Mkango wam'madzi wa Steller ndi nyama yayikulu komanso yayikulu yochokera ku zisindikizo zamakutu. Idalandira dzina lachiwiri m'zaka za zana la 18, pomwe wofufuza malo waku Germany a Georg Wilhelm Steller, kwa nthawi yoyamba adawona chidindo chachikulu ichi chofota ndi khosi lalikulu, chofanana ndi mane kuchokera kutali ndikumva kubangula kwake, poyerekeza ndi mkango m'malemba ake. Pambuyo pake, polemekeza omwe adazipeza, mtundu uwu udayamba kutchedwa: mkango wakumpoto wanyanja wa Steller.
Steller nyanja mkango kufotokozera
Mkango wam'nyanja wa Steller ndiye nyama yayikulu kwambiri yamikango yam'nyanja, yomwe, ndiyamtundu wa zisindikizo zamakutu. Nyama yamphamvuyi, koma nthawi yomweyo, nyama zokoma zomwe zimakhala kumpoto kwa dera la Pacific, m'mbuyomu zinali nyama zamtengo wapatali, koma tsopano kusaka mikango yam'nyanja kwayimitsidwa kotheratu.
Maonekedwe
Kukula kwa achikulire amtundu uwu, kutengera jenda, kumatha kufikira 300-350 cm mwa amuna ndi 260 cm mwa akazi. Kulemera kwa nyamazi ndikofunikanso: kuyambira 350 mpaka 1000 kg.
Mutu wa mkango wa m'nyanja ndi wozungulira komanso wocheperako poyerekeza ndi khosi lolimba komanso lamphamvu komanso thupi lalikulu. Chosemphacho ndi chachikulu, chosunthika pang'ono, chofanana ndi chimbudzi cha pug kapena bulldog. Makutu ake ndi otsika, ozungulira komanso ochepa kwambiri.
Maso ndi amdima, koma otchuka, otalikirana, osakhala akulu kwambiri, koma owonekera. Mtundu wa maso a mkango wam'nyanja ndi bulauni, makamaka wamdima wakuda.
Mphuno ndi mithunzi ingapo yakuda kuposa mtundu waukulu wa malaya, yayikulu, yokhala ndi mphuno zazikulu ngati chowulungika. Vibrissa ndi yayitali komanso yolimba. Mwa anthu ena akulu, kutalika kwawo kumatha kufikira 60 cm.
Thupi limakhala lopindika, lolimba komanso lalikulu kutsogolo, koma likugwera mwamphamvu pansi. Zipsepse ndi zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu, zimalola kuti nyamayo isunthike pamtunda, kudalira iwo ndikofunikira kusambira munyanja.
Chovalacho ndi chachifupi komanso cholimba, chimawoneka chofewa komanso chamtengo wapatali patali, koma, ndichachikulu ndipo chimakhala cha awn. Chovalacho, ngati chilipo, sichakulira kwambiri komanso chosakwanira. Chingwe cholimba cha tsitsi chimateteza thupi la mkango wakunyanja ku miyala yakuthwa ikamayenda kumtunda. Pa zikopa za nyama izi, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona malo okhala ndi ubweya wovala, zomwe ndi chifukwa chokhudzana ndi khungu la mkango wanyanja wokhala ndi miyala yosagwirizana.
Amuna amtundu uwu ali ndi mawonekedwe a mane pakhosi, opangidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Mane wamkango wam'madzi sikuti ndi "zokongoletsa" zokongoletsa zokha komanso chizindikiro cha kulimba mtima kwa eni ake, komanso chida chotetezera chomwe chimateteza amuna ku kulumidwa koopsa ndi omenyera pankhondo.
Mtundu wa mikango yakumpoto yakunyanja ya Steller umadalira msinkhu wa nyama komanso nyengo. Mikango yam'nyanja imabadwa pafupifupi yakuda, muunyamata mtundu wa malaya awo aubweya umakhala wonyezimira. Pamene ikukula mopitirira, ubweya wa nyama umawala kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wa mikango yam'nyanja umakhala wofanana ndi mtundu wa chokoleti cha mkaka, pomwe nthawi yotentha imawalira utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi pachimake pang'ono.
