Kalulu waku Europe ndi nyama yoyamwitsa ya mtundu wa hares ndi dongosolo la Lagomorphs. Woimira koyambirira kwa banja lodziwika kwambiri la Hare ndiye mitundu yofala kwambiri komanso okhala mchigawo cha Europe, Asia Minor ndi Western Asia, komanso malo aku North Africa.
Kufotokozera kwa kalulu
Rusak ndi m'gulu la hares zazikulu. Chinyama chanyama chimakhala chotalika masentimita 57-68 ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 4-6 kg, koma zolemera zina zimatha kufika 7 kg. Anthu akuluakulu amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa chakum'mawa. Kalulu amasiyanitsidwa ndi malamulo osalimba kwenikweni ndipo ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu ndi koyera koyera, komwe kumayimilidwa ndi makutu atali ndi mchira wotalika woboola pakati wa utoto wakuda kapena wakuda kumtunda.
Hare amathamanga kwambiri kuposa hares yoyera, yomwe imafotokozedwa ndikulumpha kwakutali, ndipo pamtunda wautali nyama imatha kuthamanga mpaka 50-60 km / h. Hares amatha kusambira bwino, ndipo akavulazidwa kapena kugwidwa amatha kutulutsa kulira kwakukulu. Kalulu wosokonezeka adadina mano ake mokweza. Njira ina yolankhulirana ndi kuwomba m'manja, kotikumbutsa kulira kwa ng'oma, koma akazi amatcha akalulu awo ndikumveka pang'ono.
Ngakhale kuti miyendo yakumbuyo ya kalulu imakhala yayitali kwambiri kuposa ya kalulu woyera, zikhomo za nyama yotereyi sizongokhala zochepa, komanso ndizofupikitsa, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chokhala kwawo zigawo zokhala ndi chipale chofewa komanso chosaya.
Maonekedwe
Mtundu wachilimwe waubweya wa kalulu ukhoza kukhala wotuwa, wotuwa, wobiriwira, wofiirira kapena wobiriwira, ndipo umakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chinyamacho chimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa timadontho tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapangidwa ndi malekezero aubweya mkati mwachovala. Malangizo a tsitsi loyang'anira ndi ocher. Chovala cha kalulu ndi chonyezimira, choterera, chokololana kwambiri. Mbali yam'mbali ndi yopepuka kuposa kumbuyo, ndipo pamimba ndi choyera, chopanda zingwe. Pali mphete zoyera kuzungulira maso, ndipo nsonga zamakutu ndizakuda m'moyo wonse. Ubweya wachilimwe wa kalulu ndi wopepuka pang'ono kuposa malaya achilimwe, ndipo gawo lamutu, gawo lakumbuyo kwakumbuyo ndi nsonga zamakutu zimakhalabe zamdima ngakhale nthawi yozizira.
Pamodzi ndi nyama zina zilizonse zakutchire, kusungunuka kwa mahatchi akuluakulu kumawonedwa mchaka ndi nthawi yophukira. Masika, machitidwe achilengedwe oterewa amangoyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi ndipo amapitilira masiku 75-80, kutha pakatikati pa mwezi watha masika. Nyama zimasunthika kwambiri mu Epulo. Ndipakati panthawiyi pomwe tsitsi la kalulu limatha kutuluka pang'ono, kupitiliza kuwongolera konse - kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumchira. M'dzinja, tsitsi la chilimwe limagwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo limasinthidwa ndi ubweya wobiriwira komanso wandiweyani wachisanu. M'dzinja, molt imayamba kuchokera pachimake chachikazi, imasunthira kudera la croup, lokwera, miyendo yakutsogolo ndi mbali.
Moyo, machitidwe
Mikhalidwe, kalulu ndi nyama yokhazikika. Kutengera zisonyezo zam'malo okhala, chinyama chimatha kukhalabe m'malo omwewo, kukhala mahekitala 30-50. Kudera lamaboma ena, hares zofiirira zimatha kuyendayenda tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera pamalo onama kupita kumalo odyetserako ziweto. Zikatero, kalulu amapita makilomita khumi. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumawonekeranso nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yachisanu, pomwe tsitsi lofiirira limayandikira malo okhala, kunja kwa nkhalango ndi malo okwera okhala ndi chipale chofewa.
Ma hares, omwe amakhala mdera lamapiri, amatsikira kumapiri amadzi osefukira kugwa, koma ndi kuyamba kwa kasupe, ma hares amabwerera kumapiri otsetsereka. Pakakhala zovuta, kuphatikiza kutumphuka kwa madzi oundana komanso chivundikiro cha chisanu, chomwe chimasokoneza kusaka chakudya, kusamuka kwachilengedwe kumawonekera. M'madera akumwera, mayendedwe a kalulu wofiirira amatha kuwonedwa nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe, yomwe imakhudzana ndi zochitika zachuma za anthu. Mbalamezi zimagwira ntchito makamaka madzulo ndi usiku, koma panthawi yanyama ya pachaka, pamakhala ntchito zambiri masana.
