Mawu oti "kusamuka" adachokera ku liwu Lachilatini "migratus", lomwe limatanthauza "kusintha." Mbalame zosamuka (zosamukasamuka) zimadziwika ndi kuthekera kwawo kouluka nyengo zina ndikusintha malo awo okhala ndi malo okhala nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zotere, mosiyana ndi oyimira mitundu yokhazikika, zimakhala ndi mayendedwe achilengedwe, komanso zina zofunikira pakudya. Komabe, mbalame zosamuka kapena zosamuka, nthawi zina, zimatha kukhala pansi.
Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zimasuntha
Kusuntha, kapena kuwuluka kwa mbalame, ndiko kusuntha kapena kuyenda kwa nthumwi za gulu la nyama zam'mimba zotentha zotulutsa mazira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati gulu losiyana. Kusamuka kwa mbalame kumatha kubwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zakudya kapena zachilengedwe, komanso zina zapadera zobereketsa komanso kufunika kosintha malo okhala ndi malo ozizira.
Kuuluka kwa mbalame kumakhala ngati kusintha kwa nyengo ndi nyengo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa chakudya chokwanira ndi madzi otseguka. Kutha kwa mbalame kusamuka kumafotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwawo kwakusuntha chifukwa chakutha kuwuluka, komwe sikupezeka kwa mitundu yambiri ya nyama yomwe ikutsogolera moyo wapadziko lapansi.
Chifukwa chake, zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kusamuka kwa mbalame pakadali pano ndi izi:
- fufuzani malo okhala ndi nyengo yabwino;
- gawo losankhidwa ndi chakudya chochuluka;
- kufufuza malo kumene kuswana ndi chitetezo cha zolusa ndi kotheka;
- kupezeka kwa kuwala kwamasana;
- mikhalidwe yoyenera kudyetsa ana.
Kutengera mtundu waulendo wawo, mbalame zimagawika kukhala mbalame zokhala pansi kapena zosakhala zosamuka, oyimilira osamuka amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe amachoka pamalowo ndikusuntha pang'ono. Komabe, ndi mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimakonda kuyenda ndikayamba nyengo yachisanu kudera lofunda.
Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wambiri komanso zomwe asayansi adawona, zidatheka kutsimikizira kuti ndikuchepetsako nthawi yamasana komwe kumapangitsa kuti mbalame zambiri zisamuke.
Mitundu ya kusamuka
Kusamuka kumachitika nthawi kapena nyengo zina. Ena oimira gulu la oviparous ofunda amphongo ofiira amadziwika ndi njira zosasinthasintha zosasunthika.
Kutengera mtundu wakusunthika kwakanthawi, mbalame zonse zimaphatikizidwa mgulu lotsatira:
- mbalame zokhala pansi, kutsatira zina, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zokhazikika zimakhala m'malo osintha nyengo zomwe sizimakhudza kupezeka kwa chakudya (kotentha ndi madera otentha). M'madera otentha komanso ozizira kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zotere sikochepa kwenikweni, ndipo nthumwi za gululi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zama synosthropes omwe amakhala pafupi ndi anthu: nkhunda ya thanthwe, mpheta ya nyumba, khwangwala wokutira, jackdaw;
- mbalame zomwe sizikhala pansi, zomwe, kunja kwa nyengo yakuswana mwachangu, zimasunthira mtunda wawufupi kuchokera komwe kuli zisa zawo: grouse yamatabwa, grazel grouse, grouse wakuda, wamba bunting;
- mbalame zosamukira kutali. Gululi limaphatikizapo nthaka ndi mbalame zodya nyama zomwe zimasamukira kumadera otentha: tsekwe, mawere akuda ndi mbalame zakunyanja zaku America, mbalame zam'mbali zazitali;
- Mbalame "zosamukasamuka" komanso mbalame zomwe zimasamuka mtunda waufupi, zimachoka m'nyengo yoswana kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana kupita kwina kukafunafuna chakudya. Kusamuka kwakanthawi kumachitika chifukwa cha chakudya ndi nyengo zosasangalatsa, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe wamba: mapiko ofiira ofiira, ma pronuks, lark, finch;
- kuwukira ndikubalalitsa mbalame. Kuyenda kwa mbalame zotere kumachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukula kwa chakudya ndi zinthu zina zosafunikira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalame zizilowa kudera lina: waxwing, spruce Shishkarev.
