Mmodzi mwa oimira ang'onoang'ono amtundu wamphongo ndi mphaka wakuda wakuthengo. Prionailurus rubiginosus (dzina lake lenileni) adatchulidwanso kuti hummingbird wapadziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, kutha kwake komanso kuchita kwake. Nyama iyi, yomwe ili pafupifupi theka la kukula kwa mphaka wamba woweta, imatha kupereka mwayi kwa osaka nyama ouma mtima ambiri.
Kufotokozera kwa mphaka wonyezimira
Mphaka wa mawanga ofiira amakhala ndi chovala chachifupi, chofewa, chofiyira chobiriwira bwino. Thupi lake limakutidwa ndi timizere tating'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono kameneka, kamene kamaphatikizana ndikupanga mikwingwirima kumbuyo kwa mutu, mbali ndi kumbuyo kwa thupi. Pansi pa thupi ndi loyera, lokongoletsedwa ndi mawanga akulu ndi mikwingwirima yamtundu wina. Pakamwa pake amakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda yomwe ili pamasaya a nyama. Amatambasula molunjika kuchokera kumaso mpaka m'mapewa, kudutsa malo pakati pamakutu. Mutu wa mphaka wamphesa ndi wocheperako, wozungulira, wolimba pang'ono ndi mphuno yayitali. Makutuwo ndi ang'onoang'ono komanso ozungulira, otalikirana popanda chigaza. Mchira umakongoletsedwa ndi mphete zakuda pang'ono.
Maonekedwe
Chovala cha amphaka omwe ali ndi mawanga ofiira ofiira ndi ofiira komanso amtundu wa bulauni wonyezimira. Chovala cha amphaka a amphaka a ku Sri Lanka chimakhala ndi mitundu yaying'ono yakuda mumthunzi, chimakhala chofiyira kwambiri. Mbali yamitsempha ndi khosi la nyama ndizoyera ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi mawanga. Kumbuyo ndi mbali zake kuli ndi mawanga ofiira dzimbiri. Mikwingwirima inayi yakuda, ngati mwamphamvu, imatsika m'maso mwa mphaka, imadutsa pakati pamakutu mpaka paphewa. Pansi pake paws ndi yakuda, ndipo mchirawo uli pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi kuphatikiza.
Mphaka wa dzimbiri pafupifupi theka la kukula kwa mphaka wabwinobwino. Akazi okhwima ogonana amatha kulemera mpaka makilogalamu 1.4, ndipo amuna akulu mpaka 1.7 kg. Ndizosangalatsa kuti pazigawo zoyambirira za chitukuko, mpaka zaka 100, akazi amakhala akulu kuposa amuna. Zitatha izi, zinthu zimasinthidwa ndikukula kwa amuna. Amuna nawonso nthawi zambiri amalemera.
Moyo, machitidwe
Nyama yowoneka bwino kwambiri yofiira kwambiri, yomwe imakhala yofiira, mwachiwonekere, imakhala usiku, ndipo ikakhala masiku mkati mwa chipika kapena nkhalango. Ngakhale ali ndi luso lokwera kukwera mapiri, mphaka wonyolayo amasaka pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lakukwera mitengo posasaka kapena pothawira.
Amphaka amphaka ndi zinyama zomwe zimakhala zokha m'nkhalango. Ngakhale posachedwapa amapezeka kambiri m'malo akumunda momwe anthu amalamulira. Mitunduyi imawonedwa ngati yapadziko lapansi koma imakhala ndi zizolowezi zabwino kwambiri. Amphakawa atabweretsedwa ku Frankfurt Zoo, poyamba ankawoneka ngati usiku chifukwa nthawi zambiri ankawona usiku, m'mawa kwambiri kapena madzulo. Malinga ndi mfundo iyi, adadziwika kumalo osungira nyama omwe amakhala m'malo ogona usiku. Komabe, zinawonekeratu kuti sangakhale nyama zakutchire kapena masana. Amphaka ogonana anali otakataka masana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mfundo yolumikizirana ndi kulumikizana pakati pa mitundu ya zamoyo imakhazikika kununkhiza. Amphaka amphongo achikazi komanso achimuna amawonetsa gawo lawo mwa kupopera mkodzo kununkhiza.
Kodi amphaka a dzimbiri amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kutalika kwanthawi yayitali kwa omwe ali ndi dzimbiri kudalembedwa ku Zoo ya Frankfurt, chifukwa cha mphaka yemwe adakwanitsa zaka 18.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zoyipa zakugonana sizitchulidwa. Mpaka masiku 100 atabadwa - mkazi amawoneka wokulirapo kuposa wamwamuna, yemwe amasintha pang'onopang'ono ndi msinkhu wa nyama. Mwa achikulire, champhongo chimalemera kuposa chachikazi.