Oimirira kwambiri pantchito ya Hare ngati theka loyamba la usiku, komanso m'mawa kwambiri. Nthawi ina yonenepa, kalulu wofiirira amatha kuyenda makilomita angapo, koma nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo otseguka nthawi zambiri zimayenda mtunda wopitilira nyama zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi zitsamba za shrub. Zinthu zosasangalatsa zimapangitsa ma hares kunyalanyaza kutuluka kwa mafuta kwa masiku angapo. Kugona nthawi yotentha kumayimiriridwa ndi kabowo kakang'ono kamene kanakumbidwa pansi pa chivundikiro cha tchire kapena mitengo yakugwa. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimangogona m'malire.
Maenje okhazikika samakonzedwa ndi ma hares, koma nthawi zina kalulu amakumba maenje osakhalitsa kutentha kwambiri. Nthawi zina, oimira banja la Hare amapuma m'mayenje omwe atayidwa ndi mbira, nkhandwe ndi nyongolotsi, ndipo komwe kuli pogona kumadalira nyengo ndi nyengo. Masika, bedi la nyama limakonda kupezeka m'malo otenthedwa bwino, komanso masiku amvula - pamapiri ouma. M'nyengo yozizira, malo otsekedwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho amasankhidwa kuti aname.
M'madera okhala ndi chipale chofewa kwambiri, mahatchi amatha kukumba maenje aatali mita ziwiri, ndipo nthawi yozizira komanso yophukira, mahatchi nthawi zambiri amakhala modyera msipu pafupi ndi midzi.
Kodi kalulu amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Zaka zapakati pa kalulu kuthengo zimatha kukhala zaka 6 mpaka 12, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Pachifukwa ichi, akazi amakhala zaka pafupifupi zisanu, ndipo amuna - mpaka zaka zisanu ndi zinayi. Palinso milandu yodziwika komanso yolembedwa pomwe oimira mitunduyo amakhala mpaka zaka 12-14.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zizindikiro zakusintha kwa mtundu wamtundu wa hares ku Europe kulibiretu. Kusiyana pakati pa akulu kumangoyimiridwa ndi kukula kwa nyama.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Kubalalika kwa kalulu kumpoto, mwachidziwikire, sikunayambepopo kuposa pakati pa nthawi ya Quaternary, ndipo pakadali pano nyama yakutchire yayamba kufalikira m'mapiri, madera ndi madera a nkhalango ku Europe, ku Ireland ndi Scotland, Turkey ndi Iran, komanso Transcaucasia ndi kumpoto kwa Arabia Peninsula. ... Zotsalira zakale zimadziwika mu malo a Pleistocene ku Crimea ndi Azerbaijan. M'dera la Russia, hares zofiirira amapezeka kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Onega ndi Ladoga. Kupitilira apo, malirewa amagawika kudzera ku Kirov ndi Perm, mozungulira mapiri a Ural kupita kudera la Pavlodar. Malire akumwera amadutsa Transcaucasia, Ustyurt, kumpoto kwa dera la Aral Sea kupita ku Karaganda.
Nyamayi idadziwika m'malo angapo akumwera kwa Siberia, kuphatikiza madera omwe ali m'munsi mwa Salair, Altai ndi Kuznetsk Alatau. Rusak idapangidwa ku Krasnoyarsk komanso ku Altai Territory, ku Kemerovo ndi Novosibirsk, Chita ndi Irkutsk, komanso zimasinthidwa kukhala ku Far East ndi Primorsky Territory. Mwazina, zoyesayesa kukhazikitsanso nyama ku North, Central ndi South America zidapambana, ndipo ku New Zealand ndi kumwera kwa Australia, kalulu adasanduka mlimi.
Pokhala wokhala wamba m'malo otseguka, nkhalango zam'mapiri, komanso nkhalango zoweta, kalulu amakonda malo otseguka: minda, madambo, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, madera akuluakulu odulidwa, mapiri ndi batala. Mukuya kwa ma conifers akale, nyama yotereyi ndiyosowa. Nthawi zambiri, oimira banja amakhala kutchire komwe kuli nkhalango zowuma. Makamaka okondedwa ndi hares achikulire ndi madera omwe malo olimapo amasinthidwa ndi apolisi ang'onoang'ono, zitsamba zazitsamba, zigwa ndi maenje. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamayo imapita kumadera okhala ndi malo osungira kulikonse.
Zakudya za kalulu
M'masiku a chilimwe, hares amadyetsa zomera zosiyanasiyana, komanso mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo ndi zitsamba. Nyamazo zimadya masamba obiriwira komanso zimayambira, koma nthawi zina mamembala amnyumba ya Hare amatha kukumba mizu yayikulu kwambiri ya mitengo ndi tchire. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, hares amadya mbewu zomwe sizinakumbidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigawidwa mwachangu. Kapangidwe kazakudya zanyengo yachilimwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndipo zimayimilidwa ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana zakutchire ndi zolimidwa:
- dandelion;
- chicory;
- mfulu;
- mbalame zam'mlengalenga;
- kugwirira;
- chovala;
- nyemba;
- mpendadzuwa;
- buckwheat;
- dzinthu.