Mtundu wa chovalacho, monga lamulo, suyunifolomu kwathunthu: pathupi la nyama pali madera amitundu yofanana. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, gawo lakumtunda la mkango wanyanja ndilopepuka kuposa lotsika, ndipo zidutswa zamapiko, zowoneka mdima kale pafupi ndi tsinde, zimada mpaka kutsika utoto wakuda. Nthawi yomweyo, achikulire amtundu uwu amawoneka mdima kwambiri kuposa ena, omwe, mwina, ndi mawonekedwe awo, omwe sagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi, kapena zaka, kapena malo okhala.
Khalidwe, moyo
Kuzungulira kwapachaka m'moyo wa nyama izi kumagawika magawo awiri: osamukasamuka, omwe amatchedwanso osamukasamuka, komanso osokeretsa. Nthawi yomweyo, munthawi yosamukasamuka, mikango yam'nyanja siyipita kunyanja ndipo nthawi zonse imabwerera kunyanja itasamukira kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakanthawi. Nyama izi zimamangiriridwa mwamphamvu kumadera ena okhalamo ndipo yesetsani kuti musazisiye kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, nthawi yakuberekera ikafika, mikango yam'nyanja imabwera kumtunda kuti ikhale ndi malo okhala m'malo abwino. Choyamba, m'mphepete mwa nyanja mumapezeka amuna okhaokha, omwe gawo lawo limagawidwa pamalowo. Atakhala ndi gawo loyenera la rookery, aliyense wa iwo amateteza dera lawo kuzipinda zolimbana ndi adani, kuwachenjeza ndi mkokomo wankhanza kuti mwini wake sangapereke gawo lake popanda kumenya nkhondo.
Amayi amawonekera pambuyo pake, kumapeto kwa kasupe kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Pafupifupi aliyense wamwamuna wamkulu, gulu la akazi angapo (nthawi zambiri akazi 5-20) amapangidwa. Monga ulamuliro, mikango nyanja kukhazikitsa rookeries pa lathyathyathya pamwamba ndipo nthawi zina - pa okwera 10-15 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Pakadali pano, nyama zimapitilizabe kuteteza gawo lawo mwakhama, nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa ukali kwa omwe akupikisana nawo.
Kuphatikiza pa gulu "la mabanja", mikango yam'nyanja imakhalanso ndi malo "ophunzitsira": amapangidwa ndi anyamata achichepere omwe sanafike zaka zoyenerera kuswana. Nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa ndi amuna omwe akalamba kwambiri ndipo sangathe kulimbana ndi achinyamata anzawo, komanso amuna okhwima ogonana, omwe pazifukwa zina analibe nthawi yokhala ndi azimayi.
Pamalo owotchera nyama, mkango wamphongo wamwamuna umachita mopanda phokoso: amabangula, ndipo kubangula kwawo, kukumbukira kubangula kwa mkango kapena kulira kwa nthunzi, kumafalikira kudera lonselo. Zazikazi ndi ana zimapanganso mawu osiyana: kubangula kwakale kumafanana ndi kulira kwa ng'ombe, ndipo anawo amalira, ngati nkhosa.
Mikango yam'nyanja ya Steller imawonetsa kuti sakhulupirira anthu ndipo imachita nkhanza. Ndizosatheka kugwira nyama iyi yamoyo, chifukwa imamenya nkhondo mpaka kumapeto. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mikango yam'nyanja sichisungidwa konse. Komabe, pali chochitika chodziwika pomwe mkango wakumpoto wanyanja wa Steller udacheza ndi anthu ndipo ngakhale kubwera ku hema wawo kudzalandira chakudya.