Nthawi zosamukira zimayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa komanso zimasungidwa chibadwa ngakhale m'mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Kukula kwa kuyenda ndi kuthekera kozungulira nthawi yonse yakusamuka kumachitika chifukwa chazidziwitso zamaphunziro ndi kuphunzira.
Amadziwika kuti si mbalame zonse zosamuka zomwe zimauluka. Mwachitsanzo, gawo lalikulu la ma penguin limasamuka pafupipafupi posambira, ndipo limatha kugonjetsa makilomita masauzande ambiri munthawi ngati izi.
Malo osamukira
Malangizo a njira zosamukira kapena otchedwa "kuwongolera kwaulendo wa ndege" ndiosiyanasiyana. Mbalame zakumpoto kwa dziko lapansi zimadziwika ndi kuthawa kuchokera kumadera akumpoto (komwe mbalame zotere zimakhazikika) kumadera akumwera (malo abwino ozizira), komanso mbali ina. Kuyenda kwamtunduwu ndi komwe kumadziwika ndi mbalame za ku Arctic komanso kotentha kotentha kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, ndipo maziko ake amaimiridwa ndi zifukwa zingapo, kuphatikiza ndalama zamagetsi.
Ndi kuyamba kwa chilimwe kudera lakumpoto, kutalika kwa nthawi yamasana kumawonjezeka, chifukwa chomwe mbalame zomwe zimatsogolera moyo wamasana zimakhala ndi mwayi wokwanira kudyetsa ana awo. Mitundu ya mbalame zam'malo otentha imadziwika kwambiri ndi mazira ochulukirapo, chifukwa cha nyengo. M'dzinja, kuchepa kwa utali wa masana kumadziwika, motero mbalame zimakonda kusamukira kumadera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso chakudya chochuluka.
Kusuntha kumatha kugawikana, kung'ambika komanso kuzungulira, ndimayendedwe olakwika a nthawi yophukira komanso masika, pomwe kusunthira kopingasa ndikosiyana kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kapena kusasungidwa kwa malo omwe amadziwika.
Mndandanda wa mbalame zosamuka
Kuyenda kwakanthawi kwa mbalame kumatha kupangidwa osati kungoyandikira kokha, komanso maulendo ataliatali. Oyang'anira mbalame amadziwa kuti mbalame zimasamuka nthawi zambiri, popuma ndi kudyetsa.
Dokowe woyera
Dokowe woyera (lat. Ciconia ciconia) ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yopita ku banja la adokowe. Mbalame yoyera ili ndi mapiko akuda, khosi lalitali, ndi mlomo wotalika komanso wowonda wofiira. Miyendo ndi yaitali, yofiira mtundu. Mkaziyo ndi wosazindikirika ndi wamwamuna wautoto, koma ali ndi kochepa pang'ono. Kukula kwake kwa dokowe wamkulu ndi 100-125 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko a 155-200 cm.
Big bittern
Big bittern (Latin Botaurus stellaris) ndi mbalame yosowa kwambiri ya banja la heron (Ardeidae). Mbalame yayikulu imakhala ndi nthenga zakuda zokhala ndi chikasu kumbuyo kwake komanso mutu wofanana. Mimbayo ndi yamtundu wa ocher wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira ofiira. Mchirawo ndi wachikasu-bulauni wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka akuda. Wamphongo ndi wokulirapo kuposa wamkazi. Kulemera kwakuthupi kwamwamuna wamkulu ndi 1.0-1.9 makilogalamu, ndipo kutalika kwa mapiko ndi 31-34 cm.
Sarich, kapena Common Buzzard
Sarich (Latin Buteo buteo) ndi mbalame yodya nyama ya mtundu wofanana ndi Hawk komanso banja la Hawk. Oimira mitunduyo ndi achikulire, amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 51-57, ndi mapiko a masentimita 110-130. Mkazi, monga lamulo, amakhala wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa wamwamuna. Mtundu umasiyana kwambiri kuyambira bulauni mpaka fawn, koma achinyamata amakhala ndi nthenga zambiri. Mukuuluka, mawanga owala pamapiko amawonekera pansi.
Zovuta wamba kapena zakumunda
Harrier (lat. Circus cyaneus) ndi mbalame yapakatikati yodya nyama ya banja la nkhamba. Mbalame yopepuka mopepuka imakhala yotalika masentimita 46-47, yokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 97 mpaka 118. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi mchira ndi mapiko ataliatali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kotsika pamwamba pa nthaka kukhala kocheperako komanso kopanda phokoso. Mkazi ndi wokulirapo kuposa wamwamuna. Pali zizindikilo zowoneka zakugonana. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizofanana ndi zazimayi zazikulu, koma zimasiyana ndi iwo pakakhala utoto wofiyira kwambiri kumunsi.
