Ku Siberia, nsomba iyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa pike wofiira, chifukwa isanabadwe, taimen wamkulu amasintha mtundu wake wamvi kukhala wofiira wamkuwa.
Kufotokozera za taimen
Hucho taimen - taimen, kapena wamba taimen (yemwenso amatchedwa Siberia) ndi amtundu wodziwika wa taimen ochokera kubanja la saumoni ndipo amadziwika kuti ndiwoyimira wamkulu kwambiri womaliza. A Siberia amatchula mwaulemu taimen ngati nyalugwe wamtsinje, krasul ndi nsomba za tsar.
Maonekedwe
Taimen ya ku Siberia ili ndi thupi locheperako, lopindika, lolumikizana, ngati nsomba zambiri zodya nyama, komanso yokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono a silvery. Mawanga akuda akuda amawonekera pamwamba pamutu, pambali - osagwirizana, ozungulira kapena ooneka ngati X. Mutuwu ndiwophwatalala pang'ono pamwamba / mbali zonse ziwiri motero umafanana pang'ono ndi pike. Pakamwa pakatikati pa taimen pamakhala theka la mutu, ndikutseguka pafupifupi mpaka kumiyala. Nsagwada zimakhala ndi mano akuthwa kwambiri, opindika, akukula m'mizere ingapo.
Chifukwa cha kupindika konsekonse, zipsepse zam'mimba ndi zam'mbali, zosunthira pafupi ndi mchira, ma taimen amasambira ndikuyenda mwachangu kwambiri.
Zipsepse za pectoral ndi zakuthambo ndizotuwa, zotupa ndi mchira zimakhala zofiira nthawi zonse. Achichepere ali ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa, ndipo makamaka, mtundu wa taimen umatengera malo omwe amakhala. Kuwala, pafupifupi mimba yoyera komanso mawonekedwe oyenda m'mbali / kumbuyo amakhalabe osasintha, pomwe mawonekedwe amthupi onse, osinthika mtunda, amasiyanasiyana kuyambira kubiriwira mpaka imvi komanso ofiira ofiira. M'nyengo yoswana, mbalamezi zimasanduka zofiirira, ndipo zimabwerera ku mtundu wake wakale zitangobereka.
Kukula kwa nsomba
Pofika zaka 6-7 (zaka zachonde), taimen wamba amalemera kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 4 kg ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 62-71. Akuluakulu a taimen, amadabwitsa kukula kwake. Asodzi nthawi zambiri amagwira nsomba zamamita awiri, otambasula makilogalamu 60-80: mu Mtsinje wa Lena (Yakutia) mwanjira inayake adagwira taimen 2.08 m kutalika.
Koma awa siwo malire, atero a Konstantin Andreevich Gipp, omwe adagwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo kumpoto chakumapeto kwa nkhondoyo ndipo anali ndi taimen m'manja mwake wamtali wa 2.5-2.7 m.
“Ndinajambula naye ndili pa bwato lomwe linamangiriridwa kumtunda, uta wake utakwezedwa pafupifupi mita kumtunda. Ndinagwirizira ma taimen m'mimba mwanga, ndipo mutu wake udafika pachibwano, mchira wake utapindapindana pansi, ”alemba a Gipp.
Anamvanso mobwerezabwereza kuchokera kwa anthu am'deralo za taimen wopitilira 3 m kutalika, ndipo kamodzi iye mwini adawona (akuyenda paboti kudutsa m'mbali mwa gombe) a taimen angapo atagona pafupi ndi ma dumba a Yakut. Taimen iliyonse inali yayitali kuposa yomwe idakumbidwirapo, atero a Gipp, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizingakhale zosakwana mita zitatu.
Moyo, machitidwe
Taimen wamba ndi mitundu yokhalamo yomwe imangokhala m'madzi omwewo (mtsinje wofulumira kapena nyanja). Iyi ndi nsomba yamtsinje yomwe imakonda madzi oyera, ampweya komanso ozizira, omwe amasambira mumitsinje ing'onoing'ono mchilimwe, kusiya nyengo yozizira m'mabedi amitsinje yayikulu ndi nyanja. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mbalamezi, mbalame zotchedwa taimen za ku Siberia zimangokhala m'mayenje akuya pafupi ndi gombe.
Masana, chilombocho chimapuma mumthunzi wa mitengo yokhotakhota pamwamba pamadzi, ndikunyamuka usiku mosazama kwambiri. Dzuwa likamatuluka, ma taimen amayamba kusewera pamipikisano - kuwaza, kusaka nsomba zazing'ono. Taimen imadzibisalira m'madzi akuya, imayimirira pansi pa ayezi ndipo nthawi zina imamira kuti "imezeke" mpweya.
Monga momwe mboni zikutsimikizirira, taimen yaku Siberia imatha kubangula kwambiri, ndipo phokoso ili limachitika kwa mamitala angapo.
Zochita za taimen mchilimwe-nthawi yophukira zimasinthasintha ndipo zimakhala pachimake kumapeto kwa kubereka (koyambirira kwa chilimwe). Pakubwera kutentha ndi kutentha kwa madzi, taimen amakhala oopsa kwambiri, omwe amafotokozedwanso ndikusintha kwowawa kwa mano. Chitsitsimutso chimachitika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ndipo kale mu Seputembala, zhor yophukira imayamba, yomwe imatha mpaka kuzizira.