Ndi mikango ingati yam'madzi yomwe ikukhala
Nthawi yomwe mikango yam'nyanja imakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 25-30.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna amtunduwu amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi: amuna amatha kukhala owirikiza kawiri kapena kuposera katatu kuposa azimayi ndipo amakhala otalikirapo kawiri.
Mafupa mwa akazi ndi opepuka, thupi ndi locheperako, khosi ndi chifuwa ndizocheperako, ndipo mitu yake ndiyabwino kwambiri osati mozungulira ngati amuna. Mane wa tsitsi lalitali pakhosi ndi nape kulibe mwa akazi.
Kusiyana kwina kwakugonana ndikumveka komwe nyama izi zimapanga. Kubangula kwa amuna kumamvekera kwambiri komanso kukuwa, ngati kubangula kwa mkango. Akazi akazi moo ngati ng'ombe.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ku Russia, mikango yam'nyanja imapezeka pazilumba za Kuril ndi Commander, Kamchatka komanso Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Kuphatikiza apo, mikango yakunyanja yakumpoto imapezeka pafupifupi ku North Pacific Ocean yonse. Makamaka, amatha kuwoneka pagombe la Japan, Canada ndi United States.
Mikango yam'nyanja ya Steller imakonda kukhala m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'malo okhala ndi nyengo zozizira komanso zotentha. Nthawi zina pakusamuka kwawo amasambira kumwera: makamaka, amawoneka pagombe la California.
Kubwera kumtunda, mikango yam'nyanja imakhazikitsa malo ogona pafupi ndi miyala ndi miyala, zomwe ndizolepheretsa mwachilengedwe mafunde amphepo kapena zimalola nyama kubisala pakati pamiyala yamiyala nthawi yayitali.
Zakudya za mkango wa m'nyanja
Zakudyazo zimachokera ku molluscs, ma bivalves ndi ma cephalopods, monga squid kapena octopus. Komanso, mikango yam'nyanja ndi nsomba zimadyedwa: pollock, halibut, hering'i, capelin, greenling, flounder, bass sea, cod, saumoni, gobies.
Pofunafuna nyama, mkango wam'nyanja umatha kupita pansi kuya kwa mita 100-140, ndipo, mukawona gulu la nsomba kuchokera kugombe, limadumphira m'madzi kuchokera kugombe lotsetsereka lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa 20-25 mita.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nyengo yamphongo ya mikango yakumpoto yakunyanja ya Steller imayamba masika. Pakadali pano, amachoka kunyanja ndipo, atatulukira kumtunda, amapanga ma harem, pomwe akazi angapo amasonkhana atazungulira wamwamuna m'modzi. Pakugawana gawoli, kumayambiliro a gulu lankhondo, sikokwanira popanda ndewu zamagazi ndi kulanda madera akunja. Koma akazi akawonekera pagombe, kulimbirana malo abwino kwambiri a rookery kuyima. Amuna, omwe analibe nthawi yolanda gawo lawo, amapita kumalo ena opangira nyama, okonzedwa ndi amuna omwe sanapeze akazi, pomwe omwe adatsalira mu rookery wamba amayamba nyengo yoswana.
Mkango wachikazi wam'madzi umabala ana pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, ndipo masika otsatira, patatha masiku ochepa atafika pa rookery, amabala mwana wamwamuna wamkulu kwambiri, yemwe kulemera kwake kumafikira pafupifupi 20 kg. Pobadwa, mwanayo amakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda lalifupi kapena, nthawi zambiri, tsitsi lamchenga.
Ana, kapena, monga amatchulidwanso, ana agalu a mkango, amawoneka okongola: ali ndi mitu yoyandikana ndi maso otalikirana kwambiri, ofupikitsidwa, osasuntha pang'ono ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira, kuwapanga kukhala ngati teddy bears.
Pakatha sabata limodzi mwana wamwamuna atabadwa, mkaziyo amakumananso ndi wamwamuna, pambuyo pake amabwerera kukasamalira mwana yemwe alipo kale. Amadyetsa ndikumuteteza mosamala kwa alendo, chifukwa chake, panthawiyi, ndiwokwiya.