Zosangalatsa
Chizolowezi (lat. Falco subbuteo) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yodya nyama yabanja la mphamba. Zosangalatsazo ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a peregrine falcon. Kabawi kakang'ono ndi kokongola kakhala ndi mapiko ataliatali ndi mchira wautali woboola mphako. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 28-36, wokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 69-84. Akazi amawoneka okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna. Mbali yakumwambayi ndi imvi, yopanda dongosolo, yokhala ndi utoto wofiirira mwa akazi. Dera la chifuwa ndi mimba limakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira wokhala ndi mitsinje yambiri yakuda ndi yakutali.
Kestrel wamba
Kestrel wamba (lat. Falco tinnunculus) ndi mbalame yodya nyama mwa dongosolo la Falconiformes ndi banja la falcon, lofala kwambiri pambuyo pa khungubwe m'chigawo chapakati ku Europe. Akazi achikulire ali ndi gulu lakuda loyenda mdera lakuthwa, komanso mchira wofiirira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yambiri yotuluka. Mbali yakumunsi ndiyakuda komanso yamawayilesi kwambiri. Achichepere kwambiri amafanana ndi nthenga za akazi.
Dergach, kapena Crake
Dergach (lat. Crex crex) ndi mbalame yaying'ono ya m'busa. Malamulo a mbalameyi ndi olimba, opanikizika kuchokera mbali, ndi mutu wozungulira komanso khosi lokhalitsa. Mlomo ndi wowoneka bwino, wamfupi komanso wolimba, wonyezimira pang'ono. Mtundu wa nthenga ndiwofiyira, wokhala ndi mizere yakuda. Mbali zake, komanso chotupa ndi chifuwa champhongo, ndizotuwa labuluu. Mbali kumtunda kwa mutu ndi kumbuyo kumadziwika ndi nthenga zofiirira zakuda zokongoletsa. Mimba mwa mbalameyi ndi yoyera-kirimu wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira wachikasu.
Pygalitsa, kapena Lapwing
Lapwing (Chilatini Vanellus vanellus) si mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yam'nyumba yamapiko. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pamiyendo yam'madzi ndi mbalame zina zilizonse zam'madzi ndi mtundu wakuda ndi woyera komanso mapiko ofowoka. Pamwambapo pamakhala chitsulo cholimba kwambiri chachitsulo, chamkuwa ndi chofiirira. Chifuwa cha mbalame ndi chakuda. Mbali za mutu ndi thupi, komanso pamimba, ndi zoyera. M'nyengo yotentha, chotupacho ndi khosi la nthenga zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri wamtunduwo.
Woodcock
Woodcock (Latin Scolopax rusticola) ndi nthumwi za mitundu ya banja la Snipe komanso zisa m'madera otentha komanso akutali kwambiri a Eurasia. Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yokhala ndi malamulo olimba komanso milomo yowongoka, yayitali. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 33-38, wokhala ndi mapiko a masentimita 55 mpaka 65. Mtundu wa nthengawo umagwira, nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira-bulauni, wokhala ndi mizere yakuda, imvi kapena yofiira kumtunda. Pansi pa thupi la mbalameyi mumakhala zonona zonunkhira pang'ono kapena nthenga zachikasu ndi mikwingwirima yakuda.
Common tern, kapena river tern
Tern wamba (Latin Sterna hirundo) ndi nthumwi za mitundu ya mbalame ya banja lachinyama. Mwakuwoneka, tern wamba umafanana ndi Arctic tern, koma ndi wocheperako pang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame yayikulu ndi 31-35 cm, ndi mapiko a 25-29 cm ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 70-80. Mbalame yocheperako imakhala ndi mchira wafoloko komanso mlomo wofiira wokhala ndi nsonga yakuda. Nthenga zazikulu ndi zoyera kapena zopyapyala, ndipo gawo lakumtunda lajambula ndi malankhulidwe akuda kwambiri.
Nightjar wamba kapena wamba
Nightjar wamba (Latin Caprimulgus europaeus) si mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yochokera usiku yamabanja owona usiku. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi malamulo abwino. Kutalika kwakukula kwa wamkulu ndi 24-28 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko a masentimita 52-59. Thupi limakhala lalitali, lokhala ndi mapiko akuthwa komanso ataliatali. Mlomo wa mbalameyi ndiwofooka komanso wamfupi kwambiri, koma ndikudula kwakukulu pakamwa, m'makona ake momwe muli zotupa zolimba komanso zazitali. Miyendo ya nthenga ndi yaing'ono. Nthengayo ndi yotayirira komanso yofewa, yokhala ndi utoto wowoneka bwino.