Ichthyologists akudandaula kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa taimen m'mitsinje sikunaphunzire mokwanira. Amadziwika kuti pakapita nthawi amasiya malo oberekera kuti apewe mpikisano wazakudya ndi achinyamata omwe akuwonetsa madera awo. Pakutha msinkhu (kuyambira 2 mpaka 7 zaka), ma taimen aku Siberia sakhala mderalo ndipo amatayika m'magulu a anthu angapo, akusunthira kutali ndi taimen yayikulu. Atapeza ntchito zobereka, aimen "amakumbukira" za madera awo ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala ndi chiwembu, komwe amakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo.
Kodi taimen amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Amakhulupirira kuti taimen wamba amakhala ndi moyo wautali kuposa ma salmonid onse ndipo amatha kuchita chikondwerero chokumbukira zaka 50. Zikuwonekeratu kuti moyo wautali umatheka pokhapokha ndi zakudya zabwino komanso zina zabwino.
Zosangalatsa. Mu 1944 ku Yenisei (pafupi ndi Krasnoyarsk) taimen yakale idachotsedwa, yemwe zaka zake zinali pafupifupi zaka 55.
Palinso milandu yofotokoza za taimen, omwe zaka zawo zinali pafupifupi zaka 30. Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa taimen waku Siberia, malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa akatswiri a zachthyologists, ndi zaka 20.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Taimen wamba amapezeka m'mitsinje yonse ya Siberia - Yenisei, Ob, Pyasina, Anabar, Khatanga, Olenek, Omolon, Lena, Khroma ndi Yana. Amakhala mumitsinje ya Uda ndi Tugur yomwe imadutsa mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk, mu beseni la Amur (kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa mitsinje), m'mabeseni a Ussuri ndi Sungari, kumtunda kwa mitsinje (kuphatikiza Onon, Argun, Shilka, malo otsika a Ingoda ndi Nerchu), komanso mitsinje, ikuyenderera kudambo la Amur. Taimen amakhala m'madzi:
- Zaysan;
- Baikal;
- Zamatsenga.
Taimen adawonedwa mumtsinje. Sob (wolowerera wa Ob), mumtsinje Khadytayakha ndi Seyakha (Yamal). Kamodzi komwe amakhala mu beseni la Upper Urals ndi mitsinje ya Middle Volga, ndipo asanawonekere madamu adalowa Volga kuchokera ku Kama, kutsikira ku Stavropol.
Malire akumadzulo kwa malowa amafikira madamu a Kama, Pechora ndi Vyatka. Tsopano mu beseni la Pechora sapezeka konse, koma amapezeka m'mapiri ake am'mapiri (Shchugor, Ilych ndi Usa).
Ku Mongolia, anthu wamba omwe amakhala taimen amakhala mumitsinje ikuluikulu ya Selenga (kwambiri ku Orkhon ndi Tula), m'malo osungira madera a Khubsugul ndi basin ya Darkhat, komanso mitsinje yakum'mawa ya Kerulen, Onon, Khalkhin-Gol ndi Lake Buir-Nur. M'dera la China, a taimen amakhala mumtsinje wa Amur (Sungari ndi Ussuri).
Zakudya za taimen wamba
Taimen amadya chaka chonse, ngakhale nthawi yozizira, akumafa ndi njala ngati nsomba zambiri pakupanga. Pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa June zhor kumalowetsa nyengo yoyeserera kenako ndikudyetsa nthawi yophukira, pomwe taimen imadzaza ndi mafuta. Mafuta osanjikizawo amatsimikizira kuti nsomba zimakhalabe m'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chikasowa.
Kutengera ndi thupi lamadzi, ndiwo za whitefish, carp kapena imvi zimakhala maziko azakudya. Taimen achichepere amadya zopanda mafupa, kuphatikizapo mphutsi za caddis. Mbalamezi zimayesa kusaka nsomba zazing'ono, ndikusinthiratu ku nsomba kuyambira chaka chachitatu cha moyo.
Zakudya za taimen wamba zimakhala ndi nsomba zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mitundu yotsatirayi:
- gudgeon ndi chebak;
- owawa ndi minnow;
- roach ndi dace;
- nsomba yoyera ndi nsomba;
- imvi ndi burbot;
- lenok ndi sculpin.
A Taimenes amachimwa ndi kudya anzawo, nthawi ndi nthawi amadya ana awo. Ngati taimen ili ndi njala, imatha kumenyana ndi chule, mwana wankhuku, mbewa, gologolo (yemwe amasambira kutsidya lina lamtsinje) komanso mbalame zazikulu zam'madzi monga atsekwe ndi abakha. Mileme inapezekanso m'mimba mwa taimen.