Hares amakonda kwambiri masamba osiyanasiyana a masamba ndi mavwende. M'nyengo yozizira, kalulu, mosiyana ndi mbewa zoyera, amapitilizabe kudya nsanza ndi njere, mbewu zachisanu, komanso zotsalira za mbewu zosiyanasiyana zam'munda zomwe zimakumbidwa molunjika pansi pa chipale chofewa. Ngati chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa chimakhala chakuya kwambiri, nyamayo imakonda kusinthana kuti idyetse zitsamba zosiyanasiyana komanso masamba obiriwira ngati mphukira ndi khungwa.
Chofunitsitsa kwambiri, kalulu amadya thundu ndi mapulo, nkhwangwa ndi tsache, mapeyala ndi mitengo ya maapulo, ndi aspen ndi msondodzi, okondedwa ndi ma hares oyera, amadyedwa kawirikawiri. Zolemba zazimfine za kalulu nthawi zambiri zimachezeredwa ndi ma partridges amvi, omwe sangathe kudziphulika okha.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi zoswana za hares zimasiyanasiyana pakulingana ndi nyengo kutengera komwe kuli. Ku Western Europe, hares nthawi zambiri imaswana pakati pa Marichi ndi Seputembala. Munthawi imeneyi, pafupifupi 70-75% ya akazi amabweretsa ana anayi, ndipo mchaka chotentha ana asanu amabadwa. Pansi pa nyengo yabwino komanso nyengo, nyengo yamkuntho imapitilira chaka chonse, ndipo akalulu oyamba amabadwa mu Januware. Kumpoto kwakatunduyu, ana osapitilira awiri amalembedwa.
M'madera apakati pa Russia, nthawi yoyamba imapezeka kumapeto kwa February ndi Marichi, ndipo yachiwiri - mu Epulo ndi koyambirira kwa Meyi. Kukula kwachitatu kwachitatu kumachitika mu June. Mimba mwa akazi imatenga masiku 45 mpaka 48, koma akalulu achikazi amathanso kukwatirana atangobereka komanso ngakhale asanabadwe. Zowonera zikuwonetsa kuti kalulu samakhala wowolowa manja ngati momwe zimakhalira; chifukwa chake, azimayi apakati ndi akalulu amatha kukumana mochedwa kapena koyambirira kuposa nyengo zachizolowezi.
Mwa ana amodzi, akalulu amasiyana 1 mpaka 9, ndipo kukula kwa ana kumatengera magawo ambiri. Mwambiri, madera okhala ndi ziwalo zochepa zoberekera amakhala ndi ana okulirapo, ndipo akalulu ambiri amabadwa nthawi yotentha. Ana akulu kwambiri amabadwira mwa akazi azaka zapakati. Asanabadwe, mkazi amakonza chisa chachikale cha udzu, amakumba dzenje kapena, nyengo yotentha kwambiri, amakonzekeretsa dzenje losaya.
Hares amabadwa akuwona ndikutidwa ndi ubweya. Kulemera kwapakati pa kalulu wobadwa kumene ndi 100-120 g. Azimayi amadyetsa ana awo mkaka kamodzi patsiku, koma nthawi zina ana amadyetsa kamodzi masiku anayi alionse. Kuyambira tsiku lachisanu la moyo, ana amayesetsa kusuntha osasuntha patali kwambiri ndi komwe adabadwira. Pakadutsa milungu iwiri, mululu wa kalulu ndi 300-400 g Kuyambira pamenepo, amadya udzu, ndipo pamwezi amadzilamulira okha. Nthawi zina akalulu amadyetsa akalulu a anthu ena, koma pokhapokha ngati ali amsinkhu wofanana ndi ana awo.
M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ndipo ikasungidwa m'malo osungira zinyama, mawonekedwe amtundu wa kalulu ndi kalulu woyera, omwe amatchedwa "makhafu", nthawi zina amawoneka.
Adani achilengedwe
Kalulu ndi nyama yopanda chitetezo yomwe ili ndi adani ambiri. Akuluakulu ndi akalulu achichepere amasakidwa ndi anthu, ambiri omwe amadya usana ndi usiku, kuphatikiza amphaka, mimbulu ndi nkhandwe, amphaka ndi agalu osochera, komanso mbalame zazikuluzikulu.
Mtengo wamalonda
Kuyambira kale anthu akhala akukonda masewera ndi kusaka malonda. Nyama zambiri zimawonongedwa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha nyama yokoma, komanso zikopa zotentha komanso zokongola. Kwa kalulu wofiirira, kukula kwa kuwombera pakati panjira kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 30%, komanso m'malo opondereza - mpaka 50% ya ziweto zonse pakachulukidwe ka anthu 15-20 pa mahekitala 1000.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kalulu wofiirira wonse ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri, yonse yomwe zaka zingapo imakhala anthu mamiliyoni angapo. Epizootic ndi kusowa kwa chakudya kumatha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu pa ziweto zonsezo, koma kalulu pakadali pano ndiwowopsa kwambiri.