Lark wam'munda
Lark wamba (lat. Alauda arvensis) ndi nthumwi ya mitundu yopitilira ya banja lark (Alaudidae). Mbalameyi ili ndi mtundu wofewa, koma wokongola. Kudera lakumbuyo kumakhala kotuwa kapena kofiirira, komwe kuli mabotolo osiyanasiyana. Nthenga za mbalame m'mimba ndizoyera, pachifuwa chokulirapo zokutidwa ndi nthenga za bulauni. Tariso ndi bulauni wonyezimira. Mutu umakhala woyengedwa bwino komanso waukhondo, wokongoletsedwa ndi kansalu kakang'ono, ndipo mchira umakhala m'malire ndi nthenga zoyera.
Chovala choyera
Ngolo yoyera (lat. Motacilla alba) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yomwe ili m'banja la wagtail. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa White Wagtail wamkulu sikupitilira masentimita 16 mpaka 19. Oimira mitundu iyi amadziwika ndi mchira wowoneka bwino, wautali. Mbali yakumtunda ya thupi imakhala yakuda kwambiri, pomwe mbali yakumunsi imakhala yokutidwa ndi nthenga zoyera. Mutu ndi woyera, ndi pakhosi wakuda ndi chipewa. Dzina losazolowereka la oimira mitunduyo limachitika chifukwa cha mayendedwe amchira wa wagtail.
Chidziwitso cha nkhalango
The Lesser Accentor (Latin Prunella modularis) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yomwe ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri pabanja laling'ono la Accentor. Nthengayo imadziwika ndi nyimbo zamtundu wakuda. Mutu, pakhosi ndi chifuwa, ndi khosi ndi zotuwa phulusa. Pali mawanga ofiira akuda pa korona ndi m'khosi mwa khosi. Ndalamayi ndiyofiyira, yamtundu wakuda bii, ndikutambasula kwina ndikumayala pansi pamlomo. Mimba ndi yoyera pang'ono, malo ogulitsira ndi otuwa. Miyendo ndi yofiira bulauni.
Belobrovik
Belobrovik (lat. Turdus iliacus Linnaeus) ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kukula kwamthupi ndipo ndi m'modzi mwa omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi ma thrushes okhala mdera la Soviet Union. Kutalika kwa mbalame yayikulu ndi masentimita 21 mpaka 22. Kumbuyo kwakumbuyo kwake, nthenga zimakhala zobiriwira bulauni kapena bulauni. M'munsi mwake, nthenga ndizopepuka, ndikukhala ndi mawanga akuda. Mbali yam'chifuwa ndi zotchingira mkati mwake ndi zofiira. Mkazi ali ndi nthenga zochepa.
Buluu
Bluethroat (lat. Luscinia svecica) ndi mbalame yapakatikati ya banja la Flycatcher komanso dongosolo la odutsa. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 14 mpaka 15. Dera lakumbuyo kwake limakhala lofiirira kapena lofiirira, mchira wakumtunda ndi wofiira. Chifuwa ndi pakhosi champhongo ndizamtambo wokhala ndi malo ofiira kapena oyera pakati. Mtundu wabuluu kumunsi uli m'malire ndi utoto wakuda. Mkaziyo ali ndi pakhosi loyera ndi kamtambo pang'ono. Mchira ndi wofiira ndi mbali yakuda yakuda. Nthenga za mkazi zilibe zofiira ndi buluu. Khosilo ndi loyera, lopangidwa ndi mphete ya mthunzi wofiirira. Mlomo ndi wakuda.
Mbalame yobiriwira
Mbalame yobiriwira (Latin Phylloscopus trochiloides) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yoimba ya m'banja la warbler (Sylviidae). Oimira mitunduyo akunja amafanana ndi nkhwangwa, koma amakhala ndi thupi laling'ono komanso lokwanira. Mbali yakumbuyo ili ndi zobiriwira za azitona, ndipo m'mimba mwake mumaphimbidwa ndi nthenga zoyera. Mapazi ndi abulauni. Mbalame yobiriwira imakhala ndi kansalu koyera, koyera, kosadziwika pamapiko. Kutalika kwakukula kwa munthu wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi 10 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko a 15-21 cm.