Mphaka wakuda
Masiku ano, pali ma subspecies awiri omwe alipo amphaka dzimbiri. Amagawana magawo awo ndipo amakhala, motsatana, pachilumba cha Sri Lanka ndi India.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mphaka wowoneka dzimbiri amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma, zitsamba, madambo ndi malo amiyala. Ikupezekanso m'malo okonzanso monga tiyi, minda ya nzimbe, minda ya mpunga, ndi minda ya coconut, kuphatikiza yomwe ili pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
Nyama izi zimapezeka ku India ndi Sri Lanka kokha. Malo akumpoto kwambiri komwe mitunduyi idawonedwa ili m'chigawo cha nkhalango ya Pilibhit, chomwe chili mdera la Indian Terai ku Uttar Pradesh. Nyamayo idawonekeranso m'malo ambiri a Maharastra, kuphatikiza Western Maharastra, komwe amphaka amtunduwu adadziwika pamodzi ndi malo olima ndi anthu. Mitunduyi imapezekanso m'chigwa cha Varushanad, kumadzulo kwa Ghats, mdera lomwe lili gawo lazachilengedwe. Amphaka amphaka okhala ndi dzimbiri amakhala ku Gujarat, komwe amapezeka m'nkhalango zowuma, zowuma, zotentha komanso zowuma pakati pa boma, komanso mumzinda wa Navagam. Amphakawa amakhala mu Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka State, Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Sanctuary ku Andhra Pradesh ndi madera ena a Andhra Pradesh monga dera la Nellor.
Ngakhale amphakawa amakonda nkhalango zowuma, gulu loweta lapezeka pazaka zingapo zapitazi lomwe limakhala mdera lokhala ndi anthu ambiri ku Western Maharashtra, India. Mitunduyi, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya mphaka zazing'ono kumadera akum'mawa, awonetsedwa kuti amatha kukhala m'malo akumalimi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa mbewa. Chifukwa cha ichi, ku South India, mitunduyi imapezeka mumiyala yazinyumba zomwe zili kutali kwambiri ndi nkhalango. Amphaka ena okhala ndi mawanga ofiira amakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri.
Zakudya zamphaka wachita dzimbiri
Mphaka wa dzimbiri amadyetsa nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame. Palinso milandu yodziwika yokhudza kuwukira kwake nkhuku. Anthu am'derali akuti katsamba kovuta aka kamapezeka mvula yambiri itadyetsa makoswe ndi achule omwe amabwera pamwamba pake.
Mitundu ya Sri Lankan ya mphaka wa dzimbiri (Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi) imadya mbalame ndi zinyama, ndipo nthawi zina imagwira nkhuku.
Mu ukapolo, menyu siosiyana kwambiri. Wamkulu wamtunduwu ku Zoo ya Frankfurt amadyetsedwa chakudya chamasana ndi nyama zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono, nyama yamphongo, nkhuku zamasiku awiri, mbewa imodzi ndi magalamu 2.5 a kaloti, maapulo, mazira owiritsa kapena mpunga wophika. Ku zoo, nyama zimapatsidwa michere tsiku lililonse, ma multivitamini sabata iliyonse, ndipo mavitamini K ndi B amawonjezeredwa ku chakudya kawiri pa sabata. Amphaka amphaka nthawi zina amadyetsedwa nthochi, timaluwa ta tirigu, kapena nsomba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali nkhani yodziwika pomwe mwamuna wamkulu ku malo osungira nyama anapha kalulu wolemera 1.77 kg. Mphaka panthawiyo anali wolemera makilogalamu 1.6 okha, ndipo usiku wotsatira kuphedwa kwake adadya magalamu ena atatu a nyama.
Mbalame zamphongo zakutchire ku zoo zinadyetsedwa puree ndi mbewa. Makoswe ndi ng'ombe yosungunuka yokhala ndi mtima adawonjezeranso pachakudyacho.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ngakhale pakadali pano palibe chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudzana ndi kuswana kwa amphaka owola dzimbiri, amakhulupirira kuti ndi abale apamtima amphaka a kambuku, motero ali ndi mfundo zofananira zoberekera ana.