Kubereka ndi ana
M'chaka, ma taimen amatulutsa mitsinje, ndikulowera kumtunda kwawo ndi mitsinje yaying'ono yofulumira kuti iziphukira pamenepo. Nsomba za Tsar nthawi zambiri zimapanga awiriawiri, koma nthawi zina kutulutsa pang'ono (2-3) kwamwamuna kumadziwika. Mzimayi amakumba chisa chokhala ndi 1.5 mpaka 10 mita m'miyala, amadzipangira pomwe mwamuna amayandikira. Gawo lobala limakhala pafupifupi masekondi 20, pambuyo pake yamphongo imatulutsa mkaka kuti umere mazira.
Zosangalatsa. Mkazi amaika mazira mosamala ndi mchira wake ndipo amaundana pafupi ndi chisa kwa mphindi zitatu, pambuyo pake kusesa ndi umuna zimabwerezedwa.
Kawirikawiri taimen, monga ma salmonid ambiri, amakhalabe pamalo obzala kwa milungu iwiri, kuteteza chisa chake ndi ana amtsogolo. Taimen imamera masika aliwonse, kupatula anthu akumpoto omwe amabala nthawi zingapo pachaka. Caimar ya taimen wamba ndi yayikulu, yomwe imakonda nsomba zambiri, ndipo imafikira 0,6 cm m'mimba mwake. Kutulutsa mazira kumadalira kutentha kwa madzi, koma, monga lamulo, kumachitika masiku 28-38 pambuyo pobereka. Kwa milungu ingapo, mphutsi zili pansi, pambuyo pake zimayamba kukhazikika pagawo lamadzi.
Achinyamata omwe akukula amakhala pafupi ndi malo obisalirako kwanthawi yayitali ndipo samakonda kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Kukula msinkhu (komanso kubereka) kwa taimen wamba kumatsimikizika osati ndi msinkhu wake monga kulemera kwake, komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Mphamvu zoberekera zimawonekera nsomba zikakula mpaka masentimita 55-60, ndikupeza 1 kg (amuna) kapena 2 kg (akazi). Ma taimen ena amafika mpaka zaka 2, ena osapitilira zaka 5-7.
Adani achilengedwe
Taimen zazing'ono zimasakidwa ndi nsomba zikuluzikulu zowononga, kuphatikizapo oimira mitundu yawo. Mfumukazi-king ikapita kukaswana, imagwera mosavuta m'manja mwa zimbalangondo, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndi adani ake okha achilengedwe. Zowona, sitiyenera kuiwala za munthu yemwe kupha kwake kumayambitsa zowononga zosatheka kwa anthu wamba.
Mtengo wamalonda
Osati pachabe kuti taimen wamba adatchedwa tsar-fish, osagogomezera kokha ukulu wake, komanso kukoma kwamtundu wamkati wamkati komanso mawonekedwe achifumu a caviar. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale kuli konse kuletsa konse kwa nsomba za nsomba, malonda ake osagwirizana ndi zamalonda akupitilirabe ku Russia komanso m'maiko ena (Kazakhstan, China ndi Mongolia).
Chisamaliro. Pansi pa layisensi kapena m'malo osankhidwa mwapadera, mutha kugwira taimen osachepera 70-75 cm.
Malinga ndi malamulowa, msodzi yemwe wagwira nsomba akuyenera kutulutsa, koma atha kujambula ndi chikho chake. Amaloledwa kupita nanu pamulingo umodzi wokha - nsomba zavulala kwambiri pakupha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
International Union for Conservation of Nature imaganiza kuti a Hucho taimen ndi nyama zofooka, zomwe zimachepa pamitundu yawo. Taimen ya ku Siberia imaphatikizidwanso mu Red Book of Russia ndipo amatetezedwa makamaka m'malo angapo a Russian Federation. Malinga ndi IUCN, anthu wamba a taimen awonongedwa kapena kuchepa kwambiri m'mitsinje 39 mwa 57: ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amakhala mchipululu amadziwika kuti ndi okhazikika.
Zofunika. M'magawo opitilira theka a mitsinje ya Russian Federation, taimen ndi anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa, koma ndiwambiri - m'mitsinje yonse yaku Russia yomwe ili kumadzulo kwa Mapiri a Ural.
Ngakhale kulibe manambala enieni a taimen, amadziwika kuti pafupifupi adasowa m'mabeseni a Pechora ndi Kama, kupatula Kolva, Vishera, Belaya ndi Chusovaya. Nsomba za Tsar zasowa kwambiri m'mitsinje yakum'mawa kwa Middle and Polar Urals, koma imapezekanso kumpoto kwa Sosva.
Zowopsa zazikuluzikuluzi ndi izi:
- kusodza masewera (zovomerezeka ndi zoletsedwa);
- Kuwonongeka kwa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale;
- kumanga madamu ndi misewu;
- migodi;
- kutsuka feteleza m'minda kupita m'mitsinje;
- Kusintha kwamadzi chifukwa chamoto komanso kutentha kwanyengo.
IUCN ikulangiza kuti pofuna kusamalira zamoyo, kusungunula mitundu ya ziweto ndi kubereketsa ziweto, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo otetezedwa amadzi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosodza bwino (mbedza imodzi, nyambo zopangira komanso kusungidwa kwa nsomba zomwe zagwidwa m'madzi).
