njoka zazikulu kwambiri, mbalame zina zanyama ndi nyama. Komabe, mavuto onse amene mbalamezi zimawononga amakhala ochepa.
Kuwala kwa nyali zamagalimoto sikuti kumangokopa tizilombo tambiri tambiri usiku, komanso mitsuko yoyipa yowasaka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa magalimoto nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kufa kwa mbalame zotere.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitundu
Mpaka pano, pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya usiku, kusiyanasiyana komwe kumafotokozedwera pakusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yonse ya nthenga ndi kukula kwake. Ma subspecies a Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linnaeus amakhala kumpoto ndi pakati pa Europe, pomwe Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert amapezeka ku North-West Africa, Iberian Peninsula ndi kumpoto kwa Mediterranean.
Malo okhala a Caprimulgus europaeus sarudnyi Hartert ndi Central Asia. Subpecies Caprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume amapezeka ku Asia, komanso ku Turkmenistan ndi Uzbekistan. Malo ogawira a Caprimulgus europaeus plumipes Przewalski akuyimiridwa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia, ndipo subspecies Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann amapezeka kumwera kwa Transbaikalia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mongolia. Pakadali pano, pamndandandanda wazinthu zosawerengeka, zomwe zatha komanso zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, nightjar wamba yapatsidwa udindo wosamalira "Zimayambitsa Kukayikira Kwambiri".