Dambo lankhwangwa
Marsh warbler (Latin Acrocephalus palustris) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yapakati ya banja la Acrocephalidae. Oimira amtunduwu amadziwika ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 12-13, ndi mapiko a masentimita 17-21. Maonekedwe akunja a Marsh Warbler pafupifupi samasiyana ndi bango wamba wamba. Nthenga za kumtunda kwa thupi ndizofiirira, ndipo mbali yakumunsi imayimilidwa ndi nthenga zoyera.Khosilo ndi loyera. Mlomo ndi wakuthwa, wautali wapakati. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mtundu wofanana.
Redstart-coot
Coot redstart (Latin Phoenicurus phoenicurus) ndi mbalame yaying'ono komanso yokongola kwambiri yoimba ya m'banja la flycatcher komanso dongosolo la odutsa. Akuluakulu amtunduwu amakhala ndi masentimita 10 mpaka 15. Mtundu wa mchira ndi pamimba ndizofiyira kwambiri. Kumbuyo kumakhala kotuwa. Akazi amakhala ndi nthenga zambiri zofiirira. Mbalameyi imadziwika ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha kupindika kwa mchira wake wowala, chifukwa chake nthenga za mchira zimafanana ndi malilime amoto.
Birch kapena pied flychercher
Birch (lat. Ficedula hypoleuca) ndi mbalame yanyimbo yomwe ili m'mabanja ambiri owuluka (Muscicapidae). Mtundu wa nthenga za mwamuna wamkulu umakhala wakuda ndi woyera, mtundu wosiyana. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitilira masentimita 15-16. Kumbuyo ndi vertex ndi kwakuda, ndipo kuli malo oyera pamphumi. Dera lumbar ndi imvi, ndipo mchira wake wokutidwa ndi nthenga zakuda bulauni zakuthwa. Mapiko a mbalameyi ndi amdima, abulauni kapena pafupifupi akuda ndi utoto waukulu. Achinyamata ndi akazi amakhala ndi khungu losalala.
Kawirikawiri mphodza
Lentil wamba (lat. Carpodacus erythrinus) ndi mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimakhazikika m'nkhalango, zam'banja la finch. Kukula kwa akulu ndikofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi la mpheta. Amuna akulu, msana, mchira ndi mapiko amakhala ofiira-ofiira. Nthenga pamutu ndi pachifuwa ndizofiira. Mimba ya nthumwi za mitundu ya mphodza wamba ndi yoyera, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa pinki. Achinyamata ndi akazi ndi otuwa mwamtundu, ndipo pamimba pamakhala mopepuka kuposa nthenga zakumbuyo.
Bango
Reed (Latin Emberiza schoeniclus) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yomwe ili m'banja la bunting. Mbalame zotere zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 15-16, mapiko kutalika kwa masentimita 7.0-7.5, komanso mapiko a mapiko a masentimita 22-23. Pansi pamunsi pa thupi pali nthenga zoyera zokhala ndi mizere yaying'ono yakuda m'mbali. Kumbuyo ndi m'mapewa kuli mdima wakuda, kuyambira pakumveka kofiira mpaka bulauni-wakuda ndi mikwingwirima yammbali. Pali mikwingwirima yopepuka m'mbali mwa mchira. Zazimayi ndi zazing'ono zilibe nthenga zakuda pamutu.
Rook
Rook (lat. Corvus frugilegus) ndi mbalame yayikulu komanso yowonekera kwambiri ku Eurasia, yomwe ili m'gulu la akhwangwala. Mbalame zowoneka bwino zimakhazikika m'minda ikuluikulu pamitengo ndipo zimawoneka mwapadera. Kutalika kwapakati pazoyimira achikulire amtunduwu ndi masentimita 45-47. Nthengazo ndi zakuda, zokhala ndi utoto wofiirira kwambiri. Mbalame zazikulu, m'munsi mwa mlomo mulibe kanthu. Achinyamata ali ndi nthenga zomwe zili kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mlomo.
Khalintukh
Klintukh (lat. Columba oenas) ndi mbalame yomwe ndi wachibale wapafupi wa nkhunda. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 32-34. Amuna amakula pang'ono ndikulemera kuposa akazi. Mbalameyi ili ndi nthenga zaimvi ndi utoto wobiriwira wobiriwira m'khosi. Chifuwa cha clintuch chimasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wopanga pinki wopangidwa bwino. Maso ndi ofiira kwambiri, ndipo kuzungulira maso pali mphete yachikasu yamtundu wachikopa.