Amuna, monga lamulo, samasonyeza chidani kwa ana. Koma nthawi zina mikango yam'nyanja imatha kudya anzawo, pomwe amuna akulu amadya ana agalu. Asayansi zimawavuta kunena chifukwa chake izi zikuchitika: mwina chowonadi ndichakuti achikulirewa, pazifukwa zina, sangathe kusaka munyanja. Komanso, pazifukwa zina zotengera mkango wanyanja, zovuta zam'maganizo zomwe zimachitika munyama iliyonse yamtunduwu zimatchulidwanso.
Mahatchi amatha pakati pa chilimwe, pambuyo pake anawo amakhala ndikukasaka limodzi ndi makolo awo pagulu limodzi.
Mpaka miyezi itatu, akazi amawaphunzitsa kusambira ndikupeza chakudya pawokha, pambuyo pake mikango yaying'ono yam'madzi imadzichita kale mwangwiro. Komabe, achinyamata amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa nthawi yayitali: mpaka zaka 4. Nthawi yomweyo, akazi amakhala okhwima pogonana zaka 3-6, ndipo amuna azaka zapakati pa 5-7.
Pakati pa mikango yam'nyanja, pali chodabwitsa chomwe sichimawoneka kawirikawiri mwa zinyama zina: akazi, omwe ana awo aakazi adakwanitsa kubala okha, akupitilizabe kuwadyetsa mkaka wawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama yayikulu ngati mkango wa m'nyanja sangakhale ndi adani ambiri m'chilengedwe. Kwenikweni, mikango yakunyanja yakusaka imasakidwa ndi anamgumi opha ndi nsombazi, ndipo ngakhale iwo, makamaka, ndi owopsa kwa ana ndi ana omwe alibe nthawi yoti akule bwino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mikango yam'nyanja sichiwopsezedwa kuti ikutha pakadali pano, koma kuchuluka kwawo pazifukwa zina kwatsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ziweto m'zaka za 70-80 za m'ma 1900. Zowonjezera, ndichifukwa choti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, nsomba za pollock, herring ndi nsomba zina zamalonda, zomwe zimapanga gawo lalikulu lazakudya zamikango zam'nyanja, zawonjezeka. Ananenanso kuti kuchepa kwa mikango yam'nyanja kumachitika chifukwa chakuti anamgumi opha ndi shaki adayamba kuwasaka mwachangu. Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe komanso kusintha kwa nyengo zidatchulidwanso mwazomwe zingayambitse. Komabe, kuyambira 2013, kupulumuka kwachilengedwe kwa mikango yam'nyanja kunayamba, kotero kuti adachotsedwa pamndandanda wazinthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ku United States.
Ngakhale kuti mikango yam'nyanja sichiwopsezedwa kuti ikutha pakadali pano, mitundu iyi idalembedwa ku Russia mgulu lachiwiri la Red Book. Mikango yam'madzi ya Steller yapatsidwanso mwayi woteteza zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi "Kuyandikira malo achitetezo".
Mikango yam'nyanja ndiye zisindikizo zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zimalephera kuphunzira chifukwa nyama izi sizisungidwa mu ukapolo, koma mwachilengedwe zimasamala anthu, ndipo, nthawi zina, ngakhale ankhanza. Wokongola, wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu, mikango yakunyanja ya Steller imakhala m'malo akummwera kwa Pacific, komwe amakonza malo angapo pagombe lamiyala ndi zisumbu. M'masiku a chilimwe, kubangula kwa mikango yam'nyanja, yofanana ndi nyanga za sitima, kapena kulira, kapena ngakhale kulira kwa nkhosa, imafalikira madera ozungulira. Nyamazi, zomwe kale zinali zamalonda zamtengo wapatali, tsopano zikutetezedwa, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi wabwino wopulumuka ndikubwezeretsa ziweto zam'mbuyomu mtsogolo.