Amuna amodzi amatha kuyenda mozungulira azimayi nthawi yoswana; akazi amathanso kuchita zomwezo akamayendera amuna osiyanasiyana. Komabe, madera aakazi awiri kapena amuna awiri samakhalamo. Amuna amatha kukwatirana momasuka ndi akazi onse m'dera lawo. Komabe, kumalo osungira nyama, amphaka amitundu yofiira amaloledwa kukhala ndi akazi osati atakwatirana kokha, komanso atabereka ana amphaka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku West Berlin Zoo, nkhani inalembedwa pamene wamwamuna amateteza makanda ake kwa oyang'anira zinyama omwe amabweretsa chakudya kumalo. Khalidwe ili likuwonetsa kuti makina awo azokwatirana atha kukhala amodzi.
Amphaka okhala ndi dzimbiri ku India amabereka masika. Uberewu umatha pafupifupi masiku 67, kenako wamkazi amabereka mwana wamphongo mmodzi kapena awiri m'phanga labisalapo, monga phanga losaya kwambiri. Ana amabadwa akhungu, ndipo ubweya wawo ulibe mawanga achikulire.
Amphaka ofiira ofiira amakwatirana chaka chonse. Detayi ikuwonetsa kuti 50% ya ana amabadwa pakati pa Julayi ndi Okutobala, zomwe sizokwanira kuti aziwerengedwa ngati obereketsa nyengo. Monga amphaka ena ang'onoang'ono, kukwatira kumaphatikizapo kuluma kwa occipital, kulumikiza ndi kutenga masiku 1 mpaka 11.
Ku Sri Lanka, akazi amawona kuti amabala m'mitengo kapena pansi pamiyala. Amayi ku Frankfurt Zoo asankha malo obadwira omwe ali pansi. Mabokosi oberekera afunsidwa m'malo otsika komanso okwera, koma mabokosi apansi agwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pakangotha ola limodzi kuchokera pamene mayi ake anabereka, mayiwo amasiya ana ake kuti akadye ndi kutulutsa chimbudzi. Ana amayamba kutuluka pogona paokha ali ndi zaka 28 mpaka 32 zakubadwa. Amatha kuchita bwino, makanda amakhala agile, otakataka komanso othamanga. Ali ndi zaka 35 mpaka masiku 42, amatha kutsika pamitengo ikuluikulu. Pakadali pano, amayi amawasamalirabe, kuchotsa ndowe m'phanga. Amphaka akwanitsa masiku 47 mpaka 50, amatha kulumpha pafupifupi masentimita 50 kuchokera kutalika kwa pafupifupi mita 2. Ana amatopa msanga, amagona pafupi ndi amayi awo. Akafika pakudziyimira pawokha, adzagona payokha pazitali zazitali.
Masewera amakhala ndi malo akulu m'moyo wachichepere ndipo ndiofunikira pakukula kwa kutuluka kwawo. Kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa amayi ndi makanda kumakhala kosewerera. Ngakhale masiku 60, ana amatha kumwa mkaka wa m'mawere, koma kuyambira tsiku la 40, nyama ndi gawo la chakudya chawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kufalikira kwaulimi kumabweretsa chiwopsezo ku nyama zakutchire ku India ndi Sri Lanka, ndipo izi zikuwonongeranso mphaka wamawangama ofiira. Milandu yakuwonongedwa kwa nyama izi ndi munthu mwini zalembedwa chifukwa cha kukonda kwawo nkhuku. M'madera ena a Sri Lanka, mphaka wamawangamawanga amaphedwa chifukwa cha nyama yomwe imadyedwa bwino. Pali malipoti ena osakanikirana ndi amphaka oweta omwe angawopsyeze kukhalapo kwa mitundu yonyowa yokha, koma malipoti awa sanatsimikizidwe.
Zingakhale zosangalatsa:
- nkhandwe (corsac)
- uchi mbira kapena ratel
- shuga possum
Pakadali pano, palibe nyama zomwe zitha kuwononga amphaka omwe ndi dzimbiri. Komabe, kuchepa kwawo kumawonetsa kuti nyama zolusa zazikulu ndizowopsa kwa iwo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwerengero cha amphaka aku India chidalembedwa mu Zowonjezera I za Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuzembetsa anthu aku Sri Lanka kumangaloledwa pazochitika zapadera ndipo kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizike kuti zamoyozo zikukhalabe ndi moyo. Mphaka wa dzimbiri ndi wotetezedwa mwalamulo m'malo ake onse, ndipo kusaka ndikoletsedwa.
Malinga ndi IUCN Red List, amphaka onse a dzimbiri ku India ndi Sri Lanka ndi ochepera 10,000. Chikhalidwe chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo chikuchitika chifukwa cha kutayika kwa malo okhala, omwe amadziwika ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha nkhalango zachilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa malo olimapo.
